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Greenland Ice-Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) annual layer depths for various Greenland ice cores. This is the high-resolution version (full, annual resolution) data file. Previously, 10- and 20-year resolution data files containing the time scale and resampled d18O data have been released for different time intervals together with the papers mentioned below. Ages are reported as years before A.D. 2000 / 2000 CE, abbreviated b2k.The file contains the location of the annual markers in the GICC05 time scale for each core's depth sections where data was available and sufficiently resolved to allow annual dating. Details are given in the papers listed below. The markers are placed in the winter and spring depending on the availability of data (e.g. using the winter d18O minimum, winter Sodium concentration maximum, spring dust/Calcium concentration maximum, or visual stratigraphy grey-scale peaks in the deepest parts). Across data gaps, markers are placed by interpolation or using other impurity species with different seasonality (e.g. using summer Ammonium or Nitrate peaks). Therefore, the criteria for where the annual markers are places vary between sections, and care should be taken when interpreting data on annual scale. The dating of the 0-7.9 ka b2k part is described in the paper Vinther et al., 2006The dating of the 7.9-14.7 ka b2k part is described in the paper Rasmussen et al., 2006The dating of the 14.7-41.8 ka b2k part is described in the paper Andersen et al., 2006The dating of the 41.8-60.0 ka b2k part is described in the paper Svensson et al., 2008When counting layers, uncertainty is introduced when an annual layer is backed up by evidence only in some of the data series, or when a certain well-resolved feature is suspected to contain more than one annual layer. The cases of ambiguity in the annual layer identification process have been marked using so-called uncertain layer markings. These uncertain layer markings were included in the time scale as ½ ± ½ years, with the ± ½ years forming the basis for quantifying the so-called maximum counting error. The concept of maximum counting error is further discussed in Rasmussen et al. (2006). In a standard deviation context, the maximum counting error can be regarded as 2 sigma as discussed in Andersen et al. (2006).In the Holocene, GS-1, and GI-2, the published time scale was derived from annual layer markings by manually determining which half of the uncertain layer markings to count as years, and which to skip. The maximum counting error was estimated from the number of uncertain layer markings as a constant relative uncertainty for each period with similar data availability and characteristics: 21-3,845 a b2k (0.25%), 3,846-6,905 a b2k (0.5%), 6,906-10,276 a b2k (2%), 10,277-11,703 a b2k (0.67%), 11,703-12,896 a b2k (3,3%), 12,896-14,075 a b2k (2.6%), 14,075-14,692 a b2k (2.7%) (see table 2 in Vinther et al, 2006, and table 3 in Rasmussen et al., 2006). From GS-2 and below (Andersen et al., 2006; Svensson et al., 2008) every 2nd uncertain layer was counted as a year and the maximum counting uncertainty increased by one year (giving rise to a variable relative counting error ranging from 4% in the warm interstadial periods to 7% in the cold stadials, and averaging 5.3%). In data set "Greenland NGRIP2 Ice-Core annual layer markings"(https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.943194), the depths of the annual layer markings (including the uncertain ones) are provided with indication of which of these were counted as annual layers. This data set is only available below 10.2 ka. Above this, the locations of the discarded half of the uncertain layer markings have only been recorded on paper.The NGRIP1 core reaches down to a depth of 1372 m. The NGRIP2 core (drilled 20 meters away from the NGRIP1 core) reaches from surface to bedrock, but high-resolution measurements have only been carried out downwards from 1346 m. In the 26 m overlap zone, the cores are offset by 0.43 m on average, probably due to uncertainties in the logging procedure (see Schøtt Hvidberg et al., Ann. Glac. 35, 2002). Thus, the same features appear at larger depths in the NGRIP1 than in the NGRIP2 core. We recommend that NGRIP1 depths are used until 9820 b2k, and NGRIP2 depths are used below this.Note that the GICC05 time scale has later been revised. The first section of the new time scale, named GICC21, is described in the paper "A multi-ice-core, annual-layer-counted Greenland ice-core chronology for the last 3800 years: GICC21", Climate of the Past volume 18, p. 1125-1150, 2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1125-2022. Updated GICC21 annual-layer positions are released in the supplement to the paper. Annual markers forming the GICC05 time scale for NGRIP1, NGRIP2, GRIP, and DYE-3 where data was available and sufficiently resolved to allow annual dating. The markers are placed in the winter and spring depending on the availability of data (e.g. using the winter d18O minimum, winter Sodium concentration maximum, spring dust/Calcium concentration maximum, or visual stratigraphy grey-scale peaks in the deepest parts). Across data gaps, markers are placed by interpolation or using other impurity species with different seasonality (e.g. using summer Ammonium or Nitrate peaks). Therefore, the criteria for where the annual markers are places vary between sections, and care should be taken when interpreting data on annual scale. Ages are reported as years before A.D. 2000 / 2000 CE, abbreviated b2k. Depths (in meter) are true depths below the undisturbed surface the year when drilling started.

