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This deposit, having DOI 10.5281/zenodo.7601924, distributes the sequence of images of, and a commentary on, a single breaker plunging onto a sandy beach on a windless day. These frames have been extracted from an amateur video (Vincentz 2013) that shows remarkably clearly a single shoaling wave that steepens suddenly, grows into a breaker and dissolves in spray and foam, as well. The sand stirred and suspended in the foreshore and within the curling wave is also clearly visible. The images may have informative, didactic and aesthetic value for those interested in, or intrigued by, shore dynamics and wave mechanics. The recording is notable because: (i) it captures a single breaking wave in isolation, in a shore devoid of a surf zone; (ii) the backrush from the previous wave has largely returned seawards when a fresh wave plunges into the foreshore; (iii) sand stirred and suspended is visible both in the backrush and in the water raised and curled as the wave breaks. These features provide the viewers at once with the impression of a prototypical occurrence and with the dramatic richness of a sudden and rapid impulsive event. Contemplated in its entirety, it is unsurprising that the video inspires awe. Additionally, the breakdown into individual video frames, distributed with this deposit, enables us to recognize, appreciate and describe in detail the interleaved motions of water, air and sand embedded in the overal flow. This deposit contains: a redistribution of the source video (Vincentz 2013); 390 colour pictures of 1240x670 pixels, in PNG lossless format; the script used for image extraction and manipulation. (Re-)using the material of this deposit is permitted under a license CC BY-SA (attribution and share-alike) 3.0 or 4.0, depending on the file, as specified below in the Files box below. The ensuing sections describe: the qualitative physics; the procedure of image extraction and manipulation; the content and arrangement of the dataset; the version information and vision for this deposit. 1. Physical description Location Vincentz 2013 places the video location at the sandy beach Playa del Matorral in the locality Morro Jable (28.050897°, 14.352003°; municipality of Pájara) in the island of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain. The Playa del Matorral faces SSW and SE and thus, roughly speaking, the African coast. The region is tidal: the water-level excursion at the nearby Puerto del Rosario is reported to be 2.3 m at springs and 1.6 m at neaps (NGA 2022, p.258). It is hence conceivable, but not demonstrable, that the tide's flood may be have caused (in part) the wave pictured in the video. Calendar The Wikimedia record only attributes the video the date ‘11 February 2013’. The time stamp of the video file is '16 October 2013'. It is then likely that the former date indicates when the video has been taken. Since the Playa del Matorral faces both east and west, the illumination does not provide clues as for the time of the day. The stage of the tide cannot be estimated either. All in all, the precise time and date are of little relevance for the small-scale development of the single wave seen in the video. Description of motion (In preparation) 2. Image manipulation 2.1 Toolbox Four open-source utilities have been used to produce this dataset: `ffprobe version 4.2.7` to determine the video properties; `ffmpeg version 4.2.7`, to extract the stills from the video; and `convert` and `identify` from the ImageMagick tools version 6.9.10-23 to manipulate the stills and determine an image’s property respectively. The developers of these utilities claim that they run on a variety of operating system. Here all image processing has been carried out with, and proved to run successfully on, Linux. 2.2 Source video: specifications and characteristics The source video is ogv format. The logical size of the image (improperly called resolution) is 1270x720 pixels; this corresponds to a pixel count of 914,400 (commercially presented as 0.9MP) and, approximately, to a 16:9 aspect ratio. The recording lasts (nominally) 15.6 seconds at a frame rate of 25 fps and contains 390 frames spaced 0.04 s (40 ms) apart. (The effective duration is 15.56 s.) The operator holds the camera with a firm hand and the images are well lit and sharp. On close inspection, four glitches become apparent: Lens distortion: the sea horizon is slightly curved upwards at the edges of the image, which indicates pincushion distortion (the image-to-object magnification rate increases away from the lens centre); Tilt: the camera view has a small anticlockwise roll angle with respect to the horizontal, whereby the sea horizon slopes slightly downwards to the