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The distance between a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and the sea-ice underside was measured by a single-beam upward-looking acoustic sonar altimeter (Tritech PA500) attached to the ROV during the ARTofMELT2023 expedition in May and June 2023. Sea-ice draft was derived by subtracting the distance to the sea-ice underside from the ROV depth, uncorrected for ROV attitude (pitch, roll). An offset between the depth reference (ROV bumper bars) and the altimeter of 0.105 m is accounted for in the presented data.

Attention points as logged by the operators in the recording software Spot.On for remotely operated vehicle (ROV) surveys during the ARTofMELT2023 expedition in May and June 2023.

Two composite sedimentary sequences (AMD2019-804-12CS and AMD1803-02CS) sampled in Coronation Fjord (Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada) were investigated. These sequences were collected onboard the Canadian Coast Guard Ship icebreaker Amundsen during the 2018 and 2019 ArcticNet expedition to reconstruct long-term changes in sediment transfers from the Penny Ice Cap (PIC) during the late Holocene. Grain size datasets comprising the complete data of sediment grain size analyses (2 mm fraction on the X-CT scan images of the core in contiguous 2 cm windows.

pH values were obtained using a SBE18 pH sensor (Seabird) mounted on the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) during the ARTofMELT2023 expedition in May and June 2023. The values were derived from the sensor voltages using the same calibration during the entire expedition.

Conductivity, temperature, and pressure were measured by a Glider Payload CTD (SBE GPCTD, Seabird). Oxygen frequency was measured by an oxygen optode (SBE 43F DO, Seabird). Both instruments were mounted in the sensor skid of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) during the ARTofMELT2023 expedition in May and June 2023. Data use manufacturer calibration. The Gibbs SeaWater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox of TEOS-10 was used to derive other hydrographic data. The conversion from oxygen frequency to dissolved oxygen concentration was performed using the OOI L2 data product DOCONCF (Vardaro, 2014).

The data set present high-frequency data (1h-step) collected at the outlet of a 3 km length stream which flows through a boreal headwater catchment of 2.22 kilometer square and covered at 76% by an ombrotrophic dome-shaped peatland. The data set covered a period from June 2018 to May 2020. The measured parameters included physico-chemical parameters measured by an EXO2 multiparameter probe (YSI, USA) installed in the stream, at the outlet of the catchment. This multiparameter probe measured among other parameters (e.g., water temperature, pH, specific conductivity and dissolved oxygen saturation) the fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) which was used as a proxy of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and a calibration was performed in order to determined the relashionship f(fDOM) = DOC. A hidden markov model was applied to this data set to decompose times series into low flow and high flow conditions. This was used to calculate specific DOC exports during those periods. Specific flood periods were isolated and specific indices were calculated for those periods. In addition, the stream discharge was mesured at the same site using a ultrasonic distance sensor (SR50, Campbell, USA) [from June 2018 to May 2019] and a water-level logger (U201-04, Hobo, Onset, USA) [from June 2019 to May 2020]. In the peatland area, the water table depth and the porewater temperature were measured hourly using a U20-001-04 water level logger (Hobo, Onset, USA) [2018] and a a U20l-04 water level logger (Hobo, Onset, USA) [2019] and the precipitation and air temperature were measured using a a tilting bucket rain gauge (Onset, 0.2 mm).

Calcifying marine organisms provide a valuable means to access high-resolution historical records of the marine environment captured within their skeletal geochemistry. These records are essential for comprehending the effects of human-induced climate change and reducing uncertainties in future projections. Integrating investigations across various taxa, depths, and geographic locations can help identify universal environmental proxies and serve as a basis for targeted studies in the future. Here, we provide a comprehensive georeferenced database of measured values of Li/Mg, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, U/Ca and Sr-U in coral and coralline algae compiled from the scientific literature (1950-2021; http://www.webofknowledge.com, accessed 2022-09-30) for the purpose of interrogating and refining global, mineralogy specific and/or taxon-specific proxies for seawater temperature and barium. We include metadata relating to the source, timing and location of each study, the methodology used, and environmental and experimental information. The dataset presents an opportunity to quantify uncertainty and test the robustness of trace and minor element proxies for past environmental conditions, of which will be of value within the fields of geochemistry, ecology, climate, and palaeobiology. Full methodology and additional information provided in Williams et al. [in prep].

Fluorometric data on chlorophyll a concentration, Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter (FDOM) concentration, and optical backscatter were measured by a triplet fluorometer (ECO-Puck BBFL2SSC, Wetlabs) attached to a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) during the ARTofMELT2023 expedition in May and June 2023. Data use manufacturer calibration.

Videos as recorded by two HD-zoom cameras attached to a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) during the ARTofMELT2023 expedition in May and June 2023: An Insite Pacific Inc. Mini Zeus Mark III until June 5 and a Bowtech Surveyor WAHD with a 10:1 optical zoom since June 6.

We combine consistently dated benthic carbon isotopic records distributed over the entire Atlantic Ocean with numerical simulations performed by a glacial configuration of the Norwegian Earth System Model with active ocean biogeochemistry, in order to interpret the observed Cibicides δ13C changes at the stadial-interstadial transition corresponding to the end of Heinrich Stadial 4 (HS4) in terms of ocean circulation and remineralization changes. We show that the marked increase in Cibicides δ13C observed at the end of HS4 between ~2000 and 4200 m in the Atlantic can be explained by changes in nutrient concentrations as simulated by the model in response to the halting of freshwater input in the high latitude glacial North Atlantic. Our model results show that this Cibicides δ13C signal is associated with changes in the ratio of southern-sourced (SSW) versus northern-sourced (NSW) water masses at the core sites, whereby SSW is replaced by NSW as a consequence of the resumption of deep water formation in the northern North Atlantic and Nordic Seas after the freshwater input is halted. Our results further suggest that the contribution of ocean circulation changes to this signal increases from ~40 % at 2000 m to ~80 % at 4000 m. Below ~4200 m, the model shows little ocean circulation change but an increase in remineralization across the transition marking the end of HS4. The simulated lower remineralization during stadials than interstadials is particularly pronounced in deep subantarctic sites, in agreement with the decrease in the export production of carbon to the deep Southern Ocean during stadials found in previous studies.