Greenland Ice-Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) annual layer depths for various Greenland ice cores. This is the high-resolution version (full, annual resolution) data file. Previously, 10- and 20-year resolution data files containing the time scale and resampled d18O data have been released for different time intervals together with the papers mentioned below. Ages are reported as years before A.D. 2000 / 2000 CE, abbreviated b2k.The file contains the location of the annual markers in the GICC05 time scale for each core's depth sections where data was available and sufficiently resolved to allow annual dating. Details are given in the papers listed below. The markers are placed in the winter and spring depending on the availability of data (e.g. using the winter d18O minimum, winter Sodium concentration maximum, spring dust/Calcium concentration maximum, or visual stratigraphy grey-scale peaks in the deepest parts). Across data gaps, markers are placed by interpolation or using other impurity species with different seasonality (e.g. using summer Ammonium or Nitrate peaks). Therefore, the criteria for where the annual markers are places vary between sections, and care should be taken when interpreting data on annual scale. The dating of the 0-7.9 ka b2k part is described in the paper Vinther et al., 2006The dating of the 7.9-14.7 ka b2k part is described in the paper Rasmussen et al., 2006The dating of the 14.7-41.8 ka b2k part is described in the paper Andersen et al., 2006The dating of the 41.8-60.0 ka b2k part is described in the paper Svensson et al., 2008When counting layers, uncertainty is introduced when an annual layer is backed up by evidence only in some of the data series, or when a certain well-resolved feature is suspected to contain more than one annual layer. The cases of ambiguity in the annual layer identification process have been marked using so-called uncertain layer markings. These uncertain layer markings were included in the time scale as ½ ± ½ years, with the ± ½ years forming the basis for quantifying the so-called maximum counting error. The concept of maximum counting error is further discussed in Rasmussen et al. (2006). In a standard deviation context, the maximum counting error can be regarded as 2 sigma as discussed in Andersen et al. (2006).In the Holocene, GS-1, and GI-2, the published time scale was derived from annual layer markings by manually determining which half of the uncertain layer markings to count as years, and which to skip. The maximum counting error was estimated from the number of uncertain layer markings as a constant relative uncertainty for each period with similar data availability and characteristics: 21-3,845 a b2k (0.25%), 3,846-6,905 a b2k (0.5%), 6,906-10,276 a b2k (2%), 10,277-11,703 a b2k (0.67%), 11,703-12,896 a b2k (3,3%), 12,896-14,075 a b2k (2.6%), 14,075-14,692 a b2k (2.7%) (see table 2 in Vinther et al, 2006, and table 3 in Rasmussen et al., 2006). From GS-2 and below (Andersen et al., 2006; Svensson et al., 2008) every 2nd uncertain layer was counted as a year and the maximum counting uncertainty increased by one year (giving rise to a variable relative counting error ranging from 4% in the warm interstadial periods to 7% in the cold stadials, and averaging 5.3%). In data set "Greenland NGRIP2 Ice-Core annual layer markings"(https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.943194), the depths of the annual layer markings (including the uncertain ones) are provided with indication of which of these were counted as annual layers. This data set is only available below 10.2 ka. Above this, the locations of the discarded half of the uncertain layer markings have only been recorded on paper.The NGRIP1 core reaches down to a depth of 1372 m. The NGRIP2 core (drilled 20 meters away from the NGRIP1 core) reaches from surface to bedrock, but high-resolution measurements have only been carried out downwards from 1346 m. In the 26 m overlap zone, the cores are offset by 0.43 m on average, probably due to uncertainties in the logging procedure (see Schøtt Hvidberg et al., Ann. Glac. 35, 2002). Thus, the same features appear at larger depths in the NGRIP1 than in the NGRIP2 core. We recommend that NGRIP1 depths are used until 9820 b2k, and NGRIP2 depths are used below this.Note that the GICC05 time scale has later been revised. The first section of the new time scale, named GICC21, is described in the paper "A multi-ice-core, annual-layer-counted Greenland ice-core chronology for the last 3800 years: GICC21", Climate of the Past volume 18, p. 1125-1150, 2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1125-2022. Updated GICC21 annual-layer positions are released in the supplement to the paper. Annual markers forming the GICC05 time scale for NGRIP1, NGRIP2, GRIP, and DYE-3 where data was available and sufficiently resolved to allow annual dating. The markers are placed in the winter and spring depending on the availability of data (e.g. using the winter d18O minimum, winter Sodium concentration maximum, spring dust/Calcium concentration maximum, or visual stratigraphy grey-scale peaks in the deepest parts). Across data gaps, markers are placed by interpolation or using other impurity species with different seasonality (e.g. using summer Ammonium or Nitrate peaks). Therefore, the criteria for where the annual markers are places vary between sections, and care should be taken when interpreting data on annual scale. Ages are reported as years before A.D. 2000 / 2000 CE, abbreviated b2k. Depths (in meter) are true depths below the undisturbed surface the year when drilling started.

