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  • European Marine Science
  • GEO-LEO e-docs
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bommarito, Claudia; Díaz‐Morales, Dakeishla M.; Guy‐Haim, Tamar; Noè, Simona; +16 Authors

    AbstractGlobal warming, bioinvasions, and parasitism affect single‐species performances and species interactions, substantially impacting the structure and stability of marine ecosystems. In light of accelerated global change, the information derived from studies focusing on single species and single drivers is insufficient, calling for a multi‐stressor approach under near‐natural conditions. We investigated the effects of warming (+3°C) on the performance of a benthic community composed of native and invasive macroalgae, consumers and a trematode parasite in a mesocosm setting. We also assessed the effects of warming and parasitism on the survival and growth of gastropods and mussels and the thermal dependency of trematode performance. Our findings show that warming and grazing by infected gastropods had a large detrimental effect on the invasive macroalga growth. Furthermore, the single and interactive effects of parasitism and warming were detrimental to intermediate host survival and growth, especially to large mussels. Finally, cercarial emergence positively correlated to the natural peaks of summer temperatures, while infection intensity in mussels was higher in larger individuals. Our findings suggest that grazing and warming will be detrimental to the invasive macroalga, favoring the native alga. Moreover, parasitism will enhance grazing, especially in summer, when higher temperatures trigger parasite development. However, parasite‐enhanced grazing may be buffered by higher mortality or a shift in the size of infected intermediate hosts under warming. Our findings demonstrate how complex effects of ocean warming can be on food webs and how they can be mediated by parasitism and, as a result, influence native and invasive macroalgae differently. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

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    GEO-LEO e-docs
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: GEO-LEO e-docs
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      GEO-LEO e-docs
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Jegen, A.; Dannowski, A.; Schnabel, M.; Barckhausen, U.; +20 Authors

    AbstractDue to the complexity of 2D magnetic anomaly maps north of 18°S and the sparsity of seismic data, the tectonic evolution of the northern Lau Basin has not yet been unraveled. We use a multi‐method approach to reconstruct the formation of the basin at ∼16°S by compiling seismic, magnetic, gravimetric and geochemical data along a 185 km‐long crustal transect. We identified a crustal zonation which preserves the level of subduction input at the time of the crust's formation. Paired with the seafloor magnetization, the crustal zonation enabled us to qualitatively approximate the dynamic spreading history of the region. Further assessment of the recent tectonic activity and the degree of tectonic overprinting visible in the crust both suggest a complex tectonic history including a dynamically moving spreading center and the reorganizing of the local magma supply. Comparing the compiled data sets has revealed substantial differences in the opening mechanisms of the two arms of the Overlapping Spreading Center (OSC) that is made up by the northernmost tip of the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center in the east and the southernmost segment of the Mangatolu Triple Junction in the west. The observed transition from a predominantly tectonic opening mechanism at the eastern OSC arm to a magmatic opening mechanism at the western OSC arm coincides with an equally sharp transition from and strongly subduction influenced crust to a crust with virtually no subduction input. The degree of subduction input alters the geochemical composition, as well as the lithospheric stress response. Plain Language Summary: The opening of back‐arc basins is often described as analogy to mid‐ocean ridge spreading, where the only difference is the force driving the extension. However, the northern Lau Basin is a prime example for the shortcomings of this analogy since its crust preserves an image of its complex tectonic history. The complexity results from the short‐lived nature of zones of active rifting and spreading in the northern Lau Basin, which is very different from the temporally and spatially steady nature of spreading centers at mid‐ocean ridges. The analysis of different methods (wide angle seismic data using ocean bottom seismometers, multi‐channel seismic, magnetic, gravity, and geochemical data) has led us to conclude that the Lau Basin's crust at 15°30–17°20′S was formed by a dynamically changing, both in regard of magma composition and position, extensional system that consists of the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center and the Mangatolu Triple Junction. Nevertheless, the crustal zonation, formed by the varying subduction influence during its formation, is still preserved and affects the stress response of the crust and thus the present‐day tectonic behavior. Key Points: Oceanic crust in the north‐eastern Lau Basin formed at the now reorganized FRSC‐MTJ system. The position and the opening mechanisms of back‐arc basin spreading center's change more dynamically than at mid‐ocean ridges. Different opening mechanisms at the southern Mangatolu Triple Junction and northern Fonualei Rift Spreading Center despite their proximity. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel German Ministry of Science and Education https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.945716