right; Glare: the brightness of the images increases between approximatively 4 and 8 seconds of the recording; this overall glare is visible in the lightness of the sky and is arguably caused by the camera automatic diaphragm as it adjusts to the light reflected by the wave breaking; Motion: the horizon slightly shifts upwards at the tail of the video: this is most likely caused by the beach sand yielding under the operator’s weight as the uprush arrives and retreats on the foreshore. All imperfections but the last two are remedied by manipulating the image, as described next. 2.3 Frame extraction with ffmpeg The 390 video frames are extracted to as many stand-alone image files using the `ffmpeg` utility, which preserves the logical size of the frames. The image files are saved in tiff format. This format was chosen so that the tool `convert` does not bump into some memory restrictions encountered when manipulating png files as in next subsection. The output frames have a default pixel resolution of 72 dpi, which determines the expected physical size of the frame when printed. (The tool `convert` can also change this resolution by means of resampling, as described below.) The output file sizes vary slightly in the range 1307kB-1360 kB (base-10 file size) or 1276-1328 KiB (base-2 file size). The output colour format is standard RGB (sRGB), with a colour depth of 8 bit (256 shades available). All 390 tiff images take 524MB (or 500MiB) of memory space. They are input for the `convert` utility as described next. They are not distributed with this deposit, but can be recreated with the script provided below as the need be. 2.4 Frame manipulation with convert The sequence of `convert` operations to improve the final frames is: rotate the image to compensate for the tilt (target: the horizon is symmetric with respect to the vertical axis through the image centre); apply barrel distortion to the image to compensate the pincushion-type lens distortion (target: the horizon is a line); crop the image canvas (target: eliminate the vignetting due to the previous manipulations). In theory, the correct order of operations should be 2-1-3. The bias of lens distortion is caused by the camera hardware and affects the entire field of view regardless of how the camera is held. Determining the parameters of the compensating (barrel) distortion should thus have taken into account the distortion present in the entire field of view. This would have required evaluating the effect of distortion with a picture of a test card, such as a chessboard pattern. Here, however, the aim is mainly an aesthetic correction, rather than using the images to extract spatial information in the scene. Straightening up the horizon line is sufficient and can be done after having rotated the image, to the same visual effect as the correct order. The logical size of all 390 manipulated images is 1240x670 pixels (aspect ratio 2:1). Their (default) resolution of 72 dpi (2.834 × 2.834 pixels/mm) means that their print size is 437.5 × 236.4 millimetres. The file sizes in png format vary in the range 750-1168 kB (732-1140 KiB). The complete set of images is 383 MB (365 MiB) large. These files are part of the deposit and their naming and arrangement are explained in Section 3. 2.5 Script The script that performed the image extraction and manipulation is part of the deposit (named script-image-extraction+manipulation.sh). The script is written in GNU bash, version 5.0.17(1). Aside from the image-processing utilities already mentioned, the script also calls standard tools distributed in the GNU coreutils, version 8.30. GNU bash is a standard command-line interpreter in several Linux and MacOS distributions. Windows users could run it after installing the terminal emulator Git for Windows, for example. (Mac users, whose default shell interpreter is zsh, will experience troubles with # indicating comments in bash; please refer to this Apple support article on how to change that to bash.) The comments in the script, beside giving ‘sailing directions’, can serve as pseudocode if one wants to code the same workflow in another scripting language. Do not run this script blindly (some commands delete files). The script is divided into three sections. The first section defines the file paths, command parameters and other flags used in the remaining two sections, which deal with the image extraction and the image manipulation respectively. With this structure, the latter two sections need not to be edited for the script to do its job. The parameters and flags are set to the values used for this deposit and can be adjusted (the input and output paths should, for sure). Also, some commands only display information on the input and output documents before and after the processing.Among the possible usages, for example, one could change the default image resolution (dpi=72) to obtain images with a larger physical size by means of resampling, or change the output image format. Goes without saying: peruse the script and read the helps and manuals of the attending commands first. 