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  • European Marine Science
  • 2018-2022
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  • European Marine Science

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Iqbal, Anas;

    The current farming system is highly reliant on synthetic fertilizers, which adversely affect soil quality, the environment, and crop production. Improving crop productivity on a sustainable basis is a challenging issue in the current agricultural system. To address this issue, we assumed that the combined use of manure and chemical fertilizers (CF) could improve rice grain yield and soil properties without the expense of the environment. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted to explore optimal fertilizer management strategies using a combination of CF and organic fertilizer in the form of cattle manure (CM) or poultry manure (PM). Manure was added at two levels and soil microbial biomass production, enzyme activities, nutrient content, as well as grain yield of rice were measured. The study consisted of six treatments: no N fertilizer control (Neg-Con); 100% chemical fertilizer (Pos-Con); 60% CM + 40% CF (High-CM); 30% CM + 70% CF (Low-CM); 60% PM + 40% CF (High-PM), and 30% PM + 70% CF (Low-PM). Results showed that the addition of manure significantly increased soil enzymatic activities such as soil invertase, acid phosphatase, urease, catalase, ꞵ-glucosidase, and cellulase as compared to sole chemical fertilizer application. Similarly, the combined fertilizers application led to significant increases in soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorous (AP) and rice yield. Average increases in soil MBC, MBN, SOC AN, and AP in the 0–20 cm soil depth were 62.2%, 54.5%, 29.2%, 17.4%, and 19.8%, respectively, across the years in the High-CM treatment compared with the Pos-Con. In addition, the linear regression analysis showed that soil enzymatic activities were highly positively correlated with soil MBC and MBN. The PCA and linear regression analyses showed that the increased soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass production played a key role in the higher grain yield of rice. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the combined use of synthetic fertilizer and organic fertilizer in paddy fields could be beneficial for the farmers in southern China by improving soil functionality and yield of rice on a sustainable basis.

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    Authors: Perdigón Ferreira, Jhoniel; Rohner, Patrick; Lüpold, Stefan;

    Directional sexual selection drives the evolution of traits that are most closely linked to reproductive success, giving rise to trait exaggeration and sexual dimorphism. Exaggerated structures are often costly and, therefore, thought to be expressed in a condition-dependent manner. Sexual selection theory thus predicts a direct link between directional sexual selection, sexual dimorphism, and sex-specific condition dependence. However, only a handful of studies investigate the relationship between sexual dimorphism and condition dependence. Using 21 genetic lines of Drosophila prolongata, we here compared the degree of sexual dimorphism and sex-specific condition dependence, measured as allometric slopes, in sexually selected and non-sexual traits. Our data revealed male-biased sexual dimorphism in all traits examined, most prominently in the sexually selected forelegs. However, there was no relationship between the degree of sex-specific condition dependence and sexual dimorphism across traits and genetic lines. Our results contradict theoretical predictions and highlight the importance of understanding the role of exaggerated traits in the context of both sexual and natural selection. Data were collected as described in paper.

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    Authors: Majoros, Sam;

