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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ivan Barić;

    Geopolitics of the sea is a new and unexplored area of research, although it is wide enough to have become a distinct component within the geopolitical theory in general. Moreover, the cruise industry, the fastest-growing branch of tourism and one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, has been neglected for a long time and there is not enough literature dealing with it or systematizing all the effects that the industry is producing. This paper is a synthesis of two unexplored areas of research, which are combined in the third chapter to form a geopolitics of the cruise industry, in order to encompass two complex subjects within one term. This paper has proven that the geopolitics of the cruise industry has to become a significant matter in the research of geopolitics, international law of the sea and navigation since cruise lines are slowly starting to overtake countries as the most significant entities in the geopolitics of the sea. The legal system, the geopolitical theoretical frameworks, and coastal states need to implement various changes as soon as possible in order to adjust to the dynamic demands that the new era of tourism, marked by mega-cruisers, is making. Geopolitika mora novo je i neistraženo područje, iako je dovoljno sveobuhvatno da postane svojevrsna zasebna disciplina unutar same geopolitičke teorije. Isto tako, cruise industrija, najbrže rastuća grana turizma i jedna od najbrže rastućih industrija općenito, zanemarivana je te ne postoji dovoljno literature koja bi se njome bavila i sistematizirala sve njene učinke. Ovaj rad sinteza je dvaju neistraženih područja, koja se unutar njega spajaju u geopolitiku cruise industrije, kako bi unutar istog termina bila obuhvaćena dva kompleksna predmeta. U radu je zaključeno da bi geopolitika cruise industrije trebala zauzimati značajno mjesto u proučavanju geopolitike, međunarodnog prava mora i nautike, budući da cruise kompanije polako preuzimaju vodeću ulogu u geopolitici mora, ostavljajući iza sebe čak i države. Pravni sustav, teorijski geopolitički okviri i obalne države moraju što prije uvesti promjene kako bi se prilagodili dinamičnim zahtjevima novog doba turizma, koje obilježavaju mega cruiseri.

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    Authors: Gündüz, Murat;

    ABSTRACT PRINCIPAL COMPONENT AND TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF AIR-SEA INTERACTIONS IN THE `SEAS OF THE OLD WORLD` Gündüz, Murat M.S., Institute of Marine Science Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Emin Ozsoy September 2002, 146 pages Climate data on surface atmospheric variables, sea surface temperature and computed air-sea fluxes are analysed to describe comparative surface climatolo gies of the 'Seas of the Old World' (Black, Caspian and Mediterranean Seas) and to investigate their interannual and interdecadal variability. Based on these analyses, differences and similarities between climates of these basins and their relationships to other global systems are identified. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) Analysis is used to study spatial and temporal variability of surface climate data and air-sea flux components in the region of interest. The modes which account for the dominant parts of the vari ance are identified and the temporal and spatial features of these modes are examined. Correlations with climate indices characterizing neighboring or re mote climates such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Monsoon regimes are investigated to determine linkages with other regional climates. The result of EOF analysis shows the relative influence of investigated climate patterns over the study region. NAO is the dominant pattern for the three seas, mthe influence of ENSO and Monsoon regimes were seen on the other modes. These results are significant as they confirm the linkage between the Euro- Asian- Mediterranean region and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), also showing far-field influence of ENSO and the tropical dynamics on the study region. Keywords: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, principal components, EOF, NAO, ENSO oz `ESKİ DÜNYA DENİZLERİ` NDE ATMOSFER-DENIZ ETKİLEŞİMLERİNİN ANA BİLEŞENLER VE ZAMAN SERİSİ ANALİZLERİ Gündüz, Murat Yüksek Lisans, Deniz Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Emin Özsoy Eylül 2002, 146 sayfa Yüzey atmosferik değişkenleri iklim verisi, deniz suyu sıcaklığı ve hesaplanan hava-deniz akışı 'Eski Dünyanın Denizleri' nin (Karadeniz, Hazar Denizi ve Akd eniz) karşılaştırmalı yüzey klimatolojisini tanımlamak ve yıllar-arası, değişkenliğini incelemek için analiz edildi. Bu analizlere dayanılarak basenler arasındaki iklim farklılıklar ve benzerlikler ve bunların diğer küresel sistemlerle olan ilişkileri be lirlendi. Empirik Ortogonal Fonksiyonlar (EOF) Analizi araştırma bölgesi üzerindeki yüzey iklim datası ve hava-deniz akış bileşenlerinin uzaysal ve zamansal değişkenliğini calişmak için kullanıldı. Varyansın büyük parçasını açıklayan modlar belirlendi ve bu modlarm zamansal ve uzaysal özellikleri incelendi. Komşu yada uzak iklim leri karakterize eden Kuzey Atlantik Salınımı (NAO), El-Nino Güneyli Salınım (ENSO) ve Muson rejimleri gibi iklim indisleri ile olan korrelasyonları diğer yerel iklimlerle olan bağlantılatıları belirlemek için incelendi. EOF analizlerinin sonuçları çalışma bölgesi üzerinde incelenen iklim örneklerinin göreli etkisini gösterdi. Üç deniz içinde baskın mod NAO nun etkisi altındadır, ENSO and Monsoon rejimin etkisi diğer modlarda görüldü. Bu sonuçlar Avrupa-Asya- Akdeniz bölgesi ile Kuzey Atlantik Salinimi (NAO) ile bağlantıları doğruladığı, ENSO nun uzak etkisini ve tropiksel dinamiklerin bölge üzerindeki etkisini gösterdiği için önemlidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Akdeniz, Karadeniz, Hazar Denizi, ana bileşenler, EOF, NAO, ENSO vı 146

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    Authors: Araújo, Alice Ferreira;