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    Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    GEO-LEO e-docs
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: GEO-LEO e-docs
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      Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      GEO-LEO e-docs
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Singh, Tanu; Gupta, Shubhangi; Chiogna, Gabriele; Krause, Stefan; +5 Authors

    Subsurface flows, particularly hyporheic exchange fluxes, driven by streambed topography, permeability, channel gradient and dynamic flow conditions provide prominent ecological services such as nitrate removal from streams and aquifers. Stream flow dynamics cause strongly nonlinear and often episodic contributions of nutrient concentrations in river‐aquifer systems. Using a fully coupled transient flow and reactive transport model, we investigated the denitrification potential of hyporheic zones during peak‐flow events. The effects of streambed permeability, channel gradient and bedform amplitude on the spatio‐temporal distribution of nitrate and dissolved organic carbon in streambeds and the associated denitrification potential were explored. Distinct peak‐flow events with different intensity, duration and hydrograph shape were selected to represent a wide range of peak‐flow scenarios. Our results indicated that the specific hydrodynamic characteristics of individual flow events largely determine the average positive or negative nitrate removal capacity of hyporheic zones, however the magnitude of this capacity is controlled by geomorphological settings (i.e., channel slope, streambed permeability and bedform amplitude). Specifically, events with longer duration and higher intensity were shown to promote higher nitrate removal efficiency with higher magnitude of removal efficiency in the scenarios with higher slope and permeability values. These results are essential for better assessment of the subsurface nitrate removal capacity under the influence of flow dynamics and particularly peak‐flow events in order to provide tailored solutions for effective restoration of interconnected river‐aquifer systems. Key Points: Reactive transport model predicts stream geomorphological impacts on hyporheic denitrification potential. High frequency observations of nutrient fluxes improve predictions of denitrification potential. Controls of duration and intensity of peak‐flow events on denitrification potential vary between geomorphological settings. https://git.geomar.de/shubhangi-gupta/hyporheic-denitrification-under-peak-flow-events.git Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

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    Water Resources Research
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2021
    GEO-LEO e-docs
    Article . 2022
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      Water Resources Research
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Other literature type . Preprint . 2021
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      Article . 2022
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Deborah Tangunan; Melissa A. Berke; Alejandra Cartagena-Sierra; José Abel Flores; +32 Authors

    In the southern Indian Ocean, the position of the subtropical front – the boundary between colder, fresher waters to the south and warmer, saltier waters to the north – has a strong influence on the upper ocean hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry. Here we analyse a sedimentary record from the Agulhas Plateau, located close to the modern position of the subtropical front and use alkenones and coccolith assemblages to reconstruct oceanographic conditions over the past 300,000 years. We identify a strong glacial-interglacial variability in sea surface temperature and productivity associated with subtropical front migration over the Agulhas Plateau, as well as shorter-term high frequency variability aligned with variations in high latitude insolation. Alkenone and coccolith abundances, in combination with diatom and organic carbon records indicate high glacial export productivity. We conclude that the biological pump was more efficient and strengthened during glacial periods, which could partly account for the reported reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. This work used samples and data provided by the IODP. We are thankful for the support from the crew of the R/V JOIDES Resolution and IODP staff. This work is funded through the Universidad de Salamanca Postdoctoral Contract supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades Grant RTI2018-099489-B-I00 and the German Science Foundation (DFG) Research Center/Cluster of Excellence 'The Ocean in the Earth System' (MARUM; Grant No. 49926684). We acknowledge financial support from the National Science Foundation of the US under Award No. 1737218 (M.A.B), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie Grant Agreement No. 799531 (M.S.P.), and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Grant CTM2017-89711-C2-1-P, co-funded by the European Union through FEDER funds (F.J.J.E.). European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie Grant 799531 Universidad de Salamanca - Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades Grant RTI2018-099489-B-I00 National Science Foundation (NSF) 1737218 German Research Foundation (DFG) 49926684 Spanish Government CTM2017-89711-C2-1-P European Union through FEDER funds