    The data here includes character matrices and phylogenetic trees used in the analysis outlined at github.com/S-Majoros/Phylogenetic_Community_Structure_Code.r. A family-level phylogenetic tree, i.e. treating each family as one tip, was created using the phylogenetic hypothesis provided in Zhang et al. (2018) based upon 95 protein-coding genes. A genus-level tree was created using Zhang et al. (2018) and some additional trees (Michat et al. (2017) was used for Dytiscidae, Nie et al. (2017) for Chrysomelidae, and Gusarov (2018) for Staphylinidae). All trees were constructed manually using Mesquite (Maddison & Maddison 2019). Character matrices were built for each analysis. Characters/traits were found for each family based on the literature (references are available in Appendix 3 of the paper). The traits that describe the majority of members of a given family were used; this included habitat (terrestrial or aquatic) and feeding mode (predaceous, phytophagous, or fungivorous).We defined terrestrial as taxa that live primarily in land habitats and aquatic as taxa that live primarily in water bodies and habitats. Predaceous taxa were defined as those who prey on other insects or animals, phytophagous taxa as those who feed primarily on plant material, and fungivores as those who feed primarily on fungi. Each character matrix contains the family or genus name, NRI/NTI value, habitat, adult diet and larval diet. Gusarov, V.I. (2018). Phylogeny of the family Staphylinidae based molecular data: a review. In Betz, O., Irmler, U. & Klimaszewski, J. (Eds.), Biology of rove beetles (Staphylinidae): Life history, evolution, ecology and distribution (pp. 7-25). Springer International Publishing, Switzerland Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R. (2019). Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.61. http://www.mesquiteproject.org Michat, M.C., Alarie, Y & Miller, K.B. (2017). Higher-level phylogeny of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) based on larval characters. Systematic Entomology, 42(4), 734-767. doi: 10.1111/syen.12243 Nie, R-E, Breeschoten, T., Timmermans, M.J.T.N., Nadein, K., Xue, H-J., Bai, M., Huang, Y., Yang, X-K & Vogler, A.P. (2018). The phylogeny of Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the performance of mitochondrial genomes in phylogenetic inference compared to nuclear rRNA genes. Cladistics, 34(2), 113-130. doi: 10.1111/cla.12196 Zhang, S.-Q., Che, L.-H., Li, Y., Liang, D., Pang, H., Ślipiński, S.A. & Zhang, P. (2018). Evolutionary history of Coleoptera revealed by extensive sampling of genes and species. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02644-4 Post-glacial dispersal and colonization processes have shaped community patterns in sub-Arctic regions such as Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. This study investigates evolutionary community structure within the beetle (Coleoptera) families of Churchill and tests whether biological traits have played a role in governing colonization patterns from refugial and southerly geographic regions. This study quantifies sub-Arctic beetle phylogenetic community structure for each family using the net relatedness index (NRI) and nearest taxon index (NTI), calculated using publicly available data from the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD); compares patterns across families with different traits (habitat, diet) using standard statistical analysis (ANOVA) as well as phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) using a family-level beetle phylogeny obtained from the literature; and compares community structure in Churchill with a region in southern Canada (Guelph, Ontario). These analyses were also repeated at a genus level. The dominant pattern detected in our study was that aquatic families were much better represented in Churchill compared to terrestrial families, when compared against richness sampled from across Canada and Alaska. Individually, most families showed significant phylogenetic clustering in Churchill, likely due to the strong environmental filtering present in Arctic environments. There was no significant difference in phylogenetic structure between Churchill and Guelph but with a trend towards stronger clustering in the North. Fungivores were significantly more overdispersed than other feeding modes, predators were significantly more clustered, and aquatic families showed significantly stronger clustering compared to terrestrial. This study contributes to our understanding of the traits and processes structuring insect biodiversity and macroecological trends in the sub-Arctic. All information needed for reuse of this dataset, as well as additonal files, is avaliable at github.com/S-Majoros/Phylogenetic_Community_Structure_Code.r. For character matrices: the Churchill family matrices are Coleoptera_Matrix_NRI.csv and Coleoptera_Matrix_NTI.csv, the Churchill genus matrices are Genus_NRI_Matrix_Churchill.csv and Genus_NTI_Matrix_Churchill.csv, the Guelph family matrices are Guelph_Matrix_NRI.csv and Guelph_Matrix_NTI.csv, and the Guelph genus matrices are Guelph_Genus_Matrix_NRI.csv and Guelph_Genus_Matrix_NTI.csv. For the phylogenetic trees, the Churchill family tree is Coleoptera_Tree_2020, the Churchill genus tree is Churchill_Genus_Tree, the Guelph family tree is Guelph_Tree_2, and the Guelph genus tree is GGTree.

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    Authors: Lee, Dong-Chan; Park, Hyeonmin;

    Goryeocrinus pentagrammos n. gen. n. sp. from the Jigunsan Formation of South Korea is described, which is the first diplobathrid record from Middle Ordovician (middle Darriwilian) of East Gondwana. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that G. pentagrammos is a member of the paraphyletic Rhodocrinitidae of the Diplobathrida and most closely related to Paradiabolocrinus from the Late Ordovician (Sandbian) of Laurentia. G. pentagrammos is characterized by having a pentameral, flat bowl-shaped calyx, conspicuous pentagrammatic ridge formed by bifurcated median ray ridge and pentagonal basal ridge, at least two interradials in the first row of regular interrays, and anitaxial ridge originating from CD interray but close to C ray radial, and lacking intrabrachials and interradials between secundibrachials. The occurrence of G. pentagrammos from South Korea (East Gondwana) drastically expands Ordovician paleogeographic range of the camerates which have otherwise been recorded from Laurentia, West Gondwana, Avalonia, and Baltica.

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    DRYAD; ZENODO
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      DRYAD; ZENODO
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    Authors: Ragan, Izabela; Sullivan, Elizabeth; Hartson, Lindsay; Bowen, Richard; +1 Authors

    Background Monkeypox virus has recently emerged from endemic foci in Africa and, to date, several hundred human infections have been reported from at least 16 non-African countries. The detection of virus in skin lesions, blood, semen, and saliva of infected patients with monkeypox infections raises the potential for disease transmission via routes that have not been previously documented, including by blood and plasma transfusions. Methods for protecting the blood supply against the threats of newly emerging disease agents exist and include Pathogen Reduction Technologies (PRT) which utilize photochemical treatment processes to inactivate pathogens in blood while preserving the integrity of plasma and cellular components. Such methods have been employed broadly for over 15 years, but effectiveness of these methods under routine use conditions against monkeypox virus has not been reported. Results The levels of spiked virus present in whole blood and plasma samples exceeded 103 infectious particles per dose, corresponding to greater than 105 DNA copies per mL. Treatment of whole blood and plasma units under standard operating procedures for the Mirasol PRT System resulted in complete inactivation of infectivity to the limits of detection. This is equivalent to a reduction of ≥ 2.86 +/- 0.73 log10 pfu/mL of infectivity in whole blood and ≥ 3.47 +/-0.19 log10 pfu/mL of infectivity in plasma under standard operating conditions for those products. Conclusion Based on this data and corresponding studies on infectivity in patients with monkeypox infections, use of Mirasol PRT would be expected to significantly reduce the risk of transfusion transmission of monkeypox. Monkeypox virus (strain USA_2003) was used to inoculate plasma and whole blood units that were then treated with riboflavin and UV light (Mirasol Pathogen Reduction Technology System, Terumo BCT, Lakewood, CO). The infectious titers of monkeypox virus in the samples before and after riboflavin + UV treatment were determined by plaque assay on Vero cells.