    As macrófitas aquáticas colonizam principalmente os braços de reservatórios e ou áreas protegidas da ação do vento e das correntezas. Estudos a cerca da ictiofauna associada a banco macrófitas aquáticas demonstram que a presença desse tipo de vegetação é fundamental na seleção de habitats pelos peixes. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a composição taxonômica, riqueza e diversidade da ictiofauna associada à macrófitas aquáticas no rio Areias. As coletas foram realizadas trimestralmente entre os meses de janeiro a outubro de 2016, em bancos de macrófitas aquáticas misto. Foram coletados 1.333 indivíduos, pertencentes a 21 espécies, distribuídas em cinco ordens e 11 famílias. Os Characiformes caracterizaram como a ordem dominante em todo o período do estudo. Sendo que as espécies Hyphessobrycon moniliger, Hemigrammus ora e Hemigrammus rodwayi foram as mais capturadas. The macrophytes aquatic colonize mainly the arms of the reservoirs and / or areas protected from the action of the wind and of the currents. Studies about the fish fauna associated with the bank macrophytes aquatic demonstrate that the presence of this type of vegetation is fundamental in the selection of habitats by the fish. The objective of this work is to characterize the composition, taxonomic, and richness and diversity of the fish fauna associated with the macrophyte water in the river Areias. The collections were carried out quarterly between the months of January to October 2016, banks of macrophytes aquatic mixed. Were collected 1.333 individuals, belonging to 21 species, distributed in five orders and 11 families. The Characiformes were characterized as the dominant order throughout the period of the study. Being that the species Hyphessobrycon moniliger, Hemigrammus ora and Hemigrammus rodwayi were the most captured.

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    Authors: Myrland, Tor;

    The polar areas are very vulnerable to exposure to contaminants. An oil spill in polar areas could be a disaster to large areas. The recovery from contamination takes longer time in arctic areas than in more temperate areas due to the low temperatures. In this research a relationship between growth factor (k1) and temperature for bacterial degradation of naphthalene in seawater is being found. Different analyses was utilized to monitor degradation: Chemical analysis for substrate concentration, automated OxiTop® method for BOD monitoring, and DAPI bacterial cell counting. The consistency between the results from the different analysis methods was mostly good, even for the biological analysis. But the bacterial cells were very different in size, which made it difficult to make good estimations of biomass concentration in the system. The k1 value was found to be 0.021d-1 at 0.5ºC, 0.035d-1 at 4ºC, 0.056d-1 at 8ºC and 0.112d-1 at 15ºC. A relation between k1 and temperature (t) can then be written like this: k1 = 0.0002t2 + 0.0029t + 0.0196. These results gives some information regarding how much faster the naphthalene biodegradation process goes at high than at low temperature within the temperature area of the research. Master's thesis in Environmental technology

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    UiS Brage
    Master thesis . 2009
    Data sources: UiS Brage
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      UiS Brage
      Master thesis . 2009
      Data sources: UiS Brage
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    Authors: Özen, Özlem;

    Denizyolu yük sevkıyatçılığı hizmet anlayışı, uluslar arası ticarette müşteriler talep ve beklentilerinin artması nedeniyle lojistik temellere dayanan çok daha geniş kapsamlı hizmet anlayışına bırakmıştır. Bu çalışmada, yeni anlayış doğrultusunda denizyolu yük sevkıyatçılığının organizasyon yapısı ve faaliyet alanları, tedarikçilerine ve denizcilik sektöründe faaliyet gösteren diğer işletmelere yer verilerek irdelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, günümüz yük sevkıyatçılığında hizmet kalitesinin ve sunulan hizmetin verimliliğinin arttırılması amacıyla başvurulan bilgi teknolojileri kullanımının sağladığı avantajlara yer verilmiştir. Bilgi teknolojilerinin denizyolu yük sevkıyatçılığındaki önemi vurgulamak amacıyla STARNET bilgisayar programı kullanılarak uygulama yapılmıştır. Bilgi teknolojilerinin uygulama çalışması diğer bölümlerde ayrıntılı olarak ele alınan faaliyet alanlarının ve sorumluluklarının hem özeti mahiyetinde hem de bilgi teknoloji kullanımının denizyolu taşımacılığındaki önemini daha anlaşılır olarak göz önüne sermektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Denizyolu Yük Sevkıyatçılığı, Lojistik, Bilgi Teknolojileri Service approach of freight forwarder in sea transportation has leaving its position to a new logistics based approach due to increasing demands of the customers in international commerce. In this study, under the new service approach the organizational structures, functions of freight forwarder are examined with also describing the logistics providers and other companies in sea transportation. Nowadays, in order to increase the service quality and productivity Information Technologies are started to be used by freight forwarders. Therefore the advantages of Information Technologies are discussed with an application using STARNET computer programme. The practice on information technology is not only a kind of summary of the study but also a decription of its importance in sea transportation.Key Words : Freight Forwarder in Sea Transportation, Logistics, InformationTechnologies 165

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    Authors: Olivé Lopez, Joan;

