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The ISONET project has been striving to improve greatly our understanding of European climate systems providing independent quantitative data for model verification and policy making. A network of 24 sites provides dendrochronological coverage from Iberia to Fennoscandia, Caledonia and the Tyrol. The stable isotope (C, H, O) ratios of these annually resolved time series shall be analysed within this project, to reconstruct past climate regimes (temperature, relative humidity and precipitation characteristics) for the last 400 years. Climate variability shall be addressed on three timescales; decade-century (source water/air mass dominance); inter-annual (quantifying baseline variability, extreme events and recent trends); and intra-annual (high resolution exploration of seasonality signals within tree-rings). ISONET goes far beyond existing tree-ring analyses in its spatial based investigation and interpretation (see also https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/EVK2-CT-2002-00147). 24 European annually resolved stable isotope chronologies have been constructed from tree ring cellulose for the last 400 years (1600CE – 2003CE) for carbon and oxygen and for the last 100 years for hydrogen. Data was produced within the ISONET project (400 Years of Annual Reconstructions of European Climate Variability Using a Highly Resolved Isotopic Network,) to initiate an extensive spatiotemporal tree-ring stable isotope network across Europe funded as part of the fifth EC Framework Programme “Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development”. This data set comprises the ISONET δ13C records. Wood increment cores of 15 or more Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur/petraea or Cedrus atlantica tree individuals were taken. Dendro-dated tree-ring material of 4-5 individuals per site was dissected and pooled year by year. After cellulose extraction and homogenization, 18O/16O-ratios of annually resolved samples were determined by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS). Time series of 13C/12C are given as d-values versus PDB. Details can be found in the downloadable “data description” file.

Binned median of Slocum G2 glider data from 0 to 1000 m depth. The data were collected in the northern Benguela region between 14 February 2018 and 19 June 2018 at a site approximately 100 km from the coast. The glider sampled continuously following a triangular path of ~12 km per side roughly centred on 10.8°E, 18.1°S. The glider sampled only on the upward dive with a vertical resolution of ~20 cm, emerging 5 to 6 times per day. Temperature, Conductivity and Depth were measured with a standard Slocum Glider Payload CTD (pumped) from Seabird (SN 9109). Dissolved oxygen was measured with an Aanderaa optode, model 4831 (SN286). Depth-averaged currents (DAC) for each 1000 m downward and upward dive were estimated from the difference between the glider's actual and predicted surfacing locations. Glider surface currents were also estimated at each surfacing via linear regression of GPS location with respect to time. Salinity and oxygen data were calibrated against shipboard CTD bottle samples. The data have been binned (median) into 6 hourly, 2 m depth bins for all variables while the currents timeseries were binned daily (median). 1D variables consist of: time (seconds since 00:00:00 on 1 January 0000), depth (meters), longitude (degrees East), latitude (degrees South), zonal and meridional glider surface currents (U_surf and V_surf, m/s), and zonal and meridional glider depth averaged currents (U_dac and V_dac, m/s). 2D variables consist of: conservative temperature (°C), absolute salinity (g/kg), potential density (kg/m³), and dissolved oxygen concentration (µmol/kg).

The ISONET project has been striving to improve greatly our understanding of European climate systems providing independent quantitative data for model verification and policy making. A network of 24 sites provides dendrochronological coverage from Iberia to Fennoscandia, Caledonia and the Tyrol. The stable isotope (C, H, O) ratios of these annually resolved time series shall be analysed within this project, to reconstruct past climate regimes (temperature, relative humidity and precipitation characteristics) for the last 400 years. Climate variability shall be addressed on three timescales; decade-century (source water/air mass dominance); inter-annual (quantifying baseline variability, extreme events and recent trends); and intra-annual (high resolution exploration of seasonality signals within tree-rings). ISONET goes far beyond existing tree-ring analyses in its spatial based investigation and interpretation (see also https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/EVK2-CT-2002-00147). 24 European annually resolved stable isotope chronologies have been constructed from tree ring cellulose for the last 400 years (1600CE – 2003CE) for carbon and oxygen and for the last 100 years for hydrogen. Data was produced within the ISONET project (400 Years of Annual Reconstructions of European Climate Variability Using a Highly Resolved Isotopic Network,) to initiate an extensive spatiotemporal tree-ring stable isotope network across Europe funded as part of the fifth EC Framework Programme “Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development”. This data set comprises the ISONET δ18O records. Wood increment cores of 15 or more Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur/petraea or Cedrus atlantica tree individuals were taken. Dendro-dated tree-ring material of 4-5 individuals per site was dissected and pooled year by year. After cellulose extraction and homogenization, 18O/16O-ratios of annually resolved samples were determined by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS). Time series of 18O/16O are given as d-values versus SMOW. Details can be found in the downloadable “data description” file.