3. Data arrangement 3.1 Images The 390 png images are arranged in 15 zip archives, each containing one second worth of motion and hence 25 files (except for the 15 files of the last 0.56 seconds). The archive names indicate the beginning of the respective interval as lapsed time in milliseconds. The name format is t[nnnnn]ms.zip: for example, the archive t05000ms.zip contains the frames between 5 and 5.96 seconds. The grand total size of the zip archives is 381 MB (363 MiB); the size of the individual archives varies in the range 16-29 MB (15-27 MiB). The name of the files inside the archives indicates the frame progressive number and the lapsed time in milliseconds in the format f[nnn]-t[nnnnn]ms.png. Note that the frame number starts from 1 and the lapsed time from 0. The deposit also includes, outside of the archives, the images at each second (the first file in each archive) in the way of 'covers' that help users pick up the time interval and zipped archive of their interest. The covers name convention is the same as the archives (for example, t05000ms.png shows the first image contained in t05000ms.zip). You can preview these cover images in Zenodo: select one from the list in the Files box and look at it in the Preview box. 3.2 Video The original video (Pájara_-_Morro_Jable_-_Playa_del_Matorral_(0)_09.ogv, 73 MB, 70 MiB) is also redistributed with this deposit and should be credited to Vincentz 2013 (see the section Licence for the conditions). 4. This deposit 4.1 Versions Major numbers indicate changes in the deposit content, minor numbers significant changes in the deposit Description (this web-based document you are reading now). A major version change implies Zenodo issuing a new DOI. The DOI 10.5281/zenodo.7601924 always points to the latest version. v1.0 11/02/2023 Publication 4.2 Next The current wish-list contains: a) making a video of the same wave from the new images; b) adding a physics-inspired commentary of the wave's development; c) linking the script to a GitHub repository if its complexity grows. {"references": ["NGA. 2022. Sailing Directions (Enroute). West Coast of Europe and Northwest Africa. (Pub. 143.) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Springfield, Virginia.", "Vincentz, Frank. 2013. P\u00e1jara - Morro Jable - Playa del Matorral. Video without sound. CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons. URL:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:P%C3%A1jara_-_Morro_Jable_-_Playa_del_Matorral_(0)_09.ogv (Last accessed: 3 Feb 2023)"]}

Dataset abstract Aerosol particles come from a variety of sources: a look at the chemical composition gives insights on the particle origin. Ion chromatography was performed for aerosol particles smaller than 10 micrometers (PM10 inlet), giving concentrations of sodium and chloride, as well as particulate methylsulfonic acid (MSA). For this, aerosol particles where sampled on quartz fibre filters for 24 hours each. The sampled filters were stored at -20 degrees C on the research vessel, transported frozen back to the chemistry lab of TROPOS and analysed for main ions. Temporal coverage is from December 20, 2016 to March 20, 2017. We give 24-hour quality controlled particulate MSA, sodium and chloride concentrations in microgram per cubic meter for the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE) cruise over the Southern Ocean, as part of the ACE-SPACE project. Dataset contents ACESPACE_ particulate_MSA_Sodium_Chloride_PM10, data file, comma-separated values data_file_header, metadata, text format README.txt, metadata, text format {"references": ["van Pinxteren, M., Barthel, S., Fomba, K., M\u00fcller, K., von T\u00fcmpling, W., and Herrmann, H.: The influence of environmental drivers on the enrichment of organic carbon in the sea surface microlayer and in submicron aerosol particles \u2013 measurements from the Atlantic Ocean, Elem Sci Anth, 5, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225, 2017.", "Fernando P\u00e9rez, Brian E. Granger, IPython: A System for Interactive Scientific Computing, Computing in Science and Engineering, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 21-29, May/June 2007, doi:10.1109/MCSE.2007.53"]} The Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition was made possible by funding from the Swiss Polar Institute and Ferring Pharmaceuticals. We acknowledge funding from DFG within SPP 1158 (Grant no. STR 453/12-1).