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    Authors: Baumgardt, Jeremy; Sliwa, Kathryn; DeYoung, Randall;

    Wildlife play an important role in the emergence of livestock diseases and their movements can complicate disease management efforts. One of the most significant vector-borne diseases of livestock worldwide is bovine babesiosis, spread by cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus (=Boophilus) microplus and R. (B.) annulatus. Although cattle fever ticks were eradicated from the U.S. by 1943, bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks are prevalent in México. Recently, management of cattle fever ticks in the Texas-México region has been complicated by the presence of free-ranging, exotic nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Nilgai are abundant, are competent hosts for cattle fever ticks, and make long-distance movements. The goal of this study was to better understand nilgai movements and space use to inform cattle fever tick treatment strategies. We analyzed hourly locations from 40 GPS-collared nilgai in Cameron County, TX, USA, from April 2019–September 2020. We assigned each nilgai a movement behavior using the net squared displacement metric. We estimated nilgai home range sizes at different temporal scales (monthly, seasonally, and overall) using Brownian bridge movement models. We calculated average movement metrics, activity patterns, and space use of nilgai using the Euclidean distance between locations. We observed movement patterns consistent with residency (52.5%), seasonal movers (17.5%), dispersal (5%), and unclassified (25%). Two young females made separate dispersal movements of about 40 km from their initial capture location. Overall, nilgai had large and highly variable home ranges: annual median home range estimate for females was 563 ha (range = 105–1,545) and for males was 937 ha (range = 221–1,602). Peak nilgai movements occurred during crepuscular hours, and median hourly movement for females was 57 m/hr and for males was 66 m/hr. Nilgai home ranges and long-distance movements have the potential to overlap multiple ranches, as the typical ranch size in South Texas ranges from 250–6,000 ha. Female dispersal can increase the rate at which viable nilgai populations can be established in new areas with implications for disease spread and management. Understanding these behaviors will help the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program develop more efficacious treatment strategies to treat infestations in nilgai. Nilgai_41: Data are hourly locations from 40 nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) from 1 April 2019 through 30 September 2020. Time span varies for most individuals due to recapture and removal of collars to deploy elsewhere or mortality event. Easting and northing are WGS 84, zone 14. Nilgai_movement_caps: Locations of 21 Nilgai for the 60-day period centered on capture. Nilgai were captured using aerial net-gunning. Nilgai_movement_ID: contains the sex and age information for individuals in the Nilgai_movement_caps dataset. Nilgai_sirvival_data: Survival data for 125 captured nilgai for 30 days where day 0 is day of capture. Nilgai were captured using aerial net-gunning.

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      DRYAD; ZENODO
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    Authors: Gilger, Brian;

    A Major histocompatibility mismatch chronic OGvHD murine model was evaluated. Seven days after HSCT, mice were dosed subconjunctivally with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 (1e9vg/eye), topical cyclosporine (CSA) (twice daily), or left untreated. Body weights and tear production (red thread test) were recorded, and eyelid, corneal opacity, and corneal fluorescein retention were scored through day 44 after HSCT. Body weights were recorded prior to ocular injections and every other day thereafter. Tear production was recorded weekly by using phenol red threads (PRT) (Zone Quick Tread, Oasis Medical, San Dimas, CA, USA) placed into the lateral canthus of the eye for 20 s, and the amount of tear fluid was recorded in mm. Clinical scores (0-4) of eyelid inflammation, corneal opacity, and corneal fluorescein retention were recorded, following slit lamp biomicroscopy (KOWA SL-17, Torrance, CA), three times per week through day 44 after HSCT with the observer masked to the treatment groups. The most prominent clinical signs affecting ocular tissue following allogenic HSCT manifested as lid margin, cornea, and corneal fluorescein retention score changes. Individual mice received a score of 0-4 for the grade of each category. Each database sheet (Tab) has the same organizational format, with columns of Mouse ID (identification), Cohort, Treatment (CSA-cyclosporine; AAV-HLAG1/5 (subconjunctival) or no treatment. The timepoint is the day following HSCT. and finally, the score assigned (based on the description previously). Eyelid Score Tab: Lid margins were evaluated on the severity of edema, skin swelling, and if the eyelids were able to open. Cornea Scores Tab: The clinical scale of corneal involvement ranged from normal and clear to variable stages of keratopathy to corneal ulcerations. Fluorescein Retention Scores Tab: Corneal fluorescein retention scores were evaluated based on geographic coverage and density of the stain. PRT Scores Tab: Phenol red thread tear evaluation. This a measurement of tear production using the PRT thread. The values are read in mm of wetting over 20 seconds. Weights % Tab: body weights and percentage of baseline of the mice over time Histology Scores Tab: Histology scores: Additionally, histologic images of the cornea and limbus were collected and analyzed using ImageJ software to measure epithelial, stromal, and total corneal thickness. Epithelial thickness is the thickness in uM of the corneal epithelium, corneal thickness is the total corneal thickness in uM, and ratio is the ratio of the epithelial thickness to total corneal thickness. The #cells at the limbus is the number of mononuclear cells at the superior limbus quantitated in an area measuring 20x20um from the limbus extending posteriorly. Ocular graft versus host disease (OGvHD) develops in nearly 50% of patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and frequently manifests as dry eye disease (DED). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a single subconjunctival (SCJ) dose of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy encoding human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) isoforms 1 and 5 to induce ocular immune tolerance and inhibit development of clinical signs of OGvHD. Microscoft Excel database