This data set displays a refined age scale for the U1361A marine sediment core (64.41°S, 143.89°E, 3,454 m water depth), recovered from the continental rise offshore of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin, during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition (Escutia et al. 2011). This age scale is a refined version of the age scale published in Wilson et al. 2018. Here we use the AICC2012 ice core chronology as a reference curve in order to compare the late Pleistocene sediment core data from U1361A to the TALDICE ice core record. Specifically, we refine the existing U1361A age model through the alignment of barium/aluminium (Ba/Al) ratios from XRF-scanning7 with the EDC δD record on the AICC2012 age scale. We apply a conservative tuning strategy to align the two records, using tie points (derived by visual matching) only at the mid-points of the major glacial terminations I-V. Over the interval of interest for the present study (i.e. ~100-350 ka), the new age model for core U1361 differs by only 0 to 6 ka compared to the previous age model in which the sedimentation rate was assumed to be constant. The Nd and IBRD (ice rafted debris) and 143 Nd/144 Nd records for the U1361A published in Wilson et al. (2018) are drawn on the refined age scale. IBRD was measured by weighing after wet-sievingIBRD (ire rafted debris) and 143Nd/144Nd records of the U1361A sediment core (Wilson et al. 2018) drawn of the refined age scale tuned on the AICC2012 chronology for EDC (Bazin et al. 2013)

This data set displays a refined age scale for the U1361A marine sediment core (64.41°S, 143.89°E, 3,454 m water depth), recovered from the continental rise offshore of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin, during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition (Escutia et al. 2011). This age scale is a refined version of the age scale published in Wilson et al. 2018. Here we use the AICC2012 ice core chronology as a reference curve in order to compare the late Pleistocene sediment core data from U1361A to the TALDICE ice core record. Specifically, we refine the existing U1361A age model through the alignment of barium/aluminium (Ba/Al) ratios from XRF-scanning7 with the EDC δD record on the AICC2012 age scale. We apply a conservative tuning strategy to align the two records, using tie points (derived by visual matching) only at the mid-points of the major glacial terminations I-V. Over the interval of interest for the present study (i.e. ~100-350 ka), the new age model for core U1361 differs by only 0 to 6 ka compared to the previous age model in which the sedimentation rate was assumed to be constant. The Nd and IBRD (ice rafted debris) and 143 Nd/144 Nd records for the U1361A published in Wilson et al. (2018) are drawn on the refined age scale. 2 s.e. = internal precision (2s level) on sample measurement 2 s.d. = external reproducibility estimated from the within-session standard deviation (2s.d.) on JNdi-1 standards Over the course of the analyses, measurements of rock standard BCR-2 gave 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512640 ± 0.000016 (n=31)IBRD (ire rafted debris) and 143Nd/144Nd records of the U1361A sediment core (Wilson et al. 2018) drawn of the refined age scale tuned on the AICC2012 chronology for EDC (Bazin et al. 2013)