{"references": ["Bartsch, A., Pointner, G., Ingeman-Nielsen, T. & Lu, W. (2020), 'Towards circumpolar mapping of Arctic settlements and infrastructure based on Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2', Remote Sensing 12(15), 2368.", "Elvidge, C. D., Zhizhin, M., Ghosh, T., Hsu, F.-C. & Taneja, J. (2021), 'Annual time series of global VIIRS nighttime lights derived from monthly averages: 2012 to 2019',Remote Sensing13(5), 922", "Obu, J., Westermann, S., Barboux, C., Bartsch, A., Delaloye, R., Grosse, G., Heim, B., Hugelius,G., Irrgang, A., K\u00e4\u00e4b, A. M., Kroisleitner, C., Matthes, H., Nitze, I., Pellet, C., Seifert, F. M., Strozzi, T., Wegm\u00fcller, U., Wieczorek, M. & Wiesmann, A. (2021a), 'ESA Permafrost Climate Change Initiative (permafrost_cci): Permafrost active layer thickness for the Northern Hemisphere, v3.0'.", "Obu, J., Westermann, S., Barboux, C., Bartsch, A., Delaloye, R., Grosse, G., Heim, B., Hugelius, G.,Irrgang, A., K\u00e4\u00e4b, A. M., Kroisleitner, C., Matthes, H., Nitze, I., Pellet, C., Seifert, F. M.,Strozzi, T., Wegm \u00fcller, U., Wieczorek, M. & Wiesmann, A. (2021b), 'ESA Permafrost Climate Change Initiative (permafrost_cci): Permafrost extent for the Northern Hemisphere, v3.0'.", "Obu, J., Westermann, S., Barboux, C., Bartsch, A., Delaloye, R., Grosse, G., Heim, B., Hugelius,G., Irrgang, A., K\u00e4\u00e4b, A. M., Kroisleitner, C., Matthes, H., Nitze, I., Pellet, C., Seifert,F. M., Strozzi, T., Wegm\u00fcller, U., Wieczorek, M. & Wiesmann, A. (2021c), 'ESA Permafrost Climate Change Initiative (permafrost_cci): Permafrost ground temperature for the Northern Hemisphere, v3.0", "Wang, S., Ramage, J., Bartsch, A. & Efimova, A. (2021), 'Population in the arctic circumpolar permafrost region at settlement level', Zenodo. 10.5281/ZENODO.45296", "Martha K. Raynolds, Donald A. Walker, Andrew Balser, Christian Bay, Mitch Campbell, Mikhail M. Cherosov, Fred J.A. Dani\u00ebls, Pernille Bronken Eidesen, Ksenia A. Ermokhina, Gerald V. Frost, Birgit Jedrzejek, M. Torre Jorgenson, Blair E. Kennedy, Sergei S. Kholod, Igor A. Lavrinenko, Olga V. Lavrinenko, Borg\u00fe\u00f3r Magn\u00fasson, Nadezhda V. Matveyeva, Sigmar Met\u00fasalemsson, Lennart Nilsen, Ian Olthof, Igor N. Pospelov, Elena B. Pospelova, Darren Pouliot, Vladimir Razzhivin, Gabriela Schaepman-Strub, Jozef \u0160ib\u00edk, Mikhail Yu. Telyatnikov, Elena Troeva (2019): 'A raster version of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM)', Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 232, 111297.", "Nitze, I., Grosse, G., Jones, B. M., Romanovsky, V. E. & Boike, J. (2018), 'Remote sensing quantifies widespread abundance of permafrost region disturbances across the Arctic and Subarctic', Nature Communications 9(1).", "Bartsch et al. (2021), Expanding infrastructure and growing anthropogenic impacts along Arctic coasts, ERL\u00a0https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3176/meta"]} The SACHI (Sentinel-1/2 derived Arctic Coastal Human Impact) dataset has been primarily developed as part of the HORIZON2020 project Nunataryuk by b.geos (www.bgeos.com). It covers a 100km buffer from the Arctic Coast (land area), for areas with permafrost near the coast. It is based on Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data from 2016-2020 using the algorithms described in Bartsch et al. (2020). It is a supplement to Bartsch et al. (2021 - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3176/meta). It consists of three shape files: 1) SACHI.shp - all identified objects with infrastructure/impact classes and auxiliary information (permafrost status and trends, nightlight radiance, vegetation zone, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index trends from Landsat, settlements names) 2) SACHI_100km_buffer - Buffer polygon (analyses extent) 3) SACHI_granules_acquisition_dates - processed Sentinel-2 granule extent polygons with dates of all used input data SACHI class values: 1=linear transport infrastructure, 2=buildings (and other constructions such as bridges), 3=other impacted area (includes gravel pads, mining sites) See README.TXT for description of data fields. Further support was received by ESA CCI+ Permafrost, HGF AI-CORE, and NSF Permafrost DiscoveryGateway. The processing scheme was developed on a highly performant virtual machine (VM) provided by the Copernicus Research and User Support (RUS). Results are based on modified Copernicus data from 2016 to 2020.

