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Three high resolution multicore records have been collected at three sites in the western Mediterranean with a MC400-Multicorer system during the MedSeA cruise (Mediterranean Sea Acidification in a changing climate) on 2 May to 2 June 2013 onboard the R/V Angeles Álvarino. Core MedSeA-S3-c1 was retrieved in the Alboran basin (Lat. 36.0746° N, Long. 04.11040° W) at a water depth of 1137 m, with a core length of 33 cm. Core MedSeA-S23-c1 was recovered at a water depth of 1156 m in the Balearic basin offshore Barcelona (Lat. 41.1121° N, Long. 2.38200° E) with a core length of 43 cm. MedSeA-S7-c2 was collected at the Strait of Sicily (Lat. 37.7080° N, Long. 12.40553° E) at a water depth of 263 m, with a core length of 46.5 cm. All three cores have been analyzed for changes in size normalized weight (SNW) and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C), measured in planktic foraminiferal clacite shells of the two species Globigerina bulloides and Globigerinoides elongatus. Boron (δ11B) isotopes have been measured in tests of Globigerinoides elongatus at the Alboran site, and in Globigerinoides ruber albus at the Strait of Sicily. Complementary data for the Strait of Sicily record has been obtained, including a 210Pb based age depth model, sea surface temperatures (SST), alkenone concentrations and planktic foraminiferal assemblage changes. The Strait of Sicily record (MedSeA-S7-c2) covers around the last 200 a, describing environmental changes throughout the Industrial Era (IE) at high temporal resolution. The Alboran (MedSeA-S3-c1) and Balearic Sea (MedSeA-S23-c1) records spanning the last about 1 ka at lower temporal resolution, displaying oceanographic changes throughout the transition from the pre-industrial era to present, as discussed in (Pallacks et al., 2021; doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103549). Data has been collected to investigate the response of marine calcifiers to the combined effects of climate change stressors on decadal to centennial timescales, caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions.

The documents in these folders represent part of the qualitative data collection documentation. Research has been performed in Flanders (Belgium) in 2016 and 2017. Involved stakehodlers were flemish sugar beet farmers, processors as well as other value chain members. Though, the main stakeholders involved were farmers. The raw data cannot be published. Anonymized interview transcripts and focus group transcripts exist. However, as indicated in the informed consent, farmers did not agree to the raw data being published. The codes that resulted from data analysis are in this folder. Interview questions differed slightly from farmer to farmer as follow up questions may have been posed if needed. First interviews were performed, then focus groups were conducted and finally a workshop was organized. The qualitative reserach followed the research strategy and plan determined by the SUFISA project. On the project webpage (https://www.sufisa.eu/) more information can be found.

This is the English version of the informed consent that has been used for staekholder interactions. Similar forms have been used for focus groups and workshops.

Ten innovative EU projects to build ocean observation systems that provide input for evidence-based management of the ocean and the Blue Economy, have joined forces in the strong cluster ‘Nourishing Blue Economy and Sharing Ocean Knowledge’. Under the lead of the EuroSea project, the group published a joint policy brief listing recommendations for sustainable ocean observation and management. The cooperation is supported by the EU Horizon Results Booster and enables the group to achieve a higher societal impact. The policy brief will be presented to the European Commission on 15 October 2021. The ocean covers 70% of the Earth’s surface and provides us with a diverse set of ecosystem services that we cannot live without or that significantly improve our quality of life. It is the primary controller of our climate, plays a critical role in providing the air we breathe and the fresh water we drink, supplies us with a large range of exploitable resources (from inorganic resources such as sand and minerals to biotic resources such as seafood), allows us to generate renewable energy, is an important pathway for world transport, an important source of income for tourism, etc. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) evaluates the Blue Economy to currently represent 2.5% of the world economic value of goods and services produced, with the potential to further double in size by 2030 (seabed mining, shipping, fishing, tourism, renewable energy systems and aquaculture will intensify). However, the overall consequences of the intensification of human activities on marine ecosystems and their services (such as ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, sea level rise, changing distribution and abundance of fish etc.) are still poorly quantified. In addition, on larger geographic and temporal scales, marine data currently appear fragmented, are inhomogeneous, contain data gaps and are difficult to access. This limits our capacity to understand the ocean variability and sustainably manage the ocean and its resources. Consequently, there is a need to develop a framework for more in-depth understanding of marine ecosystems, that links reliable, timely and fit-for-purpose ocean observations to the design and implementation of evidence-based decisions on the management of the ocean. To adequately serve governments, societies, the sustainable Blue Economy and citizens, ocean data need to be collected and delivered in line with the Value Chain of Ocean Information: 1) identification of required data; 2) deployment and maintenance of instruments that collect the data; 3) delivery of data and derived information products; and 4) impact assessment of services to end users. To provide input to the possible future establishment of such a framework, ten innovative EU projects to build user-focused, interdisciplinary, responsive and sustained ocean information systems and increase the sustainability of the Blue Economy, joined forces in a strong cluster to better address key global marine challenges. Under the lead of the EuroSea project, the group translated its common concerns to recommendations and listed these in the joint policy brief ‘Nourishing Blue Economy and Sharing Ocean Knowledge. Ocean Information for Sustainable Management.’. Following up on these recommendations will strengthen the entire Value Chain of Ocean Information and ensure sound sustainable ocean management. In this way, the 10 projects jointly strive to achieve goals set out in the EU Green Deal, the Paris Agreement (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and the United Nations 2021-2030 Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Ocean Development. Toste Tanhua (GEOMAR), EuroSea coordinator: “It was great to collaborate with these other innovative projects and make joint recommendations based on different perspectives and expertise.”