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    Communications Earth & Environment
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    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
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    GEO-LEO e-docs
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: GEO-LEO e-docs
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    Authors: Eric P. Achterberg; Sebastian Steigenberger; Jessica K. Klar; Thomas J. Browning; +7 Authors

    We present dissolved and total dissolvable trace elements for spring and summer cruises in 2010 in the high‐latitude North Atlantic. Surface and full depth data are provided for Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the Iceland and Irminger Basins, and consequences of biological uptake and inputs by the spring Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption are assessed. Ash from Eyjafjallajökull resulted in pronounced increases in Al, Mn, and Zn in surface waters in close proximity to Iceland during the eruption, while 3 months later during the summer cruise levels had returned to more typical values for the region. The apparent seasonal removal ratios of surface trace elements were consistent with biological export. Assessment of supply of trace elements to the surface mixed layer for the region, excluding volcanic inputs, indicated that deep winter mixing was the dominant source, with diffusive mixing being a minor source (between 13.5% [dissolved Cd, DCd] and −2.43% [DZn] of deep winter flux), and atmospheric inputs being an important source only for DAl and DZn (DAl up to 42% and DZn up to 4.2% of deep winter + diffusive fluxes) and typically less than 1% for the other elements. Elemental supply ratios to the surface mixed layer through convection were comparable to apparent removal ratios we calculated between spring and summer. Given that deep mixing dominated nutrient and trace element supply to surface waters, predicted increases in water column stratification in this region may reduce supply, with potential consequences for primary production and the biological carbon pump. Key Points: Bio‐essential element concentrations in surface waters decreased from spring to summer with removal ratios reflecting biological uptake. Effects of volcanic inputs from Eyjafjallajökull in spring 2010 were pronounced for Al, Mn, and Zn but returned to typical levels in summer. Deep winter convection dominated trace element supply to surface waters with minor contributions from atmospheric and diffusive mixing. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003153 Natural Environment Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270

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    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
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    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
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      Global Biogeochemical Cycles
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    Authors: Schmid, F.; Kopp, H.; Schnabel, M.; Dannowski, A.; +9 Authors

    The northeastern Lau Basin is one of the fastest opening and magmatically most active back‐arc regions on Earth. Although the current pattern of plate boundaries and motions in this complex mosaic of microplates is reasonably understood, the internal structure and evolution of the back‐arc crust are not. We present new geophysical data from a 290 km long east‐west oriented transect crossing the Niuafo'ou Microplate (back‐arc), the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center (FRSC) and the Tofua Volcanic Arc at 17°20′S. Our P wave tomography model and density modeling suggest that past crustal accretion inside the southern FRSC was accommodated by a combination of arc crustal extension and magmatic activity. The absence of magnetic reversals inside the FRSC supports this and suggests that focused seafloor spreading has until now not contributed to crustal accretion. The back‐arc crust constituting the southern Niuafo'ou Microplate reveals a heterogeneous structure comprising several crustal blocks. Some regions of the back‐arc show a crustal structure similar to typical oceanic crust, suggesting they originate from seafloor spreading. Other crustal blocks resemble a structure that is similar to volcanic arc crust or a “hydrous” type of oceanic crust that has been created at a spreading center influenced by slab‐derived water at distances <50 km to the arc. Throughout the back‐arc region, we observe a high‐velocity (Vp 7.2–7.5 km s−1) lower crust, which is an indication for magmatic underplating, which is likely sustained by elevated upper mantle temperatures in this region. Key Points: First insights into the crustal structure of the northeastern Lau Basin, along a 290 km transect at 17°20′S. Crust in southern Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center was created by extension of arc crust and variable amount of magmatism. Magmatic underplating is present in some parts of the southern Niuafo'ou Microplate. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