This dataset corresponds to the manuscript "Compression and digestion as agents of vertebral deformation in fish: tools to interpret paleontological and archaeological assemblages" by Frontini, Romina, Roselló-Izquierdo, Eufrasia, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Denys, Christiane, Guillaud, Émilie, Fernández-Jalvo, Yolanda, Pesquero-Fernández, María Dolores. The article is in process of revision. In this study, the deformation of fish vertebrae due to uniaxial forces is experimentally assessed. Specifically, we report the effects of lateral compaction on fish vertebrae. The aims of the study were: 1) to gain an understanding of compression exerted on the vertebrae from three teleost families of archaeozoological and paleontological relevance (Sciaenidae, Merlucidae, Gadidae), 2) to characterize the nature of alterations on vertebral body due to uniaxial compression under dry and hydrated conditions, and 3) to determine variations of the compression effects on dry and hydrated specimens.

This archive includes wide-angle seismic data from line OBS2017-2 collected in the South China Sea. Dataset line OBS2017-2 was collected in June 2017, using R/V “Shiyan 2” that belongs to the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS. The objective is to investigate the crustal structure of the Zhongsha Block and to characterize the architecture of the continent-ocean transition zone of the mid-northern South China Sea. The spacing of short period Ocean-Bottom-Seismometers (OBSs) was ~9.6 km. Thirty-seven 4-component short-period (4.5–100 Hz) OBSs and three long-period (0.03–50 Hz) OBSs (LOBSs) were deployed along a 400-km-long roughly N-S trending profile, spanning the Northwest Sub-basin, Zhongsha Trough, Zhongsha Atoll, and Southwest Sub-basin from north to south. Three instruments (OBS21, LOBS01, LOBS03) could not be recovered, and one instrument (OBS13) did not provide usable data for geophysical interpretation. The remaining thirty-five short-period OBSs and one LOBS are available for geophysical data analysis, providing record sections of excellent quality. The sample rates were 4 ms, 10 ms, and 20 ms for the different instruments. The seismic source consisted of an array of four BOLT air-guns with a total volume of 6,000 cubic inches and was towed at ~10 m depth below sea level. 1,767 shots had been fired along OBS2017-2 from south to north, and the shooting intervals were set at 80-110 s with a nominal ship speed of ~4.5 knots, resulting in a shooting interval of ~200 m on average. The format of seismic data in this repository is SEGY.

Dataset abstract The authors would highly appreciate to be contacted if the data is used for any purpose. We measured mixing ratios of CO, CO2 and CH4 with a PICARRO G2401 Gas Analyzer. Ozone (O3) mixing ratios were measured with a 2B Technology ozone monitor, model 205. We report five-minute averaged data cleaned from exhaust gas influence. Temporal coverage is from December 20, 2016 to April 10, 2017. The trace gas concentrations represent a large number of atmospheric processes that happen on different time scales. CO for example, has basically no sources other than combustion and can hence be used as tracer for air mass transport from regions with combustion activities (e.g., South Africa). CO has a lifetime of a few weeks. CO2 and CH4 are longer-lived trace gases which disperse globally. The data set shows that concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere are higher than in the Southern Hemisphere. Both trace gases are emitted by anthropogenic activities as well as natural sources. Over the cruise track, areas of the Southern Ocean were passed where these trace gases either outgas or are absorbed. Ozone is a secondary trace gas, meaning that it is formed in the atmosphere. It’s concentrations are relatively low. All trace gases data have been cleaned from exhaust gas influence. Dataset contents ACESPACE_trace_gas_concentration.csv, data file, comma-separated values data_file_header.txt, metadata, text README.md, metadata, text NaN values denote missing values because of e.g., ship exhaust contamination or instrument maintenance. For latitude and longitude, NaN values are noted in cases where position data was not available for the given time period.