    El presente trabajo es un estudio del estado de Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) aplicado al ámbito marino de investigación oceanográfica. Para alcanzar este objetivo se han evaluado las diferentes soluciones de arquitectura de sistemas más adecuados a la problemática indicada y se ha diseñado un cliente de Sensor Observation Service (SOS) para plataforma móvil Android que permita consultar la descripción del sensor (SensorML) y conjuntos de observaciones mediante estándares abiertos de SWE y peticiones web (SOAP). Los diseños anteriormente indicados han permitido que quedara patente el amplio abanico de posibilidades y ventajas que se obtienen por el hecho de utilizar SWE, ya que nos permite integrar fácilmente los datos proporcionados por los sensores y las propias descripciones de los sensores en diferentes entornos, tal y como es el caso del diseño presentado en Android, a través de estándares abiertos independientes de las múltiples especificaciones de cada fabricante, en un entorno, como es el ámbito de la investigación marina donde hay una gran heterogeneidad de sensores y protocolos. El present treball és un estudi de l'estat de Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) aplicat a l'àmbit marí d'investigació oceanogràfica. Per assolir aquest objectiu s'han avaluat les diferents solucions d'arquitectura de sistemes més adients a la problemàtica indicada i s'ha dissenyat un client de Sensor Observation Service (SOS) per plataforma mòbil Android que permeti consultar la descripció del sensor (SensorML) i conjunts d'observacions mitjançant estàndards oberts de SWE i peticions web (SOAP). Els dissenys anteriorment indicats han permès que quedés palès l'ampli ventall de possibilitats i avantatges que s'obtenen pel fet d'emprar SWE, ja que ens permet integrar fàcilment les dades proporcionades pels sensors i les pròpies descripcions dels sensors en diferents entorns, tal i com és el cas del disseny presentat en Android, a través d'estàndards oberts independents de les múltiples especificacions de cada fabricant, en un entorn, com és l'àmbit de la investigació marina on hi ha una gran heterogeneïtat de sensors i protocols.

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    Authors: Piotrowicz, Inajara Beatriz Brose;

    Uma alternativa para pescados subaproveitados e subprodutos da industrialização de pescado é o desenvolvimento de processos para recuperação e/ou alteração das proteínas musculares de pescados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a obtenção de hidrolisados protéicos de carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de anchoita (Engraulis anchoita) e a avaliação da sua atividade antioxidante, aplicando-os bem embutido preparado com o surimi de anchoita. Foram produzidos diferentes hidrolisados com as enzimas microbianas Alcalase, Flavourzyme e Protamex, fixando a concentração de substrato e de enzima e os parâmetros pH e temperatura foram variados. Os hidrolisados foram efetivos contra a inibição da peroxidação lipídica (43,8±0,2%) e no poder redutor, onde o hidrolisado com a enzima Flavourzyme em 1 hora de reação mostrou-se mais efetivo. No seqüestro de radicais livres, como o DPPH, o hidrolisado com a enzima Flavourzyme, obtido em tempo de hidrólise de 5 horas, alcançou valores acima de 45,0% em concentração de 5 mg/mL. Na produção de surimi foram testadas lavagens da CMS de anchoita com soluções de bicarbonato de sódio 0,5%, ácido fosfórico 0,05% e cloreto de sódio 0,3%. O maior rendimento (90,5%) e uma coloração mais clara (W= 50,24±1,81) foram encontrados no surimi obtido por lavagens com bicarbonato de sódio e cloreto de sódio (BS), em comparação ao surimi que se utilizou água, ácido fosfórico e cloreto de sódio (AF) ou com soluções de cloreto de sódio, ácido fosfórico e bicarbonato de sódio (AB). Na força de gel o surimi AF (1154,25 ± 4,37 g.mm) obteve maior valor, sendo utilizado para a produção de salsichas. Foram analisadas diferentes concentrações de surimi (70, 75 e 80%) em salsichas, que foram submetidas às análises de cor e textura. Não houve influência da concentração de surimi nas características tecnológicas da salsicha, exceto nos valores de luminosidade. A salsicha com 75% de surimi de anchoita foi caracterizada pela composição proximal, valor energético total (VET) e conteúdo de sódio. A salsicha com surimi e comercial apresentou composição semelhante. O produto com surimi apresentou menor VET (193,7Kcal/100g) e conteúdo de sódio (520 mg/100g) que a salsicha comercial. Nas condições de estudo, no embutido emulsionado, não foi verificada ação antioxidante de hidrolisados, porém houve efeito sobre a CMS de anchoita. An alternative for underutilized fish and industrializated fish by-products are the development of processes for the recovery and / or alteration of muscle proteins of fish such as anchovy (Engraulis anchoita), not used specie for direct consumption in Southern Brazil. The objective of this work was to obtain protein hydrolysates from mechanically separated meat (MSM) of Argentine anchovy and evaluate their antioxidant activity, and finally apply them in sausage prepared with anchovy surimi. Different hydrolysates were produced through the action of microbial enzymes Alcalase, Flavourzyme and Protamex, fixing the substrate and enzyme concentration varying pH and temperature values. The hydrolysates were effective against the inhibition of lipid peroxidation (43.8 ± 0.2%) and reducing power, remaining the Flavourzyme hydrolisate with one hour of reaction the must effective. In DPPH radicalscavenging activity the hydrolyzate with Flavourzyme, obtained with five hours of hydrolysis time, reached values above 45.0% at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In the Argentine anchovy MSM surimi was tested different washing solutions such as 0.5% sodium bicarbonate, 0.05% phosphoric acid and sodium chloride 0.3%. It was obtained a higher yield (90.5%) and whiteness (W = 50.24 ± 1.81) in surimi obtained by washing with sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride (SB), compared to surimi, which it was used water, phosphoric acid and sodium chloride (PA), and with solutions of sodium chloride, phosphoric acid and sodium bicarbonate (PS). The higher gel strength was obtained for surimi PA (1154.25 ± 4.37 g.mm), therefore was used for the production of sausages. It was analyzed the color and texture of sausages elaborated with different concentrations (70, 75 and 80%) of surimi.There was no influence of the concentration of surimi on the technological characteristics of the sausage, except in the luminosity values. The sausage with 75% Argentine anchovy surimi was characterized from the proximal composition, showing that surimi and commercial sausages were similar. The surimi product showed lower values of energy (193.7 kcal/100g) and sodium (520 mg/100 g) than the commercial sausage. It was no verified any antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates on the sausages for the conditions used in this study, however it was verified antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates on the anchovy MSM.

