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Since 1992, the meteorological observatory Neumayer continuously operates a ceilometer to monitor cloud ceiling above the station. Up until 2009, only the lowest detected cloud level was archived. With the inauguration of Neumayer Station III full data records are available. Besides auto-detected cloud levels the instrument records backscatter profiles of the laser beam. This compilation summarises all ceilometer raw data available from Neumayer Station. All data published here is left as recorded, no quality control was applied.

Short sediment cores were taken at six stations in Wismar Bay, southern Baltic Sea (Germany) in May 2019 using a Rumohr-Lot device. Our aim in this study was to investigate the role of diagenetic element fluxes and different fresh water sources, including submarine groundwater discharge, on the water column in the bay. Porewaters were extracted from the sediment cores by applying the rhizon technique at a resolution between 2 and 5 cm. The porewaters were analyzed for major and trace metals and selected nutrients using a ICP-OES (iCAP, 7400, Duo Thermo Fischer Scientific), total sulphide by a Specord 40 spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and δ13CDIC using an isotope gas mass spectrometre (MAT 253) coupled to a Gasbench II, and δ18OH2O, and δ2HH2O using a CRDS system (laser cavity-ring-down-spectroscopy, Picarro L2140- I). Sediment cores were further sliced at 2 to 4 cm resolution and each freeze-dried solid subsample was analyzed for contents of total carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur using an Elemental Analyzer (Euro Vector EuroEA 3, 052), inorganic carbon using an Elemental Analyzer multi EA (Analytik Jena), total mercury by a DMA-80 analyzer, and HCl-extractable Pb, Mn and Fe using an ICP-OES (iCAP, 7400, Duo Thermo Fischer Scientific).

Patterned ground of the polygonal tundra yields sensitive indicators of environmental and climate change. Polygon ponds, mires and cryosoils are typical components of Arctic Siberian wetlands underlain by permafrost.Field studies of recent environmental dynamics were carried out in the Indigirka lowland in summer 2011 and 2012. Using a multidisciplinary approach, several stages of polygonal systems were studied as modern tundra habitats in the surrounding of the WWF station Kytalyk at the Berelekh River, a tributary of the Indigirka River. The floral and faunal associations of the polygonal tundra landscape were described. Ecological, hydrological, meteorological, limnological and cryological features were analyzed in order to evaluate modern environmental conditions and their essential controlling parameters. A monitoring program was carried out to measure changes of air, water and ground temperatures as well as water conductivity, water level and soil moisture and to collect water, diatom, zooplankton, zoobenthos, tecamoebae, phytoplankton and ostracod samples. These data sets contain environmental field data, logger data, various ecological data, and analyses of sediments and water.

Here we provide the age-depth models of sediment cores for Lake Kyutyunda (core PG2023) and Lake Lama (core PG1341) from arctic Siberia. Both models provide the temporal information for a project on sedimentary ancient DNA metabarcoding using the ITS marker for fungal composition and diversity changes as well the plant-specific g and h primers of the trnL gene to track changes of terrestrial plants (see von Hippel et al., 2022, Dryad Digital Repository). The age-depth model of Lake Kyutyunda is an updated version of the age-depth correlation from Biskaborn et al. (2016) with refined correlation between the core segments, based on the IntCal20 calibration curve compiled in the R package 'Bacon'. This age-depth model covers the last 39.000 years. The age-depth model of Lake Lama (Taymyr peninsula) is based on the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry radiocarbon dating of 19 core samples and two additional dated woody remains from Andreev et al. (2004). This age-depth model was established using the R package 'Bacon', based on the IntCal13 calibration curve and dates back 23.000 years.