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    DRYAD; ZENODO
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      DRYAD; ZENODO
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    Authors: Jauregui-Lazo, Javier; Brinda, John C.; Consortium, GoFlag; Mishler, Brent D.;

    Premise: To address the biodiversity crisis, we need to understand the evolution of all organisms and how they fill geographic and ecological space. Syntrichia is one of the most diverse and dominant genera of mosses, ranging from alpine habitats to desert biocrusts, yet its evolutionary history remains unclear. Results: We found 10 major well-resolved subclades of Syntrichia that possess geographical or morphological coherence, in some cases representing previously accepted genera. We infer that the extant species diversity of Syntrichia likely originated in South America in the early Eocene (56.5–43.8 mya), subsequently expanded its distribution to the neotropics, and finally dispersed to the northern hemisphere. There, the clade experienced a recent diversification (15–12 mya) into a broad set of ecological niches (e.g., the S. caninervis and S. ruralis complexes). The transition from terricolous to either saxicolous or epiphytic habitats occurred more than once and was associated with changes in water-related traits. Conclusions: Our study provides a framework for understanding the evolutionary history of Syntrichia through the combination of morphological and molecular characters, revealing that migration events that shaped the current distribution of the clade have implications for morphological character evolution in relation to niche diversity. We present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Syntrichia, based on both molecular and morphological data, with most of the named species and closest outgroups represented. In addition, we provide ancestral-state reconstructions of water-related traits and a global biogeographic analysis.

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    ZENODO
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      ZENODO
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    Authors: Adhikari, Binaya; Baral, Kedar; Bhandari, Shivish; Szydlowski, Michelle; +4 Authors

    Anthropogenic pressures in human-dominated landscapes often contribute to wildlife mortality. Carnivores are especially vulnerable to human-induced mortality due to the perceived threat to livestock and humans. Despite having widespread conservation implications, carnivore mortality data has been largely underutilized within Nepal. This study utilized Maxent to identify high-risk areas and explore the contribution of habitat attributes associated with carnivore mortality using the casualty database within the Gandaki province of central Nepal. We categorized the risk to carnivore species in three taxonomic groups: Felid, Viverridae, and Herpestidae, and identified a 3704 km2 area within the province at high risk for carnivore casualty. The middle mountains were the riskiest physiographic zone, and the Annapurna Conservation Area represented the largest risk zone among the four protected areas. Agricultural land was the most problematic area in terms of carnivore casualty. The human population was positively associated with high-risk areas and the number of casualties, whereas protected area cover had a negative association. This study identified that the common leopard was at the highest risk of mortality and therefore would benefit from the implementation of an action plan and species-specific conservation strategies, especially within identified high-risk zones. An expansion of protected areas in the middle mountain region would serve to greatly reduce carnivore casualty. Species distribution modeling can be further used with national-level spatial and temporal mortality data to identify the most prominent casualty times and pinpoint potential casualty locations throughout the country. This data sheet was collected by visiting the division forest office, rescue center, and protected area offices within the province.

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    DRYAD; ZENODO
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      DRYAD; ZENODO
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    Authors: Goud, Ellie; Agrawal, Anurag; Sparks, Jed;

    Despite long-standing theory for classifying plant ecological strategies, limited data directly links organismal traits to whole-plant growth rates. We compared trait-growth relationships based on three prominent theories: growth analysis, Grime's competitive-stress tolerant-ruderal (CSR) triangle, and the leaf economics spectrum (LES). Under these schemes, growth is hypothesized to be predicted by traits related to relative biomass investment, leaf structure or gas exchange, respectively. We also considered traits not included in these theories, but that might provide potential alternative best predictors of growth. In phylogenetic analyses of 30 diverse milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) and 21 morphological and physiological traits, growth rate (total biomass produced per day) varied 50-fold and was best predicted by biomass allocation to leaves (as predicted by growth analysis) and the CSR traits of leaf size and leaf dry matter content. Total leaf area and plant height were also excellent predictors of whole-plant growth rate. Despite two LES traits correlating with growth (mass-based leaf nitrogen and area-based leaf phosphorus contents), these were in the opposite direction predicted by LES, such that higher N and P contents corresponded to slower growth. The remaining LES traits (e.g., leaf gas exchange) were not predictive of plant growth rates. Overall, differences in growth rate were driven more by whole-plant characteristics such as biomass fractions and total leaf area than individual leaf-level traits such as photosynthetic rate or specific leaf area. Our results are most consistent with classical growth analysis - combining leaf traits with whole-plant allocation to best predict growth. However, given that destructive biomass measures are often not feasible, applying easy-to-measure leaf traits associated with the CSR classification appear more predictive of whole plant growth than LES traits. Testing the generality of this result across additional taxa would further improve our ability to predict whole-plant growth from functional traits across scales.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Iqbal, Anas;