DE: Dieser Datensatz besteht aus den Transkripten von vier Fokusgruppeninterviews der Migrantenwahlstudie. Ziel des Projektes war es, für die Bundestagswahl 2017 die erste deutsche Wahlstudie unter deutschen Staatsbürger/innen mit Migrationshintergrund durchzuführen, d.h. unter solchen Personen, die entweder selbst nach Deutschland immigriert sind oder die mindestens einen Elternteil mit eigener Migrationserfahrung haben. Die Migrantenwahlstudie umfasst eine qualitative und eine quantitative Phase. Ziel der ersten qualitativen Phase (Oktober 2016 bis Juli 2017) war der explorative Zugang zur Themen- und Kandidatenorientierung von Migrant/innen, um die Ergebnisse für eine Publikation sowie die Fragebogenentwicklung der quantitativen Phase zu nutzen: Welche Themenfelder werden als wichtig erachtet? Welche Vorstellung von Links-Rechts gibt es? Welche Kandidateneigenschaften sind besonders relevant? Wie stark ist die Bindung an das Herkunftsland? Als Methode haben wir dabei auf Gruppendiskussionen mit Russlanddeutschen zurückgegriffen, die in Duisburg und Köln durchgeführt wurden. Dabei haben wir mit etwa 5-6 Teilnehmer/innen jeweils knapp zwei Stunden lang diskutiert. Die Forschungsdaten der quantitativen Phase wurden beim Forschungsdatenzentrum GESIS archiviert.EN: This dataset is composed of the transcripts of four focus group interviews for the Immigrant German Election Study. The project aims to conduct the first Immigrant German Election Study for the federal election in 2017, targeting German citizens with an immigrant background, i.e. people who either migrated to Germany themselves (first generation) or have at least one parent who was born in another country (second generation). The Immigrant German Election Study encompasses a qualitative and a quantitative phase. The first qualitative stage of the project (October 2016 until July 2017) explored the issue and candidate orientations of migrants. The results were used for a publication as well as for the development of the questionnaire for the quantitative stage. The core questions are: Which political issues are classified as important to all Germans/all migrants from the same group? What political issues do Germans of immigrant origin perceive as "left" and "right"? What are the identity contents that Germans of migrant origin associate with being German? We used focus group interviews as the research method in the Duisburg/Cologne area that consisted of 5-6 participants each and lasted for about 90 minutes.The research data originating from the quantitative phase have been archived at GESIS Data Archive. Transcription method: Standardorthographie, geglättetStudy-Materials note: verfügbare Kontexmaterialien sind Stimuli, Leitfaden, standardisierter Fragebogen, Liste der Kodes, StudienberichtDE: Die Forschungsdaten können auf Anfrage beim Forschungsdatenzentrum Qualiservice erhalten werden. Für weitere Informationen besuchen Sie bitte die Qualiservice-Website: https://www.qualiservice.org/de/daten-nutzen.html

Recent Arctic studies suggest that sea ice decline and permafrost thawing will affect phytoplankton dynamics and stimulate heterotrophic communities. However, in what way the plankton composition will change as the warming proceeds remains elusive. Here we investigate the chemical signature of the plankton-dominated fraction of particulate organic matter (POM) collected along the Siberian Shelf. POM (> 10 µm) samples were analysed using molecular biomarkers (CuO oxidation and IP25) and dual-carbon isotopes (δ13C and Δ14C). In addition, surface water chemical properties were integrated with the POM (> 10 µm) dataset to understand the link between plankton composition and environmental conditions. δ13C and Δ14C exhibited a large variability in the POM (> 10 µm) distribution while the content of terrestrial biomarkers in the POM was negligible. In the Laptev Sea (LS), δ13C and Δ14C of POM (> 10 µm) suggested a heterotrophic environment in which dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the Lena River was the primary source of metabolisable carbon. Within the Lena plume, terrestrial DOC probably became part of the food web via bacteria uptake and subsequently transferred to relatively other heterotrophic communities (e.g. dinoflagellates). Moving eastwards toward the sea-ice-dominated East Siberian Sea (ESS), the system became progressively more autotrophic. Comparison between δ13C of POM (> 10 µm) samples and CO2aq concentrations revealed that the carbon isotope fractionation increased moving towards the easternmost and most productive stations. In a warming scenario characterised by enhanced terrestrial DOC release (thawing permafrost) and progressive sea ice decline, heterotrophic conditions might persist in the LS while the nutrient-rich Pacific inflow will likely stimulate greater primary productivity in the ESS. The contrasting trophic conditions will result in a sharp gradient in δ13C between the LS and ESS, similar to what is documented in our semi-synoptic study.