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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sandra Díaz; Josef Settele; Eduardo S. Brondizio; Hien T. Ngo; +24 Authors

    Fil: Díaz, Sandra. Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina. Fil: Díaz, Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil: Settele, Josef. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ. Department of Community Ecology; Alemania. Fil: Settele, Josef. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research–iDiv; Alemania. Fil: Brondízio, Eduardo S. Indiana University. Department of Anthropology; Estados Unidos. Fil: Ngo, Hien T. Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Secretariat; Alemania. Fil: Agard, John. University of the West Indies. Department of Life Sciences; Trinidad y Tobago. Fil: Arneth, Almut. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research. Atmospheric Environmental Research; Alemania. Fil: Balvanera, Patricia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad; México. Fil: Brauman, Kate A. University of Minnesota. Institute on the Environment; Estados Unidos. Fil: Butchart, Stuart H. BirdLife International; Reino Unido. Fil: Butchart, Stuart H. University of Cambridge. Department of Zoology; Reino Unido. Fil: Chan, Kai M. The University of British Columbia. Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability; Canada. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Fil: Ichii, Kazuhito. Chiba University. Center for Environmental Remote Sensing; Japón. Fil: Ichii, Kazuhito. National Institute for Environmental Studies. Center for Global Environmental Research; Japón. Fil: Liu, Jianguo. Michigan State University. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife. Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability; Estados Unidos. Fil: Subramanian, Suneetha M. United Nations University. Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability; Japón. Fil: Subramanian, Suneetha M. United Nations University. International Institute for Global Health; Malasia. Fil: Midgley, Guy F. Stellenbosch University. Department of Botany and Zoology. Global Change Biology Group; Sudáfrica. Fil: Miloslavich, Patricia. University of Tasmania. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies; Australia. Fil: Miloslavich, Patricia. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Oceans and Atmosphere; Australia. Fil: Miloslavich, Patricia. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Departamento de Estudios Ambientales; Venezuela. Fil: Molnár, Zsolt. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany; Hungría. Fil: Obura, David. Coastal Oceans Research and Development - Indian Ocean; Kenia. Fil: Obura, David. The University of Queensland. Global Climate Institute; Australia. Fil: Pfaff, Alexander. Duke University. Sanford School of Public Policy; Estados Unidos. Fil: Polasky, Stephen. University of Minnesota. Department of Applied Economics; Estados Unidos. Fil: Polasky, Stephen. University of Minnesota. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; Estados Unidos. Fil: Purvis, Andy. Natural History Museum. Department of Life Sciences; Reino Unido. Fil: Purvis, Andy. Imperial College London. Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment; Reino Unido. Fil: Razzaque, Jona. University of the West of England. Faculty of Business and Law. Department of Law; Reino Unido. Fil: Reyers, Belinda. Stockholm University. Stockholm Resilience Centre; Suecia. Fil: Reyers, Belinda. Stellenbosch University. Department of Conservation Ecology; Sudáfrica. Fil: Roy Chowdhury, Rinku. Clark University. Graduate School of Geography; Estados Unidos. Fil: Shin, Yunne J. University of Montpellier; Francia. Fil: Shin, Yunne J. University of Cape Town. Marine Research Institute. Department of Biological Sciences; Sudáfrica. Fil: Visseren Hamakers, Ingrid. George Mason University. Department of Environmental Science and Policy; Estados Unidos. Fil: Visseren Hamakers, Ingrid. Radboud University. Institute for Management Research; Países Bajos. Fil: Willis, Katherine J. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido. Fil: Willis, Katherine J. University of Oxford. Department of Zoology. Long-Term Ecology Laboratory; Reino Unido. Fil: Zayas, Cynthia N. University of the Philippines. Center for International Studies; Filipinas. The human impact on life on Earth has increased sharply since the 1970s, driven by the demands of a growing population with rising average per capita income. Nature is currently supplying more materials than ever before, but this has come at the high cost of unprecedented global declines in the extent and integrity of ecosystems, distinctness of local ecological communities, abundance and number of wild species, and the number of local domesticated varieties. Such changes reduce vital benefits that people receive from nature and threaten the quality of life of future generations. Both the benefits of an expanding economy and the costs of reducing nature’s benefits are unequally distributed. The fabric of life on which we all depend—nature and its contributions to people—is unravelling rapidly. Despite the severity of the threats and lack of enough progress in tackling them to date, opportunities exist to change future trajectories through transformative action. Such action must begin immediately, however, and address the root economic, social, and technological causes of nature’s deterioration.