    The current farming system is highly reliant on synthetic fertilizers, which adversely affect soil quality, the environment, and crop production. Improving crop productivity on a sustainable basis is a challenging issue in the current agricultural system. To address this issue, we assumed that the combined use of manure and chemical fertilizers (CF) could improve rice grain yield and soil properties without the expense of the environment. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted to explore optimal fertilizer management strategies using a combination of CF and organic fertilizer in the form of cattle manure (CM) or poultry manure (PM). Manure was added at two levels and soil microbial biomass production, enzyme activities, nutrient content, as well as grain yield of rice were measured. The study consisted of six treatments: no N fertilizer control (Neg-Con); 100% chemical fertilizer (Pos-Con); 60% CM + 40% CF (High-CM); 30% CM + 70% CF (Low-CM); 60% PM + 40% CF (High-PM), and 30% PM + 70% CF (Low-PM). Results showed that the addition of manure significantly increased soil enzymatic activities such as soil invertase, acid phosphatase, urease, catalase, ꞵ-glucosidase, and cellulase as compared to sole chemical fertilizer application. Similarly, the combined fertilizers application led to significant increases in soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorous (AP) and rice yield. Average increases in soil MBC, MBN, SOC AN, and AP in the 0–20 cm soil depth were 62.2%, 54.5%, 29.2%, 17.4%, and 19.8%, respectively, across the years in the High-CM treatment compared with the Pos-Con. In addition, the linear regression analysis showed that soil enzymatic activities were highly positively correlated with soil MBC and MBN. The PCA and linear regression analyses showed that the increased soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass production played a key role in the higher grain yield of rice. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the combined use of synthetic fertilizer and organic fertilizer in paddy fields could be beneficial for the farmers in southern China by improving soil functionality and yield of rice on a sustainable basis.

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    DRYAD; ZENODO
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    Authors: Perdigón Ferreira, Jhoniel; Rohner, Patrick; Lüpold, Stefan;

    Directional sexual selection drives the evolution of traits that are most closely linked to reproductive success, giving rise to trait exaggeration and sexual dimorphism. Exaggerated structures are often costly and, therefore, thought to be expressed in a condition-dependent manner. Sexual selection theory thus predicts a direct link between directional sexual selection, sexual dimorphism, and sex-specific condition dependence. However, only a handful of studies investigate the relationship between sexual dimorphism and condition dependence. Using 21 genetic lines of Drosophila prolongata, we here compared the degree of sexual dimorphism and sex-specific condition dependence, measured as allometric slopes, in sexually selected and non-sexual traits. Our data revealed male-biased sexual dimorphism in all traits examined, most prominently in the sexually selected forelegs. However, there was no relationship between the degree of sex-specific condition dependence and sexual dimorphism across traits and genetic lines. Our results contradict theoretical predictions and highlight the importance of understanding the role of exaggerated traits in the context of both sexual and natural selection. Data were collected as described in paper.

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    Authors: Majoros, Sam;