The data file contains information on each sample (Site, core, depth, age) and the measurements (replicate number, laboratory) in addition to the isotope data. For clumped isotopes (D47), mean values and standard errors are given (on the I-CDES scale, see Bernasconi et al., G3, 2021) as well as temperatures calculated using the foraminifera-based calibration of Meinicke et al. (GCA, 2020), updated to the I-CDES scale by Meinicke et al. (Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 2021). Furthermore, genus-specific d18O and d13C values are reported for Cibicidoides and Nuttalides where available, as well as the calculated isotopic composition of seawater based on the d18O values from Cibicidoides spp., the D47 temperatures, and the calibration of Marchitto et al. (GCA, 2014). d18O of Cibicidoides and resulting seawater d18O are also reported after correction for a hypothetical pH effect using a linear trend through reconstructed deep ocean pH based on d11B and the theoretical pH effect of 1.42 ‰ per pH unit from Zeebe (Paleo3, 2001). This dataset contains clumped isotope (D47), d18O and d13C data from benthic foraminifera from four IODP sites from the Newfoundland margin. The D47 data were used to reconstruct deep ocean temperature across the Cenozoic era. The reported data were generated at ETH Zürich and the University of Bergen between 2015 and 2020. Data for this study were mostly obtained from core catcher samples, with an average time resolution of 1.2 million years. For each sample, 13-45 replicate measurements were performed on different species of benthic foraminifera. Data in this dataset are sample-averaged isotope and temperature data. In addition, replicate-level raw data including standard data for correction are stored at Earthchem (doi:10.26022/IEDA/112213) to allow for reprocessing of the data.

Dataset abstract TEP are operationally defined as gel particles that are retained on 0.4 ��m polycarbonate filters and stained with the cationic copper phthalocyanine dye Alcian Blue 8GX at pH 2.5. CSP are gel particles retained on 0.4 ��m polycarbonate filters that are stained with a solution of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G (CCB) at pH 7.4. Seawater surface samples (5 m) were collected every 6 hours from the ship���s underway pump. In addition, vertical profiles (6 depths, generally from 5 to 100-150 m) were sampled from 19 CTD casts using a SBE 911 Plus attached to a rosette of 24 12-L PVC Niskin bottles. This dataset presents TEP and CSP from seawater samples collected from the ship���s underway pump and CTDs. Samples were collected around the Southern Ocean on the R/V Akademik Tryoshnikov in the austral summer of 2016/2017, as part of the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE). Dataset contents ace_seawater_csp.csv, data file, comma-separated values ace_seawater_tep.csv, data file, comma-separated values data_file_header_csp.txt, metadata, text data_file_header_tep.txt, metadata, text README.txt, metadata, text Dataset license This TEP and CSP dataset from ACE is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) whose full text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ {"references": ["Passow, U., and Alldredge, A. L.: A dye-binding assay for the spectrophotometric measurement of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), Limnology and Oceanography, 40, 1326-1335, 1995.", "Cisternas-Novoa, C., Lee, C., and Engel, A.: A semi-quantitative spectrophotometric, dye-binding assay for determination of Coomassie Blue stainable particles, Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 12, 604-616, 10.4319/lom.2014.12.604, 2014."]} The Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition was made possible by funding from the Swiss Polar Institute and Ferring Pharmaceuticals. MZ was supported by a FPU predoctoral fellowship (FPU13/04630) from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture.

This dataset from a speleothem record from the north-eastern Yucatán peninsula (Mexico) provides a high reslution stable isotope record for the early Holocene between 11,040 and 9,520 a BP on up to sub-decadal scale. Stable isotope samples were micromilled at a resolution of 0.25mm, and measured using an IRMS equipped with a Gasbench. The chronology is based on 17 U-Th ages (Warken et al., 2021) calculated with the half lives of Cheng et al., 2013. The age-depth model was constructed using the algorithm COPRA (Breitenbach et al., 2012).

This dataset from a speleothem record from the north-eastern Yucatán peninsula (Mexico) provides a high reslution stable isotope and trace elemental record for the early Holocene between 11,040 and 9,520 a BP on up to sub-decadal scale. Line scans of Element/Calcium ratios of the speleothem were measured by laser ablation ICPMS. The chronology is based on 17 U-Th ages (Warken et al., 2021) calculated with the half lives of Cheng et al., 2013. The age-depth model was constructed using the algorithm COPRA (Breitenbach et al., 2012).