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The positive effect of fully protected Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) on marine biodiversity, specifically on fishes, has been widely documented. In contrast, the potential of MPAs to mitigate the impact of adverse climatic conditions has seldom been investigated. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of MPAs, quantified as increasing fish biomass, across wide geographic and environmental gradients across the Mediterranean Sea. We performed underwater visual surveys within and outside MPAs to characterize fish assemblages in 52 rocky reef sites across an extent of over 3,300 km. We used the steep spatial temperature gradient across the Mediterranean as a 'space-for-time' substitution to infer climate-driven temporal changes. We found that, as expected, Mediterranean MPAs increased fish biomass. At the same time, higher seawater temperatures are associated with decreased fish biomass, changes in species composition, and shifts towards more thermophilic species. Importantly, we found that the rate of decrease in fish biomass with temperature was similar between protected and fished sites. Taken together, these results suggest that the capacity of MPAs to harbor higher fish biomass, compared to surrounding areas, is maintained across a broad temperature range. At the same time, MPAs will not be able to offset larger-scale biotic alterations associated with climate change. Policy implications: Our results suggest that sustained warming will likely reduce fish biomass in the Mediterranean Sea and shift community structure, requiring more conservative targets for fishery regulations. At the same time, protection from fishing will remain an important management tool even with future high-water temperatures, and MPAs are expected to continue to provide local-scale benefits to conservation and fisheries.

Relating environmental DNA (eDNA) signal strength to organism abundance requires a fundamental understanding of eDNA production. A number of studies have demonstrated that eDNA production may scale allometrically – that is, larger organisms tend to exhibit lower mass-specific eDNA production rates, likely due to allometric scaling in key processes related to eDNA production (e.g. surface area, excretion/egestion). While most previous studies have examined intra-specific allometry, physiological rates and organism surface area also scale allometrically across species. We therefore hypothesize that eDNA production will similarly exhibit inter-specific allometric scaling. To evaluate this hypothesis, we reanalyzed previously published eDNA data from Stoeckle et al. (2021) which compared metabarcoding read count to organism count and biomass data obtained from trawl surveys off the New Jersey coast. Using a Bayesian model we empirically estimated the value of the allometric scaling coefficient (‘b’) for Northwestern Atlantic bony fishes to be 0.77 (credible interval = 0.64 – 0.92), although our model failed to converge for Chondrichthyan species. We found that integrating allometry significantly improved correlations between organism abundance and metabarcoding read count relative to traditional metrics of abundance (density and biomass) for bony fishes. Although substantial unexplained variation remains in the relationship between read count and organism abundance, our study provides evidence that eDNA production may scale allometrically across species in some contexts. Future studies investigating the relationship between eDNA signal strength and metrics of fish abundance could potentially be improved by accounting for allometry; to this end, we developed an online tool that can facilitate the integration of allometry in eDNA/abundance relationships. This is a curated dataset obtained from: Stoeckle, M.Y., Adolf, J., Charlop-powers, Z., Dunton, K.J., Hinks, G., and Vanmorter, S.M. 2021. Trawl and eDNA assessment of marine fish diversity, seasonality, and relative abundance in coastal New Jersey, USA. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 78(1): 293–304. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsaa225. We separated Chondrichtyan and Osteichthyan species into separate datasets, including only species which were detected using eDNA. Values of 0.001 were added to 'zeroes' for abundance data, due to the inclusion of a heteroscedastic residual error term in some of the models.

The mucus covers the fish's body, working as a protective barrier. Besides physical protection, mucus provides molecules that protect the fish from pathogens damaging 1,2. These include antimicrobial peptides secreted in the mucus, which play an essential role in defense against microbial pathogens since these belong to the innate immune system2,3. In this study, two adult Halobatrachus didactylus individuals were captured from the wild in Sesimbra. Then, mucus collection was performed by scraping the dorsal-lateral body of the fish with a sponge. Our objective was the identification of new peptides with bioactive potential in mucus samples by chromatography analysis. Size exclusion highperformance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) analysis performed on mucus samples from the two individuals revealed a similar profile with an intense highlight peak which resulted in a distribution of about 775 Dalton. With interest in that peak, the two mucus samples were pooled for fractionation by SEC. The resulting fraction was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) to identify the most probable peptide sequences. Identification from databases did not provide reliable results, indicating a lack of information on the matrix analyzed. We resorted to de novo sequencing with good results using PEAKS Studio software. Five identified peptides were selected according to their bioactivities predicted in silico. Furthermore, the five identified peptides were synthesized, and the molecular size was validated by SE-HPLC analysis. Overall, this chromatographic approach enabled the identification of promising peptides, which bioactivities will be evaluated in vitro in future work.