    The data here includes character matrices and phylogenetic trees used in the analysis outlined at github.com/S-Majoros/Phylogenetic_Community_Structure_Code.r. A family-level phylogenetic tree, i.e. treating each family as one tip, was created using the phylogenetic hypothesis provided in Zhang et al. (2018) based upon 95 protein-coding genes. A genus-level tree was created using Zhang et al. (2018) and some additional trees (Michat et al. (2017) was used for Dytiscidae, Nie et al. (2017) for Chrysomelidae, and Gusarov (2018) for Staphylinidae). All trees were constructed manually using Mesquite (Maddison & Maddison 2019). Character matrices were built for each analysis. Characters/traits were found for each family based on the literature (references are available in Appendix 3 of the paper). The traits that describe the majority of members of a given family were used; this included habitat (terrestrial or aquatic) and feeding mode (predaceous, phytophagous, or fungivorous).We defined terrestrial as taxa that live primarily in land habitats and aquatic as taxa that live primarily in water bodies and habitats. Predaceous taxa were defined as those who prey on other insects or animals, phytophagous taxa as those who feed primarily on plant material, and fungivores as those who feed primarily on fungi. Each character matrix contains the family or genus name, NRI/NTI value, habitat, adult diet and larval diet. Gusarov, V.I. (2018). Phylogeny of the family Staphylinidae based molecular data: a review. In Betz, O., Irmler, U. & Klimaszewski, J. (Eds.), Biology of rove beetles (Staphylinidae): Life history, evolution, ecology and distribution (pp. 7-25). Springer International Publishing, Switzerland Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R. (2019). Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.61. http://www.mesquiteproject.org Michat, M.C., Alarie, Y & Miller, K.B. (2017). Higher-level phylogeny of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) based on larval characters. Systematic Entomology, 42(4), 734-767. doi: 10.1111/syen.12243 Nie, R-E, Breeschoten, T., Timmermans, M.J.T.N., Nadein, K., Xue, H-J., Bai, M., Huang, Y., Yang, X-K & Vogler, A.P. (2018). The phylogeny of Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the performance of mitochondrial genomes in phylogenetic inference compared to nuclear rRNA genes. Cladistics, 34(2), 113-130. doi: 10.1111/cla.12196 Zhang, S.-Q., Che, L.-H., Li, Y., Liang, D., Pang, H., Ślipiński, S.A. & Zhang, P. (2018). Evolutionary history of Coleoptera revealed by extensive sampling of genes and species. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02644-4 Post-glacial dispersal and colonization processes have shaped community patterns in sub-Arctic regions such as Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. This study investigates evolutionary community structure within the beetle (Coleoptera) families of Churchill and tests whether biological traits have played a role in governing colonization patterns from refugial and southerly geographic regions. This study quantifies sub-Arctic beetle phylogenetic community structure for each family using the net relatedness index (NRI) and nearest taxon index (NTI), calculated using publicly available data from the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD); compares patterns across families with different traits (habitat, diet) using standard statistical analysis (ANOVA) as well as phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) using a family-level beetle phylogeny obtained from the literature; and compares community structure in Churchill with a region in southern Canada (Guelph, Ontario). These analyses were also repeated at a genus level. The dominant pattern detected in our study was that aquatic families were much better represented in Churchill compared to terrestrial families, when compared against richness sampled from across Canada and Alaska. Individually, most families showed significant phylogenetic clustering in Churchill, likely due to the strong environmental filtering present in Arctic environments. There was no significant difference in phylogenetic structure between Churchill and Guelph but with a trend towards stronger clustering in the North. Fungivores were significantly more overdispersed than other feeding modes, predators were significantly more clustered, and aquatic families showed significantly stronger clustering compared to terrestrial. This study contributes to our understanding of the traits and processes structuring insect biodiversity and macroecological trends in the sub-Arctic. All information needed for reuse of this dataset, as well as additonal files, is avaliable at github.com/S-Majoros/Phylogenetic_Community_Structure_Code.r. For character matrices: the Churchill family matrices are Coleoptera_Matrix_NRI.csv and Coleoptera_Matrix_NTI.csv, the Churchill genus matrices are Genus_NRI_Matrix_Churchill.csv and Genus_NTI_Matrix_Churchill.csv, the Guelph family matrices are Guelph_Matrix_NRI.csv and Guelph_Matrix_NTI.csv, and the Guelph genus matrices are Guelph_Genus_Matrix_NRI.csv and Guelph_Genus_Matrix_NTI.csv. For the phylogenetic trees, the Churchill family tree is Coleoptera_Tree_2020, the Churchill genus tree is Churchill_Genus_Tree, the Guelph family tree is Guelph_Tree_2, and the Guelph genus tree is GGTree.

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    Authors: Lee, Dong-Chan; Park, Hyeonmin;

    Goryeocrinus pentagrammos n. gen. n. sp. from the Jigunsan Formation of South Korea is described, which is the first diplobathrid record from Middle Ordovician (middle Darriwilian) of East Gondwana. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that G. pentagrammos is a member of the paraphyletic Rhodocrinitidae of the Diplobathrida and most closely related to Paradiabolocrinus from the Late Ordovician (Sandbian) of Laurentia. G. pentagrammos is characterized by having a pentameral, flat bowl-shaped calyx, conspicuous pentagrammatic ridge formed by bifurcated median ray ridge and pentagonal basal ridge, at least two interradials in the first row of regular interrays, and anitaxial ridge originating from CD interray but close to C ray radial, and lacking intrabrachials and interradials between secundibrachials. The occurrence of G. pentagrammos from South Korea (East Gondwana) drastically expands Ordovician paleogeographic range of the camerates which have otherwise been recorded from Laurentia, West Gondwana, Avalonia, and Baltica.

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    Authors: Ragan, Izabela; Sullivan, Elizabeth; Hartson, Lindsay; Bowen, Richard; +1 Authors

    Background Monkeypox virus has recently emerged from endemic foci in Africa and, to date, several hundred human infections have been reported from at least 16 non-African countries. The detection of virus in skin lesions, blood, semen, and saliva of infected patients with monkeypox infections raises the potential for disease transmission via routes that have not been previously documented, including by blood and plasma transfusions. Methods for protecting the blood supply against the threats of newly emerging disease agents exist and include Pathogen Reduction Technologies (PRT) which utilize photochemical treatment processes to inactivate pathogens in blood while preserving the integrity of plasma and cellular components. Such methods have been employed broadly for over 15 years, but effectiveness of these methods under routine use conditions against monkeypox virus has not been reported. Results The levels of spiked virus present in whole blood and plasma samples exceeded 103 infectious particles per dose, corresponding to greater than 105 DNA copies per mL. Treatment of whole blood and plasma units under standard operating procedures for the Mirasol PRT System resulted in complete inactivation of infectivity to the limits of detection. This is equivalent to a reduction of ≥ 2.86 +/- 0.73 log10 pfu/mL of infectivity in whole blood and ≥ 3.47 +/-0.19 log10 pfu/mL of infectivity in plasma under standard operating conditions for those products. Conclusion Based on this data and corresponding studies on infectivity in patients with monkeypox infections, use of Mirasol PRT would be expected to significantly reduce the risk of transfusion transmission of monkeypox. Monkeypox virus (strain USA_2003) was used to inoculate plasma and whole blood units that were then treated with riboflavin and UV light (Mirasol Pathogen Reduction Technology System, Terumo BCT, Lakewood, CO). The infectious titers of monkeypox virus in the samples before and after riboflavin + UV treatment were determined by plaque assay on Vero cells.