Project: Earth System Model Forcing and Verification - The project consolidates data entities which are suitable to force and/or to verify Earth system models. The archived data entities contain data and data products mainly from observations or reconstruction. The eVolv2k project is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) in the framework of the priority programme “Antarctic Research with comparative investigations in Arctic ice areas” through grant TO 967/1-1. Summary: The eVolv2k database includes estimates of the magnitudes and approximate source latitudes of major volcanic stratospheric sulphur injection (VSSI) events from 500 BCE to 1900 CE. The VSSI estimates incorporate recent improvements to the ice core records in terms of synchronization and dating, refinements to the methods used to estimate VSSI from ice core records, and includes first estimates of the random uncertainties in VSSI values. Ice core-derived volcanic sulfate deposition composites for Antarctica (Sigl et al., 2014) and Greenland (Sigl et al., 2015, Zielinski et al., 1995) are scaled to volcanic stratospheric sulfur injection based on a method similar to that of Gao et al. (2007). More details to be published in a forthcoming article (Toohey and Sigl, in prep). Compared to version 1, this version (1) contains estimates of the random error in the VSSI estimates, (2) includes a clarification regarding the format of years in the BCE period by including both years BCE/CE and according to the ISO 8601 standard (which includes a year 0), and (3) includes some minor modifications to the VSSI values. In addition, a reconstruction of stratospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) using the VSSI estimates and the EVA v1 volcanic forcing generator (Toohey et al., 2016) is provided. Complete optical properties (extinction, single scattering albedo, scattering asymmetry factor) as a function of height, latitude and time can be produced using the eVolv2k VSSI database and the EVA forcing generator. Gao, C., Oman, L., Robock, A. and Stenchikov, G. L.: Atmospheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice cores: Accounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic deposition, J. Geophys. Res., 112(D9), doi:10.1029/2006JD007461, 2007. Sigl, M., Winstrup, M., McConnell, J. R., Welten, K. C., Plunkett, G., Ludlow, F., Büntgen, U., Caffee, M., Chellman, N., Dahl-Jensen, D., Fischer, H., Kipfstuhl, S., Kostick, C., Maselli, O. J., Mekhaldi, F., Mulvaney, R., Muscheler, R., Pasteris, D. R., Pilcher, J. R., Salzer, M., Schüpbach, S., Steffensen, J. P., Vinther, B. M. and Woodruff, T. E.: Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years, Nature, 523, 543¿549, doi:10.1038/nature14565, 2015. Sigl, M., McConnell, J. R., Toohey, M., Curran, M., Das, S. B., Edwards, R., Isaksson, E., Kawamura, K., Kipfstuhl, S., Krüger, K., Layman, L., Maselli, O. J., Motizuki, Y., Motoyama, H., Pasteris, D. R. and Severi, M.: Insights from Antarctica on volcanic forcing during the Common Era, Nat. Clim. Chang., 4, 693-697, doi:10.1038/nclimate2293, 2014. Toohey, M. and Sigl, M.: Volcanic stratospheric sulphur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500 BCE to 1900 CE, in preparation. Toohey, M., Stevens, B., Schmidt, H. and Timmreck, C.: Easy Volcanic Aerosol (EVA v1.0): an idealized forcing generator for climate simulations, Geosci. Model Dev., 9(11), 4049–4070, doi:10.5194/GMD-9-4049-2016, 2016. Zielinski, G. A.: Stratospheric loading and optical depth estimates of explosive volcanism over the last 2100 years derived from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D10), 20937–20955, doi:10.1029/95JD01751, 1995.

Human-induced selection on animals and plants has been highly influential throughout our history and resulted in both intentional benefits and unintended detriments. Fisheries-induced evolution (FIE) describes the unintended selection on wild fish populations by fishing that has resulted in the evolution of exploited populations. While the use of aquatic protected areas that exclude angling might be considered an evolutionarily-enlightened management approach to dealing with issues arising from FIE little is known about the effectiveness of this approach for maintaining the phenotypic diversity of traits in protected areas versus those outside of their boundaries. In species that exhibit parental care, including the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), active nest guarding and aggression towards potential brood predators by males increases the survival of offspring. This aggression may render these individuals particularly vulnerable to capture via angling as a result of increased propensity to attack fishing lures near their nests. Relative levels of aggression by these males during the parental care period correlate with their vulnerability to angling year round. Inasmuch as this parental behavior is heritable, this selective removal of more aggressive individuals by anglers should drive population-average phenotypes towards lower levels of aggression. To assess the effectiveness of protected areas at mitigating FIE, I compared the nest guarding behaviours of wild, free-swimming male bass during the early nesting period for bass within and outside protected areas. I found that nesting males within long-standing fishing sanctuaries (>70 yrs) were more aggressive towards captive bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) placed directly on their nests, and patrolled larger areas around their nests compared to bass outside of sanctuaries. Males within protected areas were more likely to strike at artificial fishing lures and more prone to capture during experimental angling events. Collectively, my findings suggest that recreational angling selects for individual bass with lower levels of parental care and aggression, and that the establishment of protected areas may mitigate potential FIE. The extent to which this phenomenon occurs in other species and systems likely depends on the reproductive strategies of the fishes being considered, their spatial ecology relative to sanctuary boundaries, and habitat quality within protected areas.