Coccolithophores are globally important marine calcifying phytoplankton that utilize a haplo-diplontic life cycle. The haplo-diplontic life cycle allows coccolithophores to divide in both life cycle phases and potentially expands coccolithophore niche volume. Research has, however, to date largely overlooked the life cycle of coccolithophores and has instead focused on the diploid life cycle phase of coccolithophores. Through the synthesis and analysis of global scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coccolithophore abundance data (n=2534), we find that calcified haploid coccolithophores generally constitute a minor component of the total coccolithophore abundance (≈ 2 %–15 % depending on season). However, using case studies in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, we show that, depending on environmental conditions, calcifying haploid coccolithophores can be significant contributors to the coccolithophore standing stock (up to ≈30 %). Furthermore, using hypervolumes to quantify the niche of coccolithophores, we illustrate that the haploid and diploid life cycle phases inhabit contrasting niches and that on average this allows coccolithophores to expand their niche by ≈18.8 %, with a range of 3 %–76 % for individual species. Our results highlight that future coccolithophore research should consider both life cycle stages, as omission of the haploid life cycle phase in current research limits our understanding of coccolithophore ecology. Our results furthermore suggest a different response to nutrient limitation and stratification, which may be of relevance for further climate scenarios. Our compilation highlights the spatial and temporal sparsity of SEM measurements and the need for new molecular techniques to identify uncalcified haploid coccolithophores. Our work also emphasizes the need for further work on the carbonate chemistry niche of the coccolithophore life cycle.

This is GNSS data of four stations covering the grounding zone of Priestley Glacier Antarctica. Tidal modulation of ice streams and their adjacent ice shelves is a real-world experiment to understand ice-dynamic processes. We observe the dynamics of Priestley Glacier, Antarctica, using Terrestrial Radar Interferometry (TRI) and GNSS. Ocean tides are predominantly diurnal but horizontal GNSS displacements oscillate also semi-diurnally. The oscillations are strongest in the ice shelf and tidal signatures decay near-linearly in the TRI data over >10 km upstream of the grounding line. Tidal flexing is observed >6 km upstream of the grounding line including cm-scale uplift. Tidal grounding line migration is small and <40 % of the ice thickness. The frequency doubling of horizontal displacements relative to the ocean tides is consistent with variable ice-shelf buttressing demonstrated with a visco-elastic Maxwell model. Taken together, this supports previously hypothesized flexural ice softening in the grounding-zone through tides and offers new observational constraints for the role of ice rheology in ice-shelf buttressing.

Three high resolution multicore records from two western Mediterranean Sea regions (Alboran and Balearic basins) have been analyzed for sea surface temperature (SST), coccolithophore and planktic foraminiferal abundance changes. Age-depth models at both sites were developed by a combination of 210Pb and 14C dating techniques, describing high sedimentation rates at both study sites, covering the time interval from the Medieval climate anomaly to present. Alkenone derived SST of core MedSeA-S3-c1 and MedSeA-S23-c3 are in good agreement with other results, tracing temperature changes through the Common Era (CE) and show a clear warming emergence at about 1850 CE. Analysis of relative abundance of calcareous nannoplankton assemblages (coccolithophores) was done on core MedSeA-S3-c1 (150 µm. Both cores show opposite abundance fluctuations of planktic foraminiferal species (Globigerina bulloides, Globorotalia inflata and Globorotalia truncatulinoides). The relative abundance changes of Globorotalia truncatulinoides plus Globorotalia inflata describe the intensity of deep winter mixing in the Balearic basin. In the Alboran Sea, Globigerina bulloides and Globorotalia inflata instead respond to local upwelling dynamics. Our data suggests that planktic foraminiferal abundance and species changes in the western Mediterranean Sea is already affected by accelerated anthropogenic warming, overprinting natural cycles in this region.