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    Authors: Baumgardt, Jeremy; Sliwa, Kathryn; DeYoung, Randall;

    Wildlife play an important role in the emergence of livestock diseases and their movements can complicate disease management efforts. One of the most significant vector-borne diseases of livestock worldwide is bovine babesiosis, spread by cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus (=Boophilus) microplus and R. (B.) annulatus. Although cattle fever ticks were eradicated from the U.S. by 1943, bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks are prevalent in México. Recently, management of cattle fever ticks in the Texas-México region has been complicated by the presence of free-ranging, exotic nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Nilgai are abundant, are competent hosts for cattle fever ticks, and make long-distance movements. The goal of this study was to better understand nilgai movements and space use to inform cattle fever tick treatment strategies. We analyzed hourly locations from 40 GPS-collared nilgai in Cameron County, TX, USA, from April 2019–September 2020. We assigned each nilgai a movement behavior using the net squared displacement metric. We estimated nilgai home range sizes at different temporal scales (monthly, seasonally, and overall) using Brownian bridge movement models. We calculated average movement metrics, activity patterns, and space use of nilgai using the Euclidean distance between locations. We observed movement patterns consistent with residency (52.5%), seasonal movers (17.5%), dispersal (5%), and unclassified (25%). Two young females made separate dispersal movements of about 40 km from their initial capture location. Overall, nilgai had large and highly variable home ranges: annual median home range estimate for females was 563 ha (range = 105–1,545) and for males was 937 ha (range = 221–1,602). Peak nilgai movements occurred during crepuscular hours, and median hourly movement for females was 57 m/hr and for males was 66 m/hr. Nilgai home ranges and long-distance movements have the potential to overlap multiple ranches, as the typical ranch size in South Texas ranges from 250–6,000 ha. Female dispersal can increase the rate at which viable nilgai populations can be established in new areas with implications for disease spread and management. Understanding these behaviors will help the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program develop more efficacious treatment strategies to treat infestations in nilgai. Nilgai_41: Data are hourly locations from 40 nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) from 1 April 2019 through 30 September 2020. Time span varies for most individuals due to recapture and removal of collars to deploy elsewhere or mortality event. Easting and northing are WGS 84, zone 14. Nilgai_movement_caps: Locations of 21 Nilgai for the 60-day period centered on capture. Nilgai were captured using aerial net-gunning. Nilgai_movement_ID: contains the sex and age information for individuals in the Nilgai_movement_caps dataset. Nilgai_sirvival_data: Survival data for 125 captured nilgai for 30 days where day 0 is day of capture. Nilgai were captured using aerial net-gunning.

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    Authors: Gilger, Brian;

    A Major histocompatibility mismatch chronic OGvHD murine model was evaluated. Seven days after HSCT, mice were dosed subconjunctivally with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 (1e9vg/eye), topical cyclosporine (CSA) (twice daily), or left untreated. Body weights and tear production (red thread test) were recorded, and eyelid, corneal opacity, and corneal fluorescein retention were scored through day 44 after HSCT. Body weights were recorded prior to ocular injections and every other day thereafter. Tear production was recorded weekly by using phenol red threads (PRT) (Zone Quick Tread, Oasis Medical, San Dimas, CA, USA) placed into the lateral canthus of the eye for 20 s, and the amount of tear fluid was recorded in mm. Clinical scores (0-4) of eyelid inflammation, corneal opacity, and corneal fluorescein retention were recorded, following slit lamp biomicroscopy (KOWA SL-17, Torrance, CA), three times per week through day 44 after HSCT with the observer masked to the treatment groups. The most prominent clinical signs affecting ocular tissue following allogenic HSCT manifested as lid margin, cornea, and corneal fluorescein retention score changes. Individual mice received a score of 0-4 for the grade of each category. Each database sheet (Tab) has the same organizational format, with columns of Mouse ID (identification), Cohort, Treatment (CSA-cyclosporine; AAV-HLAG1/5 (subconjunctival) or no treatment. The timepoint is the day following HSCT. and finally, the score assigned (based on the description previously). Eyelid Score Tab: Lid margins were evaluated on the severity of edema, skin swelling, and if the eyelids were able to open. Cornea Scores Tab: The clinical scale of corneal involvement ranged from normal and clear to variable stages of keratopathy to corneal ulcerations. Fluorescein Retention Scores Tab: Corneal fluorescein retention scores were evaluated based on geographic coverage and density of the stain. PRT Scores Tab: Phenol red thread tear evaluation. This a measurement of tear production using the PRT thread. The values are read in mm of wetting over 20 seconds. Weights % Tab: body weights and percentage of baseline of the mice over time Histology Scores Tab: Histology scores: Additionally, histologic images of the cornea and limbus were collected and analyzed using ImageJ software to measure epithelial, stromal, and total corneal thickness. Epithelial thickness is the thickness in uM of the corneal epithelium, corneal thickness is the total corneal thickness in uM, and ratio is the ratio of the epithelial thickness to total corneal thickness. The #cells at the limbus is the number of mononuclear cells at the superior limbus quantitated in an area measuring 20x20um from the limbus extending posteriorly. Ocular graft versus host disease (OGvHD) develops in nearly 50% of patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and frequently manifests as dry eye disease (DED). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a single subconjunctival (SCJ) dose of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy encoding human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) isoforms 1 and 5 to induce ocular immune tolerance and inhibit development of clinical signs of OGvHD. Microscoft Excel database