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    Authors: Acosta Villota, Gyna Gysela;

    La tecnología GMT ®(Tilapia genéticamente macho) se convierte en una alternativa viable para producir lotes monosexo machos de tilapia sin el uso de hormonas, pero como primer paso es necesario producir e identificar neohembras XY. El principal problema es identificar neohembras de hembras normales, sin necesidad de emplear pruebas de progenie que implica la producción de múltiples generaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue producir ejemplares de neohembras de tilapia roja e identificar el genotipo de neohembras por citogenética clásica y molecular. Se feminizaron 800 larvas de tilapia suministrando una dosis de hormona 17β-estradiol a razón de 200mg/Kg de alimento por 30 días y un tratamiento control de 200 larvas sin hormona feminizante. A los 350g de peso se realizó sexaje manual por inspección de la papila urogenital y marcación con microchip para su posterior identificación. Los cromosomas se obtuvieron mediante la técnica de cultivo de linfocitos de sangre periférica y se emplearon las técnicas de bandeo cromosómico C, Q, G y NOR. Se genotipificaron los individuos de los dos tratamientos con el microsatélite UNH898, y se empleó una sonda que contenía el genotipo 260/290, específica para machos normales en la técnica FISH. Los resultados de los análisis mostraron que la especie Oreochromis sp., posee 2n=44 cromosomas y se encontraron patrones únicos de banda C sin evidencia de cromosomas sexuales. Se encontró un genotipo recurrente en machos, pero mediante citogenética molecular se logró evidenciar que no es exclusivo para machos porque hibridó en dispersiones cromosómicas de hembras. //Abstract: GMT ® technology (genetically male tilapia) becomes a viable alternative to produce male monosex lots of tilapia without the use of hormones, but as a first step, it is necessary to produce and identify neofemales XY. The main problem is to identify neofemales of normal females, without the need to use progeny tests that involve the production of multiple generations. The objective of this study was to produce neofemales from red tilapia and identify the genotype of neofemales by classical and molecular cytogenetics. About 800 tilapia larvae were feminized by supplying a dose of 17β-estradiol hormone at a rate of 200 mg / kg of feed for 30 days and a control treatment of 200 larvae without a feminizing hormone. At 350g of weight, manual sexing was performed by inspection of the urogenital papilla and microchip marking for later identification. Chromosomes were obtained by the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture technique and then used chromosome banding techniques C, Q, G and NOR. Individuals of the two treatments were genotyped with the UNH898 microsatellite, and a probe containing the genotype 260/290, specific for normal males in the FISH technique, was used. The results of the analysis showed that the species Oreochromis sp., has 2n = 44 chromosomes and unique C-band patterns were found without evidence of sex chromosomes. A recurrent genotype was found in males, but through molecular cytogenetics it was found that it is not exclusive for males because it hybridized in female chromosomal dispersions. Maestría

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    Authors: Franco, Fábio Esidério;

    A globalização e a necessidade de aumentar a qualidade dos produtos alimentares impulsionaram a incorporação dos sistemas de rastreabilidade, capazes de dar resposta à otimização da cadeia de fornecimento. Os mecanismos de rastreabilidade devem assim assegurar o seguimento do produto desde a produção até ao consumidor final. O presente trabalho visa avaliar o conhecimento do conceito rastreabilidade e os principais fatores que influenciam as decisões de compra dos géneros alimentícios para os consumidores, em particular para as seguintes categorias alimentares: carne e peixe. Para o efeito, foram realizados 164 inquéritos a indivíduos em Portugal Continental, entre 1 de maio a 30 de novembro de 2013. Os inquiridos relevaram não conhecer o significado da palavra rastreabilidade no contexto alimentar e demonstram insegurança nos sistemas de rastreabilidade. No entanto, para as categorias de produto carne e peixe, a realização deste estudo exploratório permite afirmar que os consumidores portugueses valorizam os produtos nacionais, verificando-se ainda que o fator referido pelos inquiridos como o mais valorizado quer para a carne como para o peixe foi o aspeto, seguido do modo de criação e captura no mar, para aquisição de carne e peixe, respetivamente. Conclui-se ainda que apesar da situação económica, os consumidores portugueses estão dispostos a adquirir produtos certificados embora sejam mais dispendiosos. Globalization and the need to increase the quality of food products boosted the incorporation of traceability systems capable of responding to the optimization of the supply chain. Traceability mechanisms should therefore ensure follow-up of the product from production to the final consumer. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge of traceability concept and the main factors that influence the purchase decisions of food for consumers, particularly for the following food categories: meat and fish. To this end, 164 surveys were carried out to individuals in Portugal, from 1 May to 30 November 2013. Respondents showed not know the meaning of traceability in food insecurity in context and demonstrate traceability systems. However, for the categories of meat and fish products, the realization of this exploratory study to suggest that the Portuguese consumers value domestic products, checking also that the factor mentioned by respondents as the most prized both for meat and for fish was the appearance, followed by the creation mode and capture at sea, for the purchase of meat and fish, respectively. It is concluded that even though the economic situation, the Portuguese consumers are willing to purchase certified products although they are more expensive. Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências do Consumo Alimentar apresentada à Universidade Aberta

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    Authors: Kipçak, Kemal Süleyman;

    Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de denizyolu konteyner taşımacılığında yaşanan sorunlar, eksiklikler ve Türkiye'nin gerek dünyadaki gerekse bölgemizdeki konteyner taşımalarından yeterince pay alamadığı tespit edilmiş ve bu durumun düzeltilmesi için nelerin yapılması gerektiğinin ortaya konması hedeflenmiştir.Bu amaçla konteyner taşımacılığının dünyadaki ve Türkiye'deki mevcut durumu detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilerek, hem bölgemizde hem de dünyada yaşanan gelişmeler, değişimler incelenmiştir. In this paper; problems of seaborne container transportation, deficiencies and the fact that Turkey's not gaining enough share in our region and the world are indicated. Also, it is aimed to exert what kinds of things should be done to improve those deficiencies.For this purpose, the current state of container transportation in Turkey and world is analyzed in a detailed way and developments both in Turkey and in the region are investigated. 135