Tesis doctoral.-- Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia y Tecnología de la Producción Animal. [EN]: In the last few decades, aquaculture production has experienced an enormous growth, and currently exceeds the supplies from capture fisheries production. However, this production is being hampered by the emergence of a number of diseases in the various fish farming systems. Among them, mostly those that are caused by parasites are the ones that lead to significant economic losses. Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) is a marine fish produced mainly in the Mediterranean Sea. In this Doctoral Thesis two enteric parasites of gilthead sea bream are studied: Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa) and Enterospora nucleophila (Microsporidia). Both parasites represent a threat to the cultivation of sea bream and there is no vaccine or treatment against them. To date, no in vitro culture has been established for either parasite, and only for E. leei was it possible to establish a model for maintaining the infection in vivo. The difficulty to isolate these parasites has hindered their study as well as the development of preventive or palliative measures. The aim of this thesis is to gain new knowledge about these parasites and their relationship with the host, also the basic foundations for generating solutions that can be applied in aquaculture.] [ES]: En las últimas décadas la producción en acuicultura ha sufrido un enorme crecimiento, superando actualmente a las capturas de las pesquerías. Sin embargo, esta producción se ve afectada por la aparición de enfermedades en los distintos sistemas de cría de peces. Entre ellas, las causadas por parásitos producen pérdidas económicas significativas. La dorada (Sparus aurata) es un pez marino producido principalmente en el mar Mediterráneo. En la presente tesis doctoral se estudian dos parásitos entéricos de la dorada: Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa) y Enterospora nucleophila (Microsporidia). Ambos parásitos representan una amenaza para el cultivo de la dorada y no existen vacunas ni tratamientos frente a ellos. Hasta la fecha, para ninguno de los dos parásitos se ha establecido un cultivo in vitro, y sólo para E. leei se ha conseguido establecer un modelo de mantenimiento de la infección in vivo. La dificultad para aislar estos parásitos ha obstaculizado el estudio y desarrollo de medidas preventivas o paliativas. La presente tesis pretende incrementar el conocimiento sobre estos parásitos y sus relaciones con el hospedador, sentando las bases para generar soluciones que puedan ser aplicadas en la acuicultura. La presente tesis ha sido realizada gracias a un contrato predoctoral (Personal Investigador en Formación) de 4 años otorgado a María Amparo Picard Sánchez dentro del Proyecto Europeo ParaFishControl (Horizon2020, GA nº 634429) y coordinado por el CSIC, entre marzo 2016 y marzo de 2020. Durante este periodo la estudiante realizó dos estancias en el extranjero. La primera estancia tuvo una duración de 2 meses en la Universidad de Aberdeen (Escocia, Reino Unido) y fue costeada parcialmente por el proyecto del ParaFishControl. La segunda estancia, de 2.1 meses en CAS Biology Centre (České Budějovice, República Checa), fue costeada por el proyecto ParaFishControl y por una ayuda ERASMUS+ concedida por la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

Processed GNSS data of four stations at 79°N Glacier (Nioghalvfjerdsbraeen Glacier) in northeast Greenland from 2017 (see link in "Further details"). The GNSS data were processed using the GIPSY-OASIS software Package with high-precision kinematic data processing methods (Nettles et al., 2008) with ambiguity resolution using Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)'s orbit and clock products, constraint on kinematic position solution. We use the GIPSY-OASIS version 6.4 developed at JPL, and released in January 2020 (Bertiger et al., 2020). We use JPL final orbit products which include satellite orbits, satellite clock parameters and Earth orientation parameters. The orbit products take the satellite antenna phase center offsets into account. The atmospheric delay parameters are modelled using the Vienna Mapping Function 1 (VMF1) with VMF1grid nominals (Boehm et al., 2006). Corrections are applied to remove the solid Earth tide and ocean tidal loading. The amplitudes and phases of the main ocean tidal loading terms are calculated using the Automatic Loading Provider (http://holt.oso.chalmers.se/loading/) applied to the FES2014b (Lyard et al., 2006) ocean tide model including correction for centre of mass motion of the Earth due to the ocean tides. The site coordinates are computed in the IGS14 frame (Altamimi et al., 2016). We convert the Cartesian coordinates at 5 min intervals to local up, north and east for each GNSS site monitored at the surface of the 79°N Glacier. In addition, we use Waypoint GravNav 8.8 processing software. We applied kinematic PPP processing using precise satellite orbits and clocks. The site coordinates are computed in the IGS14 frame and converted to WGS84 during data export at 15 seconds interval. To avoid jumps between daily solutions of the Waypoint PPP product, as the data is recorded in daily files, we merged three successive files prior to processing to enable full day overlaps. In a second step, the 3-day solutions are combined using relative point to point distances. To avoid edge effects, we combined the files in the middle of each 1-day overlap and removed outliers. The data were re-sampled to 5 min interval to match the GIPSY-OASIS product.

This dataset presents the fire proxies levoglucosan, black carbon and ammonium measured in the RECAP ice core, in coastal East Greenland. The datasets cover a period of 5000 years and are averaged in 20 years bins. Raw concentrations of levoglucosan, black carbon and ammonium are also provided. Levoglucosan has been determined using high performance liquid chromatography/negative ion electrospray ionization – tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/(-)ESI-MS/MS). Black carbon has been measured using a BC analyzer connected to the Continuous Flow Analysis system. Ammonium (NH4+) has been measured by fluorescence within the Continuous Flow Analysis setup.