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    Authors: Jauregui-Lazo, Javier; Brinda, John C.; Consortium, GoFlag; Mishler, Brent D.;

    Premise: To address the biodiversity crisis, we need to understand the evolution of all organisms and how they fill geographic and ecological space. Syntrichia is one of the most diverse and dominant genera of mosses, ranging from alpine habitats to desert biocrusts, yet its evolutionary history remains unclear. Results: We found 10 major well-resolved subclades of Syntrichia that possess geographical or morphological coherence, in some cases representing previously accepted genera. We infer that the extant species diversity of Syntrichia likely originated in South America in the early Eocene (56.5–43.8 mya), subsequently expanded its distribution to the neotropics, and finally dispersed to the northern hemisphere. There, the clade experienced a recent diversification (15–12 mya) into a broad set of ecological niches (e.g., the S. caninervis and S. ruralis complexes). The transition from terricolous to either saxicolous or epiphytic habitats occurred more than once and was associated with changes in water-related traits. Conclusions: Our study provides a framework for understanding the evolutionary history of Syntrichia through the combination of morphological and molecular characters, revealing that migration events that shaped the current distribution of the clade have implications for morphological character evolution in relation to niche diversity. We present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Syntrichia, based on both molecular and morphological data, with most of the named species and closest outgroups represented. In addition, we provide ancestral-state reconstructions of water-related traits and a global biogeographic analysis.

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2022
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    DRYAD
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    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2022
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      Data sources: ZENODO
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      Data sources: Datacite
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    Authors: Adhikari, Binaya; Baral, Kedar; Bhandari, Shivish; Szydlowski, Michelle; +4 Authors

    Anthropogenic pressures in human-dominated landscapes often contribute to wildlife mortality. Carnivores are especially vulnerable to human-induced mortality due to the perceived threat to livestock and humans. Despite having widespread conservation implications, carnivore mortality data has been largely underutilized within Nepal. This study utilized Maxent to identify high-risk areas and explore the contribution of habitat attributes associated with carnivore mortality using the casualty database within the Gandaki province of central Nepal. We categorized the risk to carnivore species in three taxonomic groups: Felid, Viverridae, and Herpestidae, and identified a 3704 km2 area within the province at high risk for carnivore casualty. The middle mountains were the riskiest physiographic zone, and the Annapurna Conservation Area represented the largest risk zone among the four protected areas. Agricultural land was the most problematic area in terms of carnivore casualty. The human population was positively associated with high-risk areas and the number of casualties, whereas protected area cover had a negative association. This study identified that the common leopard was at the highest risk of mortality and therefore would benefit from the implementation of an action plan and species-specific conservation strategies, especially within identified high-risk zones. An expansion of protected areas in the middle mountain region would serve to greatly reduce carnivore casualty. Species distribution modeling can be further used with national-level spatial and temporal mortality data to identify the most prominent casualty times and pinpoint potential casualty locations throughout the country. This data sheet was collected by visiting the division forest office, rescue center, and protected area offices within the province.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DRYAD; ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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    DRYAD; ZENODO
    Dataset . 2022
    License: CC 0
    Data sources: Datacite; ZENODO
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      DRYAD; ZENODO
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    Authors: Goud, Ellie; Agrawal, Anurag; Sparks, Jed;

    Despite long-standing theory for classifying plant ecological strategies, limited data directly links organismal traits to whole-plant growth rates. We compared trait-growth relationships based on three prominent theories: growth analysis, Grime's competitive-stress tolerant-ruderal (CSR) triangle, and the leaf economics spectrum (LES). Under these schemes, growth is hypothesized to be predicted by traits related to relative biomass investment, leaf structure or gas exchange, respectively. We also considered traits not included in these theories, but that might provide potential alternative best predictors of growth. In phylogenetic analyses of 30 diverse milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) and 21 morphological and physiological traits, growth rate (total biomass produced per day) varied 50-fold and was best predicted by biomass allocation to leaves (as predicted by growth analysis) and the CSR traits of leaf size and leaf dry matter content. Total leaf area and plant height were also excellent predictors of whole-plant growth rate. Despite two LES traits correlating with growth (mass-based leaf nitrogen and area-based leaf phosphorus contents), these were in the opposite direction predicted by LES, such that higher N and P contents corresponded to slower growth. The remaining LES traits (e.g., leaf gas exchange) were not predictive of plant growth rates. Overall, differences in growth rate were driven more by whole-plant characteristics such as biomass fractions and total leaf area than individual leaf-level traits such as photosynthetic rate or specific leaf area. Our results are most consistent with classical growth analysis - combining leaf traits with whole-plant allocation to best predict growth. However, given that destructive biomass measures are often not feasible, applying easy-to-measure leaf traits associated with the CSR classification appear more predictive of whole plant growth than LES traits. Testing the generality of this result across additional taxa would further improve our ability to predict whole-plant growth from functional traits across scales.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DRYAD; Federated Res...arrow_drop_down
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