Ocean drifters from oil-on-water exercise in North Sea (Frigg oil field) June 2019. Described in more detail in Brekke, C., Espeseth, M. M., Dagestad, K.-F., Röhrs, J., Hole, L. R., & Reigber, A. (2021). Integrated analysis of multisensor datasets and oil drift simulations - a free-floating oil experiment in the open ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126, e2020JC016499. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016499 Work is funded by grant no. 237906 (CIRFA) of the Norwegian Research Council. Work is funded by grant no. 237906 (CIRFA) of the Norwegian Research Council

We combine consistently dated benthic carbon isotopic records distributed over the entire Atlantic Ocean with numerical simulations performed by a glacial configuration of the Norwegian Earth System Model with active ocean biogeochemistry, in order to interpret the observed Cibicides δ13C changes at the stadial-interstadial transition corresponding to the end of Heinrich Stadial 4 (HS4) in terms of ocean circulation and remineralization changes. We show that the marked increase in Cibicides δ13C observed at the end of HS4 between ~2000 and 4200 m in the Atlantic can be explained by changes in nutrient concentrations as simulated by the model in response to the halting of freshwater input in the high latitude glacial North Atlantic. Our model results show that this Cibicides δ13C signal is associated with changes in the ratio of southern-sourced (SSW) versus northern-sourced (NSW) water masses at the core sites, whereby SSW is replaced by NSW as a consequence of the resumption of deep water formation in the northern North Atlantic and Nordic Seas after the freshwater input is halted. Our results further suggest that the contribution of ocean circulation changes to this signal increases from ~40 % at 2000 m to ~80 % at 4000 m. Below ~4200 m, the model shows little ocean circulation change but an increase in remineralization across the transition marking the end of HS4. The simulated lower remineralization during stadials than interstadials is particularly pronounced in deep subantarctic sites, in agreement with the decrease in the export production of carbon to the deep Southern Ocean during stadials found in previous studies.

Reference datasets (Nov2022 update) for Mitohelper (https://github.com/aomlomics/mitohelper) Mitohelper is a repository built to facilitate experimental design, alignment visualization, and reference sequence analysis in fish eDNA studies. Refer to our paper and Mitohelper's wiki for database construction pipeline. I. Reference database files in tab-separated format, containing gene, taxonomy, and sequence information: mitofish.all.Nov2022.tsv (776,210 records) mitofish.12S.Nov2022.tsv (44,560 records) mitofish.12S.Nov2022_NR.fasta (fasta file of 12S rRNA gene records) mitofish.COI.Nov2022.tsv (314,143 records) II. De-replicated QIIME 2-compatible 12S/12S+16S+18S rRNA reference datasets: 12S-seqs-derep-uniq.qza 12S-tax-derep-uniq.qza 12S-16S-18S-seqs.qza 12S-16S-18S-tax.qza If you use Mitohelper, please cite: Jean Lim, S, Thompson, LR. Mitohelper: A mitochondrial reference sequence analysis tool for fish eDNA studies. Environmental DNA. 2021; 00: 1– 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.187 Major update: The 12S rRNA gene sequence dataset is now filtered to only contain mitochondrial genomes annotated with 12S rRNA gene sequences. Sequences of the 12S rRNA gene are now extracted from complete mitochondrial genomes to construct a more gene-specific 12S rRNA dataset. 12S rRNA gene sequences in mitohelper's dataset are available for download as mitofish.12S.Nov2022_NR.fasta

Triple threat processes and/or other forcings can lead to changes in the ocean happening fast and abruptly. These changes, referred to as “tipping points”, are critical thresholds in a marine system that, when exceeded, can lead to a significant change in the state of the system, which often can be irreversible. This leaflet has been prepared mainly (but not only) for high school pupils with the financial support of Norges forskningsråd (Research Council of Norway) (309382).

Tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations depend on a combination of hemispheric, regional, and local-scale processes. Estimates of how much O3 is produced locally vs. transported from further afield are essential in air quality management and regulatory policies. Here, a tagged-ozone mechanism within the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) is used to quantify the contributions to surface O3 in the UK from anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from inside and outside the UK during May–August 2015. The contribution of the different source regions to three regulatory O3 metrics is also examined. It is shown that model simulations predict the concentration and spatial distribution of surface O3 with a domain-wide mean bias of −3.7 ppbv. Anthropogenic NOx emissions from the UK and Europe account for 13 % and 16 %, respectively, of the monthly mean surface O3 in the UK, as the majority (71 %) of O3 originates from the hemispheric background. Hemispheric O3 contributes the most to concentrations in the north and the west of the UK with peaks in May, whereas European and UK contributions are most significant in the east, south-east, and London, i.e. the UK's most populated areas, intensifying towards June and July. Moreover, O3 from European sources is generally transported to the UK rather than produced in situ. It is demonstrated that more stringent emission controls over continental Europe, particularly in western Europe, would be necessary to improve the health-related metric MDA8 O3 above 50 and 60 ppbv. Emission controls over larger areas, such as the Northern Hemisphere, are instead required to lessen the impacts on ecosystems as quantified by the AOT40 metric.

