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The isolation of gelatin from nila fish (Oreochromis niloticus) skin with two types of acid (acetic acid 0,10 M and citric acid 0,05 M) was carried out on the characteristics of the emulsion to know the ability of gelatin as an emulsifier. The observation has been made for gelatin including native molecule weight with non-SDS PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), pH, isoelectric point, and amino acid content. The characteristics of emulsion were analysed for the emulsion properties (activity and stability), viscosity, particle size, microstructure, and zeta potential. The concentrations of gelatin used in the formation of the emulsion were 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0% with soybean oil ratio was 3:1 (v/v). The results showed that the molecular weight of native gelatin from acetic acid 0.10 M was > 260 kD, whereas from citric acids 0.05 M was 260 kD. The isoelectric point of both gelatin was at pH 8.5 whereas the pH of gelatin obtained using acetic acid 0.10 M was 5.35 and citric acid 0.05 M was 4.33. The level of lipophilic amino acid was higher than hydrophilic amino acid with the highest amount was glycine. The emulsifying properties of gelatin obatined from both acids reached the highest value of EAI (Emulsion Activity Index) at a concentration of 0.5% which decreased with the increasing of concentration. In contrary, the value of ESI (Emulsion Stability Index) and viscosity increased with the increasing of concentration. The particle size and microstructure of gelatin emulsion with acetic acid 0.10 M were greater than those with citric acid 0.05 M at the same concentration and showed to increase with the increasing of concentration. Zeta potentials of both gelatin were positive charge at all concentrations which increased with the increasing of concentration.

Coastal communities play an important role in marine and fisheries development, as well as forming a culture in coastal areas. The socio-economic life of coastal communities in Kolakaasi Sub-District of Kolaka District is far from prosperous as the data obtained from Badan Pusat Statistik of Kolaka (2015), the number of poor population in Kolaka reached 27,210 with the percentage of 14.68%. Partners in this IbM activity are teenagers who drop out of school environments and groups of housewives living in coastal areas. The problem of partners in the activities of IbM is the number of teenagers dropping out of school in the partner environment due to the low level of welfare of coastal communities so that the average level of the highest education is junior high school where the young women have to help the family economy by working as laborers in traditional markets of Kolaka or only help parents at home while the men work at sea. Fishing is highly dependence to the nature, so that if the weather is bad then the fishermen cannot gain income. IbM-Integrated Farm by making "POC-FISH" is the manufacture of liquid organic fertilizer that combines agricultural activities with fisheries. POC-FISH is mad of small fish, commonly called lure fish (teri) by Kolaka community. This type of fish is abundant in Kolaka and sold cheaply (R.p 5,000/Kg). The purpose of this IbM activity was the empowerment of coastal communities through the transfer of science and technology by utilizing local potentials so that the partners involved can begin to be productive and economically independent by conducting business on a household scale. The method of making POC - FISH will be carried out simply so that technology transfer can be easily understood by partners. The process of transfer of science and technology was carried out with the pattern of 1) the education of the partner group on the importance of technology adoption by utilizing the potential and local wisdom that will be able to produce a product with higher economic/selling value 2) POC-FISH making training 3) mentoring partner group in marketing 4) monitoring and evaluation. The outgoing plan of this IbM activity is the publication of the ISSN national journal published in 2017 and POC-FISH Products