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    Authors: Bommarito, Claudia; Díaz‐Morales, Dakeishla M.; Guy‐Haim, Tamar; Noè, Simona; +16 Authors

    AbstractGlobal warming, bioinvasions, and parasitism affect single‐species performances and species interactions, substantially impacting the structure and stability of marine ecosystems. In light of accelerated global change, the information derived from studies focusing on single species and single drivers is insufficient, calling for a multi‐stressor approach under near‐natural conditions. We investigated the effects of warming (+3°C) on the performance of a benthic community composed of native and invasive macroalgae, consumers and a trematode parasite in a mesocosm setting. We also assessed the effects of warming and parasitism on the survival and growth of gastropods and mussels and the thermal dependency of trematode performance. Our findings show that warming and grazing by infected gastropods had a large detrimental effect on the invasive macroalga growth. Furthermore, the single and interactive effects of parasitism and warming were detrimental to intermediate host survival and growth, especially to large mussels. Finally, cercarial emergence positively correlated to the natural peaks of summer temperatures, while infection intensity in mussels was higher in larger individuals. Our findings suggest that grazing and warming will be detrimental to the invasive macroalga, favoring the native alga. Moreover, parasitism will enhance grazing, especially in summer, when higher temperatures trigger parasite development. However, parasite‐enhanced grazing may be buffered by higher mortality or a shift in the size of infected intermediate hosts under warming. Our findings demonstrate how complex effects of ocean warming can be on food webs and how they can be mediated by parasitism and, as a result, influence native and invasive macroalgae differently. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

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    Article . 2023
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    Authors: Jegen, A.; Dannowski, A.; Schnabel, M.; Barckhausen, U.; +20 Authors

    AbstractDue to the complexity of 2D magnetic anomaly maps north of 18°S and the sparsity of seismic data, the tectonic evolution of the northern Lau Basin has not yet been unraveled. We use a multi‐method approach to reconstruct the formation of the basin at ∼16°S by compiling seismic, magnetic, gravimetric and geochemical data along a 185 km‐long crustal transect. We identified a crustal zonation which preserves the level of subduction input at the time of the crust's formation. Paired with the seafloor magnetization, the crustal zonation enabled us to qualitatively approximate the dynamic spreading history of the region. Further assessment of the recent tectonic activity and the degree of tectonic overprinting visible in the crust both suggest a complex tectonic history including a dynamically moving spreading center and the reorganizing of the local magma supply. Comparing the compiled data sets has revealed substantial differences in the opening mechanisms of the two arms of the Overlapping Spreading Center (OSC) that is made up by the northernmost tip of the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center in the east and the southernmost segment of the Mangatolu Triple Junction in the west. The observed transition from a predominantly tectonic opening mechanism at the eastern OSC arm to a magmatic opening mechanism at the western OSC arm coincides with an equally sharp transition from and strongly subduction influenced crust to a crust with virtually no subduction input. The degree of subduction input alters the geochemical composition, as well as the lithospheric stress response. Plain Language Summary: The opening of back‐arc basins is often described as analogy to mid‐ocean ridge spreading, where the only difference is the force driving the extension. However, the northern Lau Basin is a prime example for the shortcomings of this analogy since its crust preserves an image of its complex tectonic history. The complexity results from the short‐lived nature of zones of active rifting and spreading in the northern Lau Basin, which is very different from the temporally and spatially steady nature of spreading centers at mid‐ocean ridges. The analysis of different methods (wide angle seismic data using ocean bottom seismometers, multi‐channel seismic, magnetic, gravity, and geochemical data) has led us to conclude that the Lau Basin's crust at 15°30–17°20′S was formed by a dynamically changing, both in regard of magma composition and position, extensional system that consists of the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center and the Mangatolu Triple Junction. Nevertheless, the crustal zonation, formed by the varying subduction influence during its formation, is still preserved and affects the stress response of the crust and thus the present‐day tectonic behavior. Key Points: Oceanic crust in the north‐eastern Lau Basin formed at the now reorganized FRSC‐MTJ system. The position and the opening mechanisms of back‐arc basin spreading center's change more dynamically than at mid‐ocean ridges. Different opening mechanisms at the southern Mangatolu Triple Junction and northern Fonualei Rift Spreading Center despite their proximity. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel German Ministry of Science and Education https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.945716