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is increasingly recognised as a disruptive form of environmental pollution, impacting many physiological and behavioural processes that may scale up to population and community-level effects. Mounting evidence from animal studies show that the severity and type of the impact depends on the wavelength and intensity of ALAN. This knowledge has been instrumental for informing policy-making and planning for wildlife-friendly illumination. However, most of this evidence comes from terrestrial habitats, while research testing alternative wavelength illumination in marine environments is lagging behind. In this study we investigated the effect of such alternative ALAN colours on marine primary producers. Specifically, we tested the effect of green, red, and natural white LED illumination at night, compared to a dark control, on the growth of a green microalgae as well as the biomass, diversity and composition of a phytoplankton assemblage. Our findings show that green ALAN boosted chlorophyll production at the exponential growth stage, resulting in higher biomass production in the green algae Tetraselmis suesica. All ALAN wavelengths affected the biomass and diversity of the assemblage with the red and green ALAN having the stronger effects, leading to higher overall abundance and selective dominance of specific diatom species compared to white ALAN and the dark control. Our work indicates that the wavelength of artificial light sources in marine areas should be carefully considered in management and conservation plans. In particular, green and red light should be used with caution in coastal areas, where there might be a need to strike a balance between the strong effects of green and red light on marine primary producers with the benefit they bring to other organisms. This was a laboratory research work involving 4 ALAN treatments: dark, green, red, natural white. Two experiments were conducted: one with a single species Tetraselmis suesica and anothe with a natural coastal phytoplankton assemblage. Experiments were carried out concurrently for 14 days each and data was collected in growth rate, chlrophyl a and species diversity and composition. no missing values

A cidade é um produto complexo que combina recursos físicos e aspetos culturais, históricos, sociais e económicos que influenciam na formação da sua identidade. Dessa forma, a identidade de uma cidade é o seu ADN: uma combinação distinta e herdada de bens, história, características e cultura que a define interna e externamente e tem o poder de unificar pessoas e lugares. Como a identidade é a base sobre a qual a imagem de uma cidade é criada, é de grande importância considerar como as cidades constroem e desenvolvem a sua identidade. A cidade de Matosinhos apresenta-se como objeto de estudo, destacando as características únicas da cidade que definem a sua identidade cultural. A ligação profunda ao mar continua a ser a característica mais importante que define a identidade de Matosinhos. É possível notar esta relação em vários aspetos, uma vez que Matosinhos tem uma das melhores infraestruturas portuárias do país (o porto de Leixões), uma gastronomia rica em sabores do mar (um polo de atração turística), um rico património com monumentos e esculturas dedicadas ao mar, bem como importantes tradições e celebrações que contribuem para preservar o espírito da sua comunidade. Esta relação é também evidente nas inúmeras atividades económicas que dependem do mar, bem como nas horas de lazer desfrutadas pelos locais e turistas que visitam as praias e o mar para tirar proveito desta caraterística especial de Matosinhos. Da mesma forma que o mar contribui para definir a identidade de Matosinhos, revela também como Matosinhos afirma a sua posição para o desenvolvimento de uma economia azul sustentável. The city is a complex product that combines physical resources as well as cultural, historical, social, and economic aspects that influence the formation of its identity. In this way, the identity of a city is its DNA: a distinct, inherited combination of assets, history, characteristics, and culture that defines it internally and externally and has the power to unify people and place. Because identity is the foundation upon which a city's image is created, it is vital to consider how cities build and develop their identity. The city of Matosinhos will be the object of study, highlighting the city's unique characteristics that define its cultural identity. The deep connection to the sea remains the most important feature that characterises Matosinhos' identity. It is possible to note this relationship in several aspects since Matosinhos has one of the best port infrastructures in the country (the port of Leixões), a gastronomy rich in sea flavours (a pole of tourist attraction), a rich heritage with many monuments and sculptures dedicated to the sea, as well as important traditions and celebrations that contribute to preserving the spirit of its community. This relationship is also evident in the numerous economic activities that rely on the sea, as well as the hours of relaxation enjoyed by locals and tourists who visit the beaches and the sea to take advantage of this Matosinhos special feature. In the same way that the sea contributes to define the identity of Matosinhos, it also reveals how Matosinhos affirms its position for the development of a sustainable blue economy.