In general, it was assumed that the chromosome aberration induced by ionizing radiation is proportional to the chromosome size. From this viewpoint, the higher chromosome size, the more resistant to radiation. However, different opinions, in which chromosomes are particularly sensitive or resistant to radiation, are also still followed until now. Here in this research, we compared the chromosome sensitivity between chromosomes number 1, 2, and 4 using the FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique. From this research, we expect that the information obtained could show clearly whether a longer chromosome is more frequently involved in translocations and also more resistant to radiation than a shorter one. The type of chromosome aberration considered was limited only to translocation and we used one sample donor in order to avoid donor variability. The whole blood from a healthy female was irradiated with γ-rays with doses of 1, 3 and 5 Gy, respectively. Isolated lymphocytes from the whole blood were then cultured for 48 hours. After the culture process was completed, preparations of harvest and metaphase chromosomes were carried out. Chromosomes 1, 2, and 4 were stained with different fluorochromes. The translocation of each chromosome at each dose point was subsequently evaluated from 50 images obtained from an automated metaphase finder and capturing system. An additional analysis was performed to identify which chromosome arm was more frequently involved in translocation. Further analyses were also conducted with the aim of determining which chromosome band had a higher frequency of radiation-induced breakage. The experimental results showed that chromosome number 4 was more frequently involved in translocations compared to chromosomes 1 and 2 at 5 Gy. In contrast, at doses of 1 and 3 Gy translocations involving chromosomes number 1 and 2 were more numerous compared to the ones involving chromosome 4. However, if the number of translocation was accumulated for all the doses applied, the chromosome number 4 was the chromosome most frequently involved in translocations. Breakpoint analysis revealed that in chromosome 1, chromosome 2, and chromosome 4, the highest chromosome bands as break position were in band q32, p13, and q21, respectively. It can be concluded that chromosome 4 is more sensitive to radiation in all doses point, despite having less DNA content than chromosomes 1 and 2. Thus, it was showed that our research cannot support the general assumption about chromosome aberration induced by radiation being proportional to DNA content.Received: 29 September 2015; Revised: 29 March 2016; Accepted: 31 March 2016

> Copper is a nutritional trace element for fish which could be deficient or toxic. Copper concentrations from four aquaculture ponds were analyzed for 12 weeks using Bicinchoninate method. Alkalinity was measured using colorimetric method with the aid of Hanna Multiparameter Bench Photometer. Temperature and pH of the ponds was measured in situ using Hanna Portable pH/EC/TDS/Temp combined waterproof tester. All measurementswere done I triplicates. Copper concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.10 mg/L, alkalinity ranged from 105 to 245mg/L. Weeks 1 and 12 recorded the highest and lowest Cu2+ concentrations, while lowest and highest alkalinity were obtained in weeks 1 and 12 respectively in all the ponds. Temperature and pH ranged from 29.1 to 35.9°C and 6.35 to 8.03. The trend of copper concentrations in the ponds was Natural > Earthen > Concrete > Collapsible, with concentration slightly above the normal in the ponds. This could have come from the pipes used in delivering water to the pond, copper alloy nets and mesh used in the ponds, anti-fouling agents, algaecides, water source and fish meal. Effect of elevated copper was seen in the morphology and behavior of Clarias gariepinus which include slimy mucus on the skin, aggressive and uncoordinated swimming with the opercula flared, slow growth, reduced odor perception of food and water bubbles on the ponds. Copper should be regularly bio monitored to determine toxicity in fish.

Cijalu River is located in Western Cilacap Regency of Central Java Province. The river runs through forestry, housing and farming areas. This condition leads to a prediction that the river has been altered on its physico-chemical characteristics causing the river to be inhabited by a variety of fish species. This study aimed to collect data about fish species inhabiting Cijalu River and its distribution. A survey method has been done with clustered random sampling technique. The river was divided into three different areas, i.e. upper-, middle- and downstreams. Species diversitywas measured as the number of species, while distribution was measured as the presentation of fish species in each site. Nineteen fish species of 10 families were identified from Cijalu River. The 10 families were Anabantidae, Bagridae, Balitoridae, Channidae, Cichlidae, Cyprinidae, Loricariidae, Osphronemidae, Poecilidae and Sisoridae. Cyprinidae was the family having the highest number of species (6 species), followed by Bagridae (3 species), Channidae (2 species) and Osphronemidae (2 species). The remaining respective families were represented by one species. A complex pattern of fish distribution was observed during the study. Glyptothorax platypogon and Channa gacua were only found at the upper-streams, while Anabas testudineus was obtained in downstreams. The other remaining species could be observed either from the middle-to downstreams, or even from upper- to downstreams. Different pattern of species distribution could be caused by physico-chemical characteristics variation from upper to lower parts of the river, especiallywater velocity and substrate types.

