• European Marine Science
• Research dataclose
• Other research productsclose
• Open Access close
• Swiss National Science Foundation close

In this dataset we present a global compilation of over 1000 sedimentary records of 230Th from across the global ocean at two time slices, the Late Holocene (0-5000 years ago, or 0-5 ka) and the Last Glacial Maximum (18.5-23.5 ka). Data have been screened for age control, errors, and lithogenic corrections. Overall quality levels were computed by summing each record's scores on the individual criteria. A record is optimal if it is based on a chronology that is constrained by δ18O or 14C and it provides both the raw nuclide concentrations and the associated errors. About one quarter of the records in the database achieved this highest quality level. The large majority of the records in the database are good, passing two of the three criteria, while the remaining quarter are of fair or poor quality.

This dataset contains key characteristics about the data described in the Data Descriptor A global database of Holocene paleotemperature records. Contents: 1. human readable metadata summary table in CSV format 2. machine readable metadata file in JSON format

Description and NotesDescription: Methane concentration from the Greenland NEEM-2011-S1 Ice Core from 71 to 408m depth (~270-1961 CE). Methane concentrations analysed online by laser spectrometer (SARA, Spectroscopy by Amplified Resonant Absorption, developed at Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, Grenoble, France) on gas extracted from an ice core processed using a continuous melter system (Desert Research Institute). Methane data have a 5 second integration time (raw data acquisition rate 0.6 Hz). Analytical precision, from Allan Variance test, is 0.9 ppb (2 sigma). Long-term reproducibility is 2.6% (2 sigma). Gaps in the record are due to problems during online analysis. Online analysis conducted August-September 2011.Note: Lat-Long provided is for main NEEM borehole. The NEEM-2011-S1 core was drilled 200 m distance away in 2011 to 410 m depth.Methane concentrations are reported on NOAA2004 scale (instrument calibrated on dry synthetic air standards).A correction factor of 1.079 has been applied to all data to correct for methane dissolution in melted ice core sample prior to gas extraction. Correction factor calculated using empirical data (concentrations not aligned/tied to existing discrete methane measurements).Additional methods description provided in:* Stowasser, C., Buizert, C., Gkinis, V., Chappellaz, J., Schupbach, S., Bigler, M., Fain, X., Sperlich, P., Baumgartner, M., Schilt, A., Blunier, T., 2012. Continuous measurements of methane mixing ratios from ice cores. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 5, 999-1013.* Morville, J., Kassi, S., Chenevier, M., Romanini, D., 2005. Fast, low-noise, mode bymode, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy by diode-laser self-locking. Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 80, 1027-01038.* NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) project information http://neem.dk/ NEEM-2011-S1 CH4 outliers.Data points removed from dataset according to specified cut-off value.Please refer to Rhodes et al. (2013) for full discussion of origins outlying data points. Briefly, these high frequency features are not artifacts of the continuous method and have been replicated by traditional discrete analyses. Comparison to chemistry measurements suggests they are related to biological in situ production of methane.

The reconstruction of the stable carbon isotope evolution in atmospheric CO2 (d13Catm ), as archived in Antarctic ice cores, bears the potential to disentangle the contributions of the different carbon cycle fluxes causing past CO2 variations. Here we present a new record of d13Catm before, during and after the Marine Isotope Stage 5.5 (155 000 to 105 000 years BP). The record was derived with a well established sublimation method using ice from the EPICA Dome C (EDC) and the Talos Dome ice cores in East Antarctica. We find a 0.4 permil shift to heavier values between the mean d13Catm level in the Penultimate (~ 140 000 years BP) and Last Glacial Maximum (~ 22 000 years BP), which can be explained by either (i) changes in the isotopic composition or (ii) intensity of the carbon input fluxes to the combined ocean/atmosphere carbon reservoir or (iii) by long-term peat buildup. Our isotopic data suggest that the carbon cycle evolution along Termination II and the subsequent interglacial was controlled by essentially the same processes as during the last 24 000 years, but with different phasing and magnitudes. Furthermore, a 5000 years lag in the CO2 decline relative to EDC temperatures is confirmed during the glacial inception at the end of MIS 5.5 (120 000 years BP). Based on our isotopic data this lag can be explained by terrestrial carbon release and carbonate compensation.

Background: Parental care, while increasing parental fitness through offspring survival also bears cost to the care-giving parent. Consequentially, trade offs between parental care and other vitally important traits, such as the immune system seem evident. In co-occurring phases of parental care and immunological challenges negative consequences through a resource allocation trade off on both the parental and the offspring conditions can be predicted. While the immune system is reflecting parental stress conditions, parental immunological investments also boost offspring survival via the transfer of immunological substances (trans-generational immune priming). We investigated this relationship adult and juvenile mouth brooding East African cichlid Astotatilapia burtoni. Prior to mating, females were exposed to an immunological activation, while others remained immunologically naive. Correspondingly, immunological status of females was either examined directly after reproduction or after mouth brooding had ceased. Offspring from both groups were exposed to immunological challenges to assess the extent of trans-generational immune priming. As proxy for immune status, cellular immunological activity and gene expression were determined. Results: Both reproducing and mouthbrooding females allocate their resources towards reproduction. While upon reproduction the innate immune system was impeded, mouthbrooding females showed an attenuation of inflammatory components and an elevated stress levels. Juveniles from immune challenged mouthbrooding females showed downregulation of immune and life history candidate genes, implying a limitation of trans-generational plasticity when parents experience stress during the costly reproductive phase. Conclusion: Our results provide evidence that parental investment via mouthbrooding is beneficial for the offspring. However, both parental investment and the rise of the immunological activity upon an immune challenge are costly traits. If applied simultaneously, not only mothers seem to be impacted in their performance, but also offspring are impeded in their ability to react upon a potentially virulent pathogen exposure.