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    Authors: Ivan Barić;

    Geopolitics of the sea is a new and unexplored area of research, although it is wide enough to have become a distinct component within the geopolitical theory in general. Moreover, the cruise industry, the fastest-growing branch of tourism and one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, has been neglected for a long time and there is not enough literature dealing with it or systematizing all the effects that the industry is producing. This paper is a synthesis of two unexplored areas of research, which are combined in the third chapter to form a geopolitics of the cruise industry, in order to encompass two complex subjects within one term. This paper has proven that the geopolitics of the cruise industry has to become a significant matter in the research of geopolitics, international law of the sea and navigation since cruise lines are slowly starting to overtake countries as the most significant entities in the geopolitics of the sea. The legal system, the geopolitical theoretical frameworks, and coastal states need to implement various changes as soon as possible in order to adjust to the dynamic demands that the new era of tourism, marked by mega-cruisers, is making. Geopolitika mora novo je i neistraženo područje, iako je dovoljno sveobuhvatno da postane svojevrsna zasebna disciplina unutar same geopolitičke teorije. Isto tako, cruise industrija, najbrže rastuća grana turizma i jedna od najbrže rastućih industrija općenito, zanemarivana je te ne postoji dovoljno literature koja bi se njome bavila i sistematizirala sve njene učinke. Ovaj rad sinteza je dvaju neistraženih područja, koja se unutar njega spajaju u geopolitiku cruise industrije, kako bi unutar istog termina bila obuhvaćena dva kompleksna predmeta. U radu je zaključeno da bi geopolitika cruise industrije trebala zauzimati značajno mjesto u proučavanju geopolitike, međunarodnog prava mora i nautike, budući da cruise kompanije polako preuzimaju vodeću ulogu u geopolitici mora, ostavljajući iza sebe čak i države. Pravni sustav, teorijski geopolitički okviri i obalne države moraju što prije uvesti promjene kako bi se prilagodili dinamičnim zahtjevima novog doba turizma, koje obilježavaju mega cruiseri.

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    Authors: Gündüz, Murat;

    ABSTRACT PRINCIPAL COMPONENT AND TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF AIR-SEA INTERACTIONS IN THE `SEAS OF THE OLD WORLD` Gündüz, Murat M.S., Institute of Marine Science Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Emin Ozsoy September 2002, 146 pages Climate data on surface atmospheric variables, sea surface temperature and computed air-sea fluxes are analysed to describe comparative surface climatolo gies of the 'Seas of the Old World' (Black, Caspian and Mediterranean Seas) and to investigate their interannual and interdecadal variability. Based on these analyses, differences and similarities between climates of these basins and their relationships to other global systems are identified. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) Analysis is used to study spatial and temporal variability of surface climate data and air-sea flux components in the region of interest. The modes which account for the dominant parts of the vari ance are identified and the temporal and spatial features of these modes are examined. Correlations with climate indices characterizing neighboring or re mote climates such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Monsoon regimes are investigated to determine linkages with other regional climates. The result of EOF analysis shows the relative influence of investigated climate patterns over the study region. NAO is the dominant pattern for the three seas, mthe influence of ENSO and Monsoon regimes were seen on the other modes. These results are significant as they confirm the linkage between the Euro- Asian- Mediterranean region and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), also showing far-field influence of ENSO and the tropical dynamics on the study region. Keywords: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, principal components, EOF, NAO, ENSO oz `ESKİ DÜNYA DENİZLERİ` NDE ATMOSFER-DENIZ ETKİLEŞİMLERİNİN ANA BİLEŞENLER VE ZAMAN SERİSİ ANALİZLERİ Gündüz, Murat Yüksek Lisans, Deniz Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Emin Özsoy Eylül 2002, 146 sayfa Yüzey atmosferik değişkenleri iklim verisi, deniz suyu sıcaklığı ve hesaplanan hava-deniz akışı 'Eski Dünyanın Denizleri' nin (Karadeniz, Hazar Denizi ve Akd eniz) karşılaştırmalı yüzey klimatolojisini tanımlamak ve yıllar-arası, değişkenliğini incelemek için analiz edildi. Bu analizlere dayanılarak basenler arasındaki iklim farklılıklar ve benzerlikler ve bunların diğer küresel sistemlerle olan ilişkileri be lirlendi. Empirik Ortogonal Fonksiyonlar (EOF) Analizi araştırma bölgesi üzerindeki yüzey iklim datası ve hava-deniz akış bileşenlerinin uzaysal ve zamansal değişkenliğini calişmak için kullanıldı. Varyansın büyük parçasını açıklayan modlar belirlendi ve bu modlarm zamansal ve uzaysal özellikleri incelendi. Komşu yada uzak iklim leri karakterize eden Kuzey Atlantik Salınımı (NAO), El-Nino Güneyli Salınım (ENSO) ve Muson rejimleri gibi iklim indisleri ile olan korrelasyonları diğer yerel iklimlerle olan bağlantılatıları belirlemek için incelendi. EOF analizlerinin sonuçları çalışma bölgesi üzerinde incelenen iklim örneklerinin göreli etkisini gösterdi. Üç deniz içinde baskın mod NAO nun etkisi altındadır, ENSO and Monsoon rejimin etkisi diğer modlarda görüldü. Bu sonuçlar Avrupa-Asya- Akdeniz bölgesi ile Kuzey Atlantik Salinimi (NAO) ile bağlantıları doğruladığı, ENSO nun uzak etkisini ve tropiksel dinamiklerin bölge üzerindeki etkisini gösterdiği için önemlidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Akdeniz, Karadeniz, Hazar Denizi, ana bileşenler, EOF, NAO, ENSO vı 146

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    Authors: Araújo, Alice Ferreira;