The intention contained in laws and regulations concerning the conservation of fish resources is so that there are activities that lead to protection of fish resources as a whole. During this time the utilization of fish resources more dominant done compared to the protection and preservation, so the impact on the aquatic ecosystem. The purpose of this research is to examine International agreements regarding the conservation of fish resources which have been ratified and implemented into other policies and legislation in order to become a guideline in behavior so bring a change in society. This research is a descriptive qualitative using a data source from an earlier study results and document the latest libraries. Results of the study that the conditions of the CCRF (Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries) became a legal basis in the formulation of the provisions concerning the management of fish resources responsibly. Sustainable fisheries zone were never regulated in the regulation of the management of conservation areas. The Fisheries Act has yet to implement the provisions of the UN fish stocks agreement of 1995 relating to the conservation and management of fish resources in the ZEE and Indonesia on the high seas. Therefore the Fisheries Act require refinement, considering Indonesia has been a member of two regional fisheries management organization and ratify the UNITED NATIONS Agreement on fish stocks of 1995.

Kate Chopin has a firm place in American women's writing. A persistent theme in her works is said to be women's emotional liberation. The Awakening (1899) as a feminist novel is no exception. In the novel, Edna's inner voice and desire for escape from a male-dominated society awaken in her. Edna's suicide has been interpreted as her victory over the society however, this study argues that the idea of female defeat has been ignored to a great extent the main reason for which is the ignorance or a misreading of sea imagery. The sea of the novel that dissolves Edna is a signifier of male society and language signifying Edna's failure to find a place within the male dialogue of the society. Extra-marital relationships with Alcee or Robert are not promising, for the climax of such relationships is no more than the old requirement of becoming the good wife and mother that the society prescribes to women. By her ultimate suicidal choice, Edna determines to find a voice and be seen but is totally perished instead to prove that women cannot speak. This study intends to argue and conclude that Chopin had this Kristevaesque belief that the male socio-cultural formation does not let women experience freedom. A new interpretation of the sea as a patriarchal element is offered which makes Edna's drowning a total defeat rather than victory as suggested by many critics.

Indonesian marine environment is one of the most vulnerable waters from oil pollution in the world. Therefore, a hard effort to minimize oil pollution impact is really needed. Physical and chemical approaches have been already popular to combat oil pollution; one of the other promising techniques is bioremediation, the use of microorganism to detoxify or remove pollutants. Research and application of bioremediation on soil environment has been started in Indonesia; however, in marine environment it is still need to be studied due to more complicated aspects and also difficulties. Development of bioremediation study on marine environment in Indonesia has been started from enumeration, isolation and identification of oil degrading (hydrocarbonoclastic) bacteria. Researches on taxonomic and functional genes have been conducted. Biostimulation and bioaugmentation studies are ongoing research which conducted from laboratory scale and microcosm scale to field experiment (sand column). To have a manual or guidelines on conducting bioremediation in marine environment is not easy and still many steps have to be done. Several aspects concerning with this study such as the diversity of polluted sites characteristic, oils characteristic, oceanographic conditions and engineering has to be studied comprehensively.

Cyanobacteria, in particular those found living in the ocean, are emerging as an importantsource of unique bioactive secondary metabolites. A plethora of natural products, mostly nitrogencontainingmolecules, have been reported with majority belonging to the polyketide synthase (PKS)and/or non-ribosomal polypeptide synthetase (NRPS) structural class. Curacin A and the dolastatinsare examples of important marine cyanobacterial metabolites possessing exquisite anticancerproperties. Genetic studies on the biosynthetic capacity of these marine microalgae revealed manynovel biochemical features pertaining to the enzymology of secondary metabolism. Biodiscovery ofmarine cyanobacteria for new therapeutic agents as well as harnessing its biosynthetic gene clustersrepresent an exciting and fruitful area of research in marine biotechnology.

Predation experiment using Betta splendens, Pseudotropheus tropheops, Osphronemus gorami and Pterophyllum scalare were conducted against IVth instar Anopheline larvae and pupae with varying prey and predator densities. Ranking of individual predatory efficacy showed the sequence: P. tropheops > B. splendens > O. gorami > P. scalare against larva/form and B. splendens > O. gorami > P. tropheops > P. scalare against pupal form of Anopheles stephensi during 24 hours experiment in laboratory condition. Predation under co-existence in interspecific and intraspecific combinations revealed the significance of predatory efficacy with reference to prey density and water volume (search area).