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    Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems
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    Authors: Singh, Tanu; Gupta, Shubhangi; Chiogna, Gabriele; Krause, Stefan; +5 Authors

    Subsurface flows, particularly hyporheic exchange fluxes, driven by streambed topography, permeability, channel gradient and dynamic flow conditions provide prominent ecological services such as nitrate removal from streams and aquifers. Stream flow dynamics cause strongly nonlinear and often episodic contributions of nutrient concentrations in river‐aquifer systems. Using a fully coupled transient flow and reactive transport model, we investigated the denitrification potential of hyporheic zones during peak‐flow events. The effects of streambed permeability, channel gradient and bedform amplitude on the spatio‐temporal distribution of nitrate and dissolved organic carbon in streambeds and the associated denitrification potential were explored. Distinct peak‐flow events with different intensity, duration and hydrograph shape were selected to represent a wide range of peak‐flow scenarios. Our results indicated that the specific hydrodynamic characteristics of individual flow events largely determine the average positive or negative nitrate removal capacity of hyporheic zones, however the magnitude of this capacity is controlled by geomorphological settings (i.e., channel slope, streambed permeability and bedform amplitude). Specifically, events with longer duration and higher intensity were shown to promote higher nitrate removal efficiency with higher magnitude of removal efficiency in the scenarios with higher slope and permeability values. These results are essential for better assessment of the subsurface nitrate removal capacity under the influence of flow dynamics and particularly peak‐flow events in order to provide tailored solutions for effective restoration of interconnected river‐aquifer systems. Key Points: Reactive transport model predicts stream geomorphological impacts on hyporheic denitrification potential. High frequency observations of nutrient fluxes improve predictions of denitrification potential. Controls of duration and intensity of peak‐flow events on denitrification potential vary between geomorphological settings. https://git.geomar.de/shubhangi-gupta/hyporheic-denitrification-under-peak-flow-events.git Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

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    Water Resources Research
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Water Resources Research
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    Authors: Deborah Tangunan; Melissa A. Berke; Alejandra Cartagena-Sierra; José Abel Flores; +32 Authors

    In the southern Indian Ocean, the position of the subtropical front – the boundary between colder, fresher waters to the south and warmer, saltier waters to the north – has a strong influence on the upper ocean hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry. Here we analyse a sedimentary record from the Agulhas Plateau, located close to the modern position of the subtropical front and use alkenones and coccolith assemblages to reconstruct oceanographic conditions over the past 300,000 years. We identify a strong glacial-interglacial variability in sea surface temperature and productivity associated with subtropical front migration over the Agulhas Plateau, as well as shorter-term high frequency variability aligned with variations in high latitude insolation. Alkenone and coccolith abundances, in combination with diatom and organic carbon records indicate high glacial export productivity. We conclude that the biological pump was more efficient and strengthened during glacial periods, which could partly account for the reported reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. This work used samples and data provided by the IODP. We are thankful for the support from the crew of the R/V JOIDES Resolution and IODP staff. This work is funded through the Universidad de Salamanca Postdoctoral Contract supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades Grant RTI2018-099489-B-I00 and the German Science Foundation (DFG) Research Center/Cluster of Excellence 'The Ocean in the Earth System' (MARUM; Grant No. 49926684). We acknowledge financial support from the National Science Foundation of the US under Award No. 1737218 (M.A.B), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie Grant Agreement No. 799531 (M.S.P.), and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Grant CTM2017-89711-C2-1-P, co-funded by the European Union through FEDER funds (F.J.J.E.). European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie Grant 799531 Universidad de Salamanca - Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades Grant RTI2018-099489-B-I00 National Science Foundation (NSF) 1737218 German Research Foundation (DFG) 49926684 Spanish Government CTM2017-89711-C2-1-P European Union through FEDER funds