    As macrófitas aquáticas colonizam principalmente os braços de reservatórios e ou áreas protegidas da ação do vento e das correntezas. Estudos a cerca da ictiofauna associada a banco macrófitas aquáticas demonstram que a presença desse tipo de vegetação é fundamental na seleção de habitats pelos peixes. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a composição taxonômica, riqueza e diversidade da ictiofauna associada à macrófitas aquáticas no rio Areias. As coletas foram realizadas trimestralmente entre os meses de janeiro a outubro de 2016, em bancos de macrófitas aquáticas misto. Foram coletados 1.333 indivíduos, pertencentes a 21 espécies, distribuídas em cinco ordens e 11 famílias. Os Characiformes caracterizaram como a ordem dominante em todo o período do estudo. Sendo que as espécies Hyphessobrycon moniliger, Hemigrammus ora e Hemigrammus rodwayi foram as mais capturadas. The macrophytes aquatic colonize mainly the arms of the reservoirs and / or areas protected from the action of the wind and of the currents. Studies about the fish fauna associated with the bank macrophytes aquatic demonstrate that the presence of this type of vegetation is fundamental in the selection of habitats by the fish. The objective of this work is to characterize the composition, taxonomic, and richness and diversity of the fish fauna associated with the macrophyte water in the river Areias. The collections were carried out quarterly between the months of January to October 2016, banks of macrophytes aquatic mixed. Were collected 1.333 individuals, belonging to 21 species, distributed in five orders and 11 families. The Characiformes were characterized as the dominant order throughout the period of the study. Being that the species Hyphessobrycon moniliger, Hemigrammus ora and Hemigrammus rodwayi were the most captured.

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    Authors: Myrland, Tor;

    The polar areas are very vulnerable to exposure to contaminants. An oil spill in polar areas could be a disaster to large areas. The recovery from contamination takes longer time in arctic areas than in more temperate areas due to the low temperatures. In this research a relationship between growth factor (k1) and temperature for bacterial degradation of naphthalene in seawater is being found. Different analyses was utilized to monitor degradation: Chemical analysis for substrate concentration, automated OxiTop® method for BOD monitoring, and DAPI bacterial cell counting. The consistency between the results from the different analysis methods was mostly good, even for the biological analysis. But the bacterial cells were very different in size, which made it difficult to make good estimations of biomass concentration in the system. The k1 value was found to be 0.021d-1 at 0.5ºC, 0.035d-1 at 4ºC, 0.056d-1 at 8ºC and 0.112d-1 at 15ºC. A relation between k1 and temperature (t) can then be written like this: k1 = 0.0002t2 + 0.0029t + 0.0196. These results gives some information regarding how much faster the naphthalene biodegradation process goes at high than at low temperature within the temperature area of the research. Master's thesis in Environmental technology

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    Master thesis . 2009
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    Authors: Özen, Özlem;

    Denizyolu yük sevkıyatçılığı hizmet anlayışı, uluslar arası ticarette müşteriler talep ve beklentilerinin artması nedeniyle lojistik temellere dayanan çok daha geniş kapsamlı hizmet anlayışına bırakmıştır. Bu çalışmada, yeni anlayış doğrultusunda denizyolu yük sevkıyatçılığının organizasyon yapısı ve faaliyet alanları, tedarikçilerine ve denizcilik sektöründe faaliyet gösteren diğer işletmelere yer verilerek irdelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, günümüz yük sevkıyatçılığında hizmet kalitesinin ve sunulan hizmetin verimliliğinin arttırılması amacıyla başvurulan bilgi teknolojileri kullanımının sağladığı avantajlara yer verilmiştir. Bilgi teknolojilerinin denizyolu yük sevkıyatçılığındaki önemi vurgulamak amacıyla STARNET bilgisayar programı kullanılarak uygulama yapılmıştır. Bilgi teknolojilerinin uygulama çalışması diğer bölümlerde ayrıntılı olarak ele alınan faaliyet alanlarının ve sorumluluklarının hem özeti mahiyetinde hem de bilgi teknoloji kullanımının denizyolu taşımacılığındaki önemini daha anlaşılır olarak göz önüne sermektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Denizyolu Yük Sevkıyatçılığı, Lojistik, Bilgi Teknolojileri Service approach of freight forwarder in sea transportation has leaving its position to a new logistics based approach due to increasing demands of the customers in international commerce. In this study, under the new service approach the organizational structures, functions of freight forwarder are examined with also describing the logistics providers and other companies in sea transportation. Nowadays, in order to increase the service quality and productivity Information Technologies are started to be used by freight forwarders. Therefore the advantages of Information Technologies are discussed with an application using STARNET computer programme. The practice on information technology is not only a kind of summary of the study but also a decription of its importance in sea transportation.Key Words : Freight Forwarder in Sea Transportation, Logistics, InformationTechnologies 165

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    Authors: Olivé Lopez, Joan;

    El presente trabajo es un estudio del estado de Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) aplicado al ámbito marino de investigación oceanográfica. Para alcanzar este objetivo se han evaluado las diferentes soluciones de arquitectura de sistemas más adecuados a la problemática indicada y se ha diseñado un cliente de Sensor Observation Service (SOS) para plataforma móvil Android que permita consultar la descripción del sensor (SensorML) y conjuntos de observaciones mediante estándares abiertos de SWE y peticiones web (SOAP). Los diseños anteriormente indicados han permitido que quedara patente el amplio abanico de posibilidades y ventajas que se obtienen por el hecho de utilizar SWE, ya que nos permite integrar fácilmente los datos proporcionados por los sensores y las propias descripciones de los sensores en diferentes entornos, tal y como es el caso del diseño presentado en Android, a través de estándares abiertos independientes de las múltiples especificaciones de cada fabricante, en un entorno, como es el ámbito de la investigación marina donde hay una gran heterogeneidad de sensores y protocolos. El present treball és un estudi de l'estat de Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) aplicat a l'àmbit marí d'investigació oceanogràfica. Per assolir aquest objectiu s'han avaluat les diferents solucions d'arquitectura de sistemes més adients a la problemàtica indicada i s'ha dissenyat un client de Sensor Observation Service (SOS) per plataforma mòbil Android que permeti consultar la descripció del sensor (SensorML) i conjunts d'observacions mitjançant estàndards oberts de SWE i peticions web (SOAP). Els dissenys anteriorment indicats han permès que quedés palès l'ampli ventall de possibilitats i avantatges que s'obtenen pel fet d'emprar SWE, ja que ens permet integrar fàcilment les dades proporcionades pels sensors i les pròpies descripcions dels sensors en diferents entorns, tal i com és el cas del disseny presentat en Android, a través d'estàndards oberts independents de les múltiples especificacions de cada fabricant, en un entorn, com és l'àmbit de la investigació marina on hi ha una gran heterogeneïtat de sensors i protocols.