The effects of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) on the freezing temperatures of water is well studiedand known today. Studies of the affects of antifreeze proteins on glass transition and melting tem-peratures have been conducted on samples containing relatively high concentrations of glyceroland water. In this paper we conduct experiments with antifreeze proteins in water-dominatedglycerol water mixtures to determine how AFPs affect the glass transition and melting temper-atures of these samples. We present theory behind the various interactions that occur betweencomponents of the various mixtures studied and provide mathematical background and proofsto verify our methods. We discuss the hardware and software setups, experimental procedure,preparation of samples and analysis of the gathered data. The experimental results obtained fromthe raw data is presented as well as information on how the data was interpreted. Our analysisof a 23% glycerol water mixture with varying concentrations of teleost fish type III anti-freezeproteins suggest that there is a lowering effect to the glass transition temperature. Uncertainties,arbitrary choices and areas of future research are established for suggestions of the continuedresearch of these phenomena.i

This dataset compiles paleoenvironmental and biogeochemical data from the sediment core EN18224-4, retrieved from Lake Satagay in Nyurbinsky District, Central Yakutia. Included are results of (I) microscopic diatom counts, as well as biogeochemical data comprising (II) total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (TIC) and total nitrogen (TN), and (III) elemental distributions from high-resolution sediment core X-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanning. The dataset has been described in more detail in Baisheva et al. (2022a). Related metabarcoding results of sedimentary ancient DNA of macrophytes, can be found in Baisheva et al. (2022b, see further details).

We present sea ice temperature and salinity data from first-year ice (FYI) and second-year ice (SYI) relevant to the temporal development of sea ice permeability and brine drainage efficiency from the early growth phase in October 2019 to the onset of spring warming in May 2020. Our dataset was collected in the central Arctic Ocean during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) Expedition in 2019 to 2020. MOSAiC was an international transpolar drift expedition in which the German icebreaker RV Polarstern anchored into an ice floe to gain new insights into Arctic climate over a full annual cycle. In October 2019, RV Polarstern moored to an ice floe in the Siberian sector of the Arctic at 85 degrees north and 137 degrees east to begin the drift towards the North Pole and the Fram Strait via the Transpolar Drift Stream. The data presented here were collected during the first three legs of the expedition, so all the coring activities took place on the same floe. The end dates of legs 1, 2, and 3 were 13 December, 24 February, and 4 June, respectively. The dataset contributed to a baseline study entitled, Deciphering the properties of different Arctic ice types during the growth phase of the MOSAiC floes: Implications for future studies. The study highlights downward directed gas pathways in FYI and SYI by inferring sea ice permeability and potential brine release from several time series of temperature and salinity measurements. The physical properties presented in this paper lay the foundation for subsequent analyses on actual gas contents measured in the ice cores, as well as air-ice and ice-ocean gas fluxes. Sea ice cores were collected with a Kovacs Mark II 9 cm diameter corer. To measure ice temperatures, about 4.5 cm deep holes were drilled into the core (intervals varied by site and leg) . The temperatures were measured by a digital thermometer within minutes after the cores were retrieved. The ice cores were placed into pre-labelled plastic sleeves sealed at the bottom end. The ice cores were transported to RV Polarstern and stored in a -20 degrees Celsius freezer. Each of the cores was sub-sampled, melted at room temperature, and processed for salinity within one or two days. The practical salinity was estimated by measuring the electrical conductivity and temperature of the melted samples using a WTW Cond 3151 salinometer equipped with a Tetra-Con 325 four-electrode conductivity cell. The practical salinity represents the the salinity estimated from the electrical conductivity of the solution. The dataset also contains derived variables, including sea ice density, brine volume fraction, and the Rayleigh number.

The data set presents about 40,000 trees which where surveyed during several Russian-German expeditions by North-Eastern Federal University Yakutsk and Alfred-Wegener-Institute Potsdam to the North-East of the Russian Federation between the years 2011 and 2021. The purpose was to gather information on trees and forests in this region, which was then used to understand tree line migration, stand infilling and natural disturbance and succession processes and to initialize and validate a forest model. Trees are located on more than 160 vegetation plots, each of which has a size of several hundred square meters. For every tree, height was estimated, and the species recorded. Some individuals were subject to more detailed inventory, including diameters at base and at breast height, crown diameters, and other information.