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    Communications Earth & Environment
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    GEO-LEO e-docs
    Article . 2021
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    Authors: Eric P. Achterberg; Sebastian Steigenberger; Jessica K. Klar; Thomas J. Browning; +7 Authors

    We present dissolved and total dissolvable trace elements for spring and summer cruises in 2010 in the high‐latitude North Atlantic. Surface and full depth data are provided for Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the Iceland and Irminger Basins, and consequences of biological uptake and inputs by the spring Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption are assessed. Ash from Eyjafjallajökull resulted in pronounced increases in Al, Mn, and Zn in surface waters in close proximity to Iceland during the eruption, while 3 months later during the summer cruise levels had returned to more typical values for the region. The apparent seasonal removal ratios of surface trace elements were consistent with biological export. Assessment of supply of trace elements to the surface mixed layer for the region, excluding volcanic inputs, indicated that deep winter mixing was the dominant source, with diffusive mixing being a minor source (between 13.5% [dissolved Cd, DCd] and −2.43% [DZn] of deep winter flux), and atmospheric inputs being an important source only for DAl and DZn (DAl up to 42% and DZn up to 4.2% of deep winter + diffusive fluxes) and typically less than 1% for the other elements. Elemental supply ratios to the surface mixed layer through convection were comparable to apparent removal ratios we calculated between spring and summer. Given that deep mixing dominated nutrient and trace element supply to surface waters, predicted increases in water column stratification in this region may reduce supply, with potential consequences for primary production and the biological carbon pump. Key Points: Bio‐essential element concentrations in surface waters decreased from spring to summer with removal ratios reflecting biological uptake. Effects of volcanic inputs from Eyjafjallajökull in spring 2010 were pronounced for Al, Mn, and Zn but returned to typical levels in summer. Deep winter convection dominated trace element supply to surface waters with minor contributions from atmospheric and diffusive mixing. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003153 Natural Environment Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270

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    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
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    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
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      Global Biogeochemical Cycles
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      Global Biogeochemical Cycles
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    Authors: Schmid, F.; Kopp, H.; Schnabel, M.; Dannowski, A.; +9 Authors

    The northeastern Lau Basin is one of the fastest opening and magmatically most active back‐arc regions on Earth. Although the current pattern of plate boundaries and motions in this complex mosaic of microplates is reasonably understood, the internal structure and evolution of the back‐arc crust are not. We present new geophysical data from a 290 km long east‐west oriented transect crossing the Niuafo'ou Microplate (back‐arc), the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center (FRSC) and the Tofua Volcanic Arc at 17°20′S. Our P wave tomography model and density modeling suggest that past crustal accretion inside the southern FRSC was accommodated by a combination of arc crustal extension and magmatic activity. The absence of magnetic reversals inside the FRSC supports this and suggests that focused seafloor spreading has until now not contributed to crustal accretion. The back‐arc crust constituting the southern Niuafo'ou Microplate reveals a heterogeneous structure comprising several crustal blocks. Some regions of the back‐arc show a crustal structure similar to typical oceanic crust, suggesting they originate from seafloor spreading. Other crustal blocks resemble a structure that is similar to volcanic arc crust or a “hydrous” type of oceanic crust that has been created at a spreading center influenced by slab‐derived water at distances <50 km to the arc. Throughout the back‐arc region, we observe a high‐velocity (Vp 7.2–7.5 km s−1) lower crust, which is an indication for magmatic underplating, which is likely sustained by elevated upper mantle temperatures in this region. Key Points: First insights into the crustal structure of the northeastern Lau Basin, along a 290 km transect at 17°20′S. Crust in southern Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center was created by extension of arc crust and variable amount of magmatism. Magmatic underplating is present in some parts of the southern Niuafo'ou Microplate. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

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