Project: Earth System Model Forcing and Verification - The project consolidates data entities which are suitable to force and/or to verify Earth system models. The archived data entities contain data and data products mainly from observations or reconstruction. The eVolv2k project is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) in the framework of the priority programme “Antarctic Research with comparative investigations in Arctic ice areas” through grant TO 967/1-1. Summary: This dataset contains ice core-based estimates of volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections covering the years 500 BCE to 1900 CE. Ice core-derived volcanic sulfate deposition composites for Antarctica (Sigl et al., 2014) and Greenland (Sigl et al., 2015) are scaled to volcanic stratospheric sulfur injection based on a method similar to that of Gao et al., (2007). Sigl, M., Winstrup, M., McConnell, J. R., Welten, K. C., Plunkett, G., Ludlow, F., Büntgen, U., Caffee, M., Chellman, N., Dahl-Jensen, D., Fischer, H., Kipfstuhl, S., Kostick, C., Maselli, O. J., Mekhaldi, F., Mulvaney, R., Muscheler, R., Pasteris, D. R., Pilcher, J. R., Salzer, M., Schüpbach, S., Steffensen, J. P., Vinther, B. M. and Woodruff, T. E.: Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years, Nature, 523, 543-549, doi:10.1038/nature14565, 2015. Sigl, M., McConnell, J. R., Toohey, M., Curran, M., Das, S. B., Edwards, R., Isaksson, E., Kawamura, K., Kipfstuhl, S., Krüger, K., Layman, L., Maselli, O. J., Motizuki, Y., Motoyama, H., Pasteris, D. R. and Severi, M.: Insights from Antarctica on volcanic forcing during the Common Era, Nat. Clim. Chang., 4, 693-697, doi:10.1038/nclimate2293, 2014. Gao, C., Oman, L., Robock, A. and Stenchikov, G. L.: Atmospheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice cores: Accounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic deposition, J. Geophys. Res., 112(D9), doi:10.1029/2006JD007461, 2007.

The physical-chemical characteristics, abundances of zooplankton taxa, and the absence or presence of families of fish from 25 freshwater lakes in southeastern Ontario were analyzed to identify factors determining community structure. Field collection of zooplankton and lake water samples for chemical analysis were carried out in the summer of 2014 and paired with surveys of fish communities from historical Ministry of Natural Resources, Nature Conservatory of Canada and the Queen’s University Biology Station records. The principle component and redundancy analyses of the data produced a relatively small number of significant variables that contributed to variation in community composition across sites. Daphnia pulex and Skitodiaptomus oregonensis populations explained the most variation along the first and second principle components, respectively, (32.4% and 27.2%), with the Fundulidae and Cyprinidae families of fish and maximum lake depth playing a significant role in the observed variance of these communities. Pericidae, Salmonidae, Esocidae, Ictaluridae explained variation along the first principle component axis (38.3%) and Catostomidae and Cyprinidae were the families, in the study, most important in explaining variation along the second (16.6%), with total nitrogen contributing most significantly to the variation observed. Total nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, secchi depth and pH were the most important physical-chemical characteristics explaining variation of the abiotic conditions in the study lakes (70.0%). Understanding the functioning of freshwater systems and how different abiotic and biotic variables interact are critically important for conservation and management purposes. Applications of this study could include targeted habitat restoration based on determinants of community composition across functional levels.