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    Authors: Piotrowicz, Inajara Beatriz Brose;

    Uma alternativa para pescados subaproveitados e subprodutos da industrialização de pescado é o desenvolvimento de processos para recuperação e/ou alteração das proteínas musculares de pescados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a obtenção de hidrolisados protéicos de carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de anchoita (Engraulis anchoita) e a avaliação da sua atividade antioxidante, aplicando-os bem embutido preparado com o surimi de anchoita. Foram produzidos diferentes hidrolisados com as enzimas microbianas Alcalase, Flavourzyme e Protamex, fixando a concentração de substrato e de enzima e os parâmetros pH e temperatura foram variados. Os hidrolisados foram efetivos contra a inibição da peroxidação lipídica (43,8±0,2%) e no poder redutor, onde o hidrolisado com a enzima Flavourzyme em 1 hora de reação mostrou-se mais efetivo. No seqüestro de radicais livres, como o DPPH, o hidrolisado com a enzima Flavourzyme, obtido em tempo de hidrólise de 5 horas, alcançou valores acima de 45,0% em concentração de 5 mg/mL. Na produção de surimi foram testadas lavagens da CMS de anchoita com soluções de bicarbonato de sódio 0,5%, ácido fosfórico 0,05% e cloreto de sódio 0,3%. O maior rendimento (90,5%) e uma coloração mais clara (W= 50,24±1,81) foram encontrados no surimi obtido por lavagens com bicarbonato de sódio e cloreto de sódio (BS), em comparação ao surimi que se utilizou água, ácido fosfórico e cloreto de sódio (AF) ou com soluções de cloreto de sódio, ácido fosfórico e bicarbonato de sódio (AB). Na força de gel o surimi AF (1154,25 ± 4,37 g.mm) obteve maior valor, sendo utilizado para a produção de salsichas. Foram analisadas diferentes concentrações de surimi (70, 75 e 80%) em salsichas, que foram submetidas às análises de cor e textura. Não houve influência da concentração de surimi nas características tecnológicas da salsicha, exceto nos valores de luminosidade. A salsicha com 75% de surimi de anchoita foi caracterizada pela composição proximal, valor energético total (VET) e conteúdo de sódio. A salsicha com surimi e comercial apresentou composição semelhante. O produto com surimi apresentou menor VET (193,7Kcal/100g) e conteúdo de sódio (520 mg/100g) que a salsicha comercial. Nas condições de estudo, no embutido emulsionado, não foi verificada ação antioxidante de hidrolisados, porém houve efeito sobre a CMS de anchoita. An alternative for underutilized fish and industrializated fish by-products are the development of processes for the recovery and / or alteration of muscle proteins of fish such as anchovy (Engraulis anchoita), not used specie for direct consumption in Southern Brazil. The objective of this work was to obtain protein hydrolysates from mechanically separated meat (MSM) of Argentine anchovy and evaluate their antioxidant activity, and finally apply them in sausage prepared with anchovy surimi. Different hydrolysates were produced through the action of microbial enzymes Alcalase, Flavourzyme and Protamex, fixing the substrate and enzyme concentration varying pH and temperature values. The hydrolysates were effective against the inhibition of lipid peroxidation (43.8 ± 0.2%) and reducing power, remaining the Flavourzyme hydrolisate with one hour of reaction the must effective. In DPPH radicalscavenging activity the hydrolyzate with Flavourzyme, obtained with five hours of hydrolysis time, reached values above 45.0% at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In the Argentine anchovy MSM surimi was tested different washing solutions such as 0.5% sodium bicarbonate, 0.05% phosphoric acid and sodium chloride 0.3%. It was obtained a higher yield (90.5%) and whiteness (W = 50.24 ± 1.81) in surimi obtained by washing with sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride (SB), compared to surimi, which it was used water, phosphoric acid and sodium chloride (PA), and with solutions of sodium chloride, phosphoric acid and sodium bicarbonate (PS). The higher gel strength was obtained for surimi PA (1154.25 ± 4.37 g.mm), therefore was used for the production of sausages. It was analyzed the color and texture of sausages elaborated with different concentrations (70, 75 and 80%) of surimi.There was no influence of the concentration of surimi on the technological characteristics of the sausage, except in the luminosity values. The sausage with 75% Argentine anchovy surimi was characterized from the proximal composition, showing that surimi and commercial sausages were similar. The surimi product showed lower values of energy (193.7 kcal/100g) and sodium (520 mg/100 g) than the commercial sausage. It was no verified any antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates on the sausages for the conditions used in this study, however it was verified antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates on the anchovy MSM.