Gene duplication leads to paralogy, which complicates the de novo assembly of genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data. The issue of paralogous genes is exacerbated in plants, because they are particularly prone to gene duplication events. Paralogs are normally filtered from GBS data before undertaking population genomics or phylogenetic analyses. However, gene duplication plays an important role in the functional diversification of genes and it can also lead to the formation of postzygotic barriers. Using populations and closely related species of a tropical mountain shrub, we examine: (1) the genomic differentiation produced by putative orthologs, and (2) the distribution of recent gene duplication among lineages and geography. We find high differentiation among populations from isolated mountain peaks and species-level differentiation within what is morphologically described as a single species. The inferred distribution of paralogs among populations is congruent with taxonomy and shows that GBS could be used to examine recent gene duplication as a source of genomic differentiation of non-model species. Demultiplexing and de novo assembly detailsContains demultiplexing and de novo assembly details of data used for paralogs filtering and subsequent population genomics analyses.1stacksContains data directories used by scripts from the section "3Berberis_phylogeo" of this repository for running the *populations* program of *Stacks* after putative paralogous loci have been filtered.3Berberis_phylogeoContains scripts for paralogous loci filtering, output data from the *populations* program of *Stacks*, as well as R scripts used for analyses and plotting.

Tables

We report on the EPICA Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica) deep drilling operation. Starting with the scientific questions that led to the outline of the EPICA project, we introduce the setting of sister drillings at NorthGRIP and EPICA Dome C within the European ice-coring community. The progress of the drilling operation is described within the context of three parallel, deep-drilling operations, the problems that occurred and the solutions we developed. Modified procedures are described, such as the monitoring of penetration rate via cable weight rather than motor torque, and modifications to the system (e.g. closing the openings at the lower end of the outer barrel to reduce the risk of immersing the drill in highly concentrated chip suspension). Parameters of the drilling (e.g. core-break force, cutter pitch, chips balance, liquid level, core production rate and piece number) are discussed. We also review the operational mode, particularly in the context of achieved core length and piece length, which have to be optimized for drilling efficiency and core quality respectively. We conclude with recommendations addressing the design of the chip-collection openings and strictly limiting the cable-load drop with respect to the load at the start of the run. Supplement to: Wilhelms, Frank; Miller, Heinz; Gerasimoff, Michael D; Drücker, Cord; Frenzel, Andreas; Fritzsche, Diedrich; Grobe, Hannes; Hansen, Steffen Bo; Hilmarsson, Sverrir Æ; Hoffmann, Georg; Hörnby, Kerstin; Jaeschke, Andrea; Jakobsdottir, Steinunn S; Juckschat, Paul; Karsten, Achim; Karsten, Lorenz; Kaufmann, Patrik R; Karlin, Torbjörn; Kohlberg, Eberhard; Kleffel, Guido; Lambrecht, Anja; Lambrecht, Astrid; Lawer, Gunther; Schärmeli, Ivan; Schmitt, Jochen; Sheldon, Simon G; Takata, Morimasa; Trenke, Marcus; Twarloh, Birthe; Valero Delgado, Fernando; Wilhelms-Dick, Dorothee (2014): The EPICA Dronning Maud Land deep drilling operation. Annals of Glaciology, 55(68), 355-366 DEPTH, ice/snow [m] = Drilled depth, measured cable length. For offset to core depth refer to reference.

Transgenerational effects can buffer populations against environmental change, yet little is known about underlying mechanisms, their persistence, or the influence of environmental cue timing. We investigated mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and gene expression of marine sticklebacks that experienced acute or developmental acclimation to simulated ocean warming (21°C) across three generations. Previous work showed that acute acclimation of grandmothers to 21°C led to lower (optimised) offspring MRCs. Here, developmental acclimation of mothers to 21°C led to higher, but more efficient offspring MRCs. Offspring with a 21°Cx17°C grandmother-mother environment mismatch showed metabolic compensation: their MRCs were as low as offspring with a 17°C thermal history across generations. Transcriptional analyses showed primarily maternal but also grandmaternal environment effects: genes involved in metabolism and mitochondrial protein biosynthesis were differentially expressed when mothers developed at 21°C, whereas 21°C grandmothers influenced genes involved in hemostasis and apoptosis. Genes involved in mitochondrial respiration all showed higher expression when mothers developed at 21° and lower expression in the 21°Cx17°C group, matching the phenotypic pattern for MRCs. Our study links transcriptomics to physiology under climate change, and demonstrates that mechanisms underlying transgenerational effects persist across multiple generations with specific outcomes depending on acclimation type and environmental mismatch between generations. Supplement to: Shama, Lisa N S; Mark, Felix Christopher; Strobel, Anneli; Lokmer, Ana; John, Uwe; Wegner, K Mathias (2016): Transgenerational effects persist down the maternal line in marine sticklebacks: gene expression matches physiology in a warming ocean. Evolutionary Applications, 9(9), 1096-1111

Understanding the role of atmospheric CO2 during past climate changes requires clear knowledge of how it varies in time relative to temperature. Antarctic ice cores preserve highly resolved records of atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperature for the past 800,000 years. Here we propose a revised relative age scale for the concentration of atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperature for the last deglacial warming, using data from five Antarctic ice cores. We infer the phasing between CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature at four times when their trends change abruptly. We find no significant asynchrony between them, indicating that Antarctic temperature did not begin to rise hundreds of years before the concentration of atmospheric CO2, as has been suggested by earlier studies.