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    Authors: Acosta Villota, Gyna Gysela;

    La tecnología GMT ®(Tilapia genéticamente macho) se convierte en una alternativa viable para producir lotes monosexo machos de tilapia sin el uso de hormonas, pero como primer paso es necesario producir e identificar neohembras XY. El principal problema es identificar neohembras de hembras normales, sin necesidad de emplear pruebas de progenie que implica la producción de múltiples generaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue producir ejemplares de neohembras de tilapia roja e identificar el genotipo de neohembras por citogenética clásica y molecular. Se feminizaron 800 larvas de tilapia suministrando una dosis de hormona 17β-estradiol a razón de 200mg/Kg de alimento por 30 días y un tratamiento control de 200 larvas sin hormona feminizante. A los 350g de peso se realizó sexaje manual por inspección de la papila urogenital y marcación con microchip para su posterior identificación. Los cromosomas se obtuvieron mediante la técnica de cultivo de linfocitos de sangre periférica y se emplearon las técnicas de bandeo cromosómico C, Q, G y NOR. Se genotipificaron los individuos de los dos tratamientos con el microsatélite UNH898, y se empleó una sonda que contenía el genotipo 260/290, específica para machos normales en la técnica FISH. Los resultados de los análisis mostraron que la especie Oreochromis sp., posee 2n=44 cromosomas y se encontraron patrones únicos de banda C sin evidencia de cromosomas sexuales. Se encontró un genotipo recurrente en machos, pero mediante citogenética molecular se logró evidenciar que no es exclusivo para machos porque hibridó en dispersiones cromosómicas de hembras. //Abstract: GMT ® technology (genetically male tilapia) becomes a viable alternative to produce male monosex lots of tilapia without the use of hormones, but as a first step, it is necessary to produce and identify neofemales XY. The main problem is to identify neofemales of normal females, without the need to use progeny tests that involve the production of multiple generations. The objective of this study was to produce neofemales from red tilapia and identify the genotype of neofemales by classical and molecular cytogenetics. About 800 tilapia larvae were feminized by supplying a dose of 17β-estradiol hormone at a rate of 200 mg / kg of feed for 30 days and a control treatment of 200 larvae without a feminizing hormone. At 350g of weight, manual sexing was performed by inspection of the urogenital papilla and microchip marking for later identification. Chromosomes were obtained by the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture technique and then used chromosome banding techniques C, Q, G and NOR. Individuals of the two treatments were genotyped with the UNH898 microsatellite, and a probe containing the genotype 260/290, specific for normal males in the FISH technique, was used. The results of the analysis showed that the species Oreochromis sp., has 2n = 44 chromosomes and unique C-band patterns were found without evidence of sex chromosomes. A recurrent genotype was found in males, but through molecular cytogenetics it was found that it is not exclusive for males because it hybridized in female chromosomal dispersions. Maestría

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    Authors: Franco, Fábio Esidério;

    A globalização e a necessidade de aumentar a qualidade dos produtos alimentares impulsionaram a incorporação dos sistemas de rastreabilidade, capazes de dar resposta à otimização da cadeia de fornecimento. Os mecanismos de rastreabilidade devem assim assegurar o seguimento do produto desde a produção até ao consumidor final. O presente trabalho visa avaliar o conhecimento do conceito rastreabilidade e os principais fatores que influenciam as decisões de compra dos géneros alimentícios para os consumidores, em particular para as seguintes categorias alimentares: carne e peixe. Para o efeito, foram realizados 164 inquéritos a indivíduos em Portugal Continental, entre 1 de maio a 30 de novembro de 2013. Os inquiridos relevaram não conhecer o significado da palavra rastreabilidade no contexto alimentar e demonstram insegurança nos sistemas de rastreabilidade. No entanto, para as categorias de produto carne e peixe, a realização deste estudo exploratório permite afirmar que os consumidores portugueses valorizam os produtos nacionais, verificando-se ainda que o fator referido pelos inquiridos como o mais valorizado quer para a carne como para o peixe foi o aspeto, seguido do modo de criação e captura no mar, para aquisição de carne e peixe, respetivamente. Conclui-se ainda que apesar da situação económica, os consumidores portugueses estão dispostos a adquirir produtos certificados embora sejam mais dispendiosos. Globalization and the need to increase the quality of food products boosted the incorporation of traceability systems capable of responding to the optimization of the supply chain. Traceability mechanisms should therefore ensure follow-up of the product from production to the final consumer. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge of traceability concept and the main factors that influence the purchase decisions of food for consumers, particularly for the following food categories: meat and fish. To this end, 164 surveys were carried out to individuals in Portugal, from 1 May to 30 November 2013. Respondents showed not know the meaning of traceability in food insecurity in context and demonstrate traceability systems. However, for the categories of meat and fish products, the realization of this exploratory study to suggest that the Portuguese consumers value domestic products, checking also that the factor mentioned by respondents as the most prized both for meat and for fish was the appearance, followed by the creation mode and capture at sea, for the purchase of meat and fish, respectively. It is concluded that even though the economic situation, the Portuguese consumers are willing to purchase certified products although they are more expensive. Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências do Consumo Alimentar apresentada à Universidade Aberta

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    Authors: Kipçak, Kemal Süleyman;

    Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de denizyolu konteyner taşımacılığında yaşanan sorunlar, eksiklikler ve Türkiye'nin gerek dünyadaki gerekse bölgemizdeki konteyner taşımalarından yeterince pay alamadığı tespit edilmiş ve bu durumun düzeltilmesi için nelerin yapılması gerektiğinin ortaya konması hedeflenmiştir.Bu amaçla konteyner taşımacılığının dünyadaki ve Türkiye'deki mevcut durumu detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilerek, hem bölgemizde hem de dünyada yaşanan gelişmeler, değişimler incelenmiştir. In this paper; problems of seaborne container transportation, deficiencies and the fact that Turkey's not gaining enough share in our region and the world are indicated. Also, it is aimed to exert what kinds of things should be done to improve those deficiencies.For this purpose, the current state of container transportation in Turkey and world is analyzed in a detailed way and developments both in Turkey and in the region are investigated. 135

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