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2019
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    Radboud Repository
    Article . 2019
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    Radboud Repository
    Article . 2019
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    NARCIS
    Article . 2019
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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2019
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      Horizon / Pleins textes
      Other literature type . 2019
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      Article . 2019
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      NARCIS
      Article . 2019
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      Article . 2019
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      Article . 2019
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Steffen Oppel; Mark Bolton; Ana P. B. Carneiro; Maria P. Dias; +73 Authors

    Knowing the spatial scales at which effective management can be implemented is fundamental for conservation planning. This is especially important for mobile species, which can be exposed to threats across large areas, but the space use requirements of different species can vary to an extent that might render some management approaches inefficient. Here the space use patterns of seabirds were examined to provide guidance on whether conservation management approaches should be tailored for taxonomic groups with different movement characteristics. Seabird tracking data were synthesised from 5419 adult breeding individuals of 52 species in ten families that were collected in the Atlantic Ocean basin between 1998 and 2017. Two key aspects of spatial distribution were quantified, namely how far seabirds ranged from their colony, and to what extent individuals from the same colony used the same areas at sea. There was evidence for substantial differences in patterns of space-use among the ten studied seabird families, indicating that several alternative conservation management approaches are needed. Several species exhibited large foraging ranges and little aggregation at sea, indicating that area-based conservation solutions would have to be extremely large to adequately protect such species. The results highlight that short-ranging and aggregating species such as cormorants, auks, some penguins, and gulls would benefit from conservation approaches at relatively small spatial scales during their breeding season. However, improved regulation of fisheries, bycatch, pollution and other threats over large spatial scales will be needed for wide-ranging and dispersed species such as albatrosses, petrels, storm petrels and frigatebirds. Fil: Oppel, Steffen. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; Fil: Bolton, Mark. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; Fil: Carneiro, Ana P.B.. Birdlife International; Fil: Dias, Maria P.. Birdlife International; Fil: Green, Jonathan A.. University of Liverpool; Reino Unido Fil: Masello, Juan F.. Justus Liebig University Giessen; Fil: Phillips, Richard A.. British Antarctic Survey; Fil: Owen, Ellie. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; Fil: Quillfeldt, Petra. Justus Liebig University Giessen; Fil: Beard, Annalea. Environmental And Natural Resources Directorate; Fil: Bertrand, Sophie. Universidad Federal Rural Pernambuco; Brasil. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Francia Fil: Blackburn, Jez. British Trust For Ornithology; Fil: Boersma, P. Dee. University Of Washington, Seattle; Fil: Borges, Alder. Projecto Vitó; Fil: Broderick, Annette C.. University of Exeter; Reino Unido Fil: Catry, Paulo. Ispa - Instituto Universitário; Portugal Fil: Cleasby, Ian. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; Fil: Clingham, Elizabeth. Environmental And Natural Resources Directorate; Fil: Creuwels, Jeroen. Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Fil: Crofts, Sarah. Falklands Conservation; Fil: Cuthbert, Richard J.. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; Fil: Dallmeijer, Hanneke. Veda Consultancy; Fil: Davies, Delia. University Of Cape Town; Fil: Davies, Rachel. Marinelife; Fil: Dilley, Ben J.. University Of Cape Town; Fil: Dinis, Herculano Andrade. Parque Natural Do Fogo; Fil: Dossa, Justine. Birdlife International; Fil: Dunn, Michael J.. British Antarctic Survey; Fil: Efe, Marcio A.. Universidade Federal de Alagoas; Brasil Fil: Fayet, Annette L.. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Figueiredo, Leila. Universidade Federal de Alagoas; Brasil Fil: Frederico, Adelcides Pereira. Projecto Vitó; Fil: Gjerdrum, Carina. Environment Canada; Canadá Fil: Godley, Brendan J.. University of Exeter; Reino Unido Fil: Granadeiro, José Pedro. Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal Fil: Guilford, Tim. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Hamer, Keith C.. University Of Leeds; Fil: Hazin, Carolina. Birdlife International; Fil: Hedd, April. Environment Canada; Canadá Fil: Henry, Leeann. Environmental And Natural Resources Directorate; Fil: Hernández-Montero, Marcos. Projeto Biodiversidade; Fil: Hinke, Jefferson. Noaa Fisheries Service; Fil: Kokubun, Nobuo. National Institute Of Polar Research; Fil: Leat, Eliza. Ascension Island Government; Fil: Tranquilla, Laura McFarlane. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; . Environmental And Natural Resources Directorate; Fil: Metzger, Benjamin. Birdlife Malta; Malta Fil: Militão, Teresa. Universidad de Barcelona; España Fil: Montrond, Gilson. Projecto Vitó; Fil: Mullié, Wim. Veda Consultancy; Fil: Padget, Oliver. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Pearmain, Elizabeth J.. Birdlife International; Fil: Pollet, Ingrid L.. Bird Studies Canada; Canadá Fil: Pütz, Klemens. Antarctic Research Trust; Fil: Quintana, Flavio Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina Fil: Ratcliffe, Norman. British Antarctic Survey; Fil: Ronconi, Robert A.. Environment Canada; Canadá Fil: Ryan, Peter G.. University Of Cape Town; Fil: Saldanha, Sarah. Universidad de Barcelona; España Fil: Shoji, Akiko. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Sim, Jolene. Ascension Island Government; Fil: Small, Cleo. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; Fil: Soanes, Louise. University of Liverpool; Reino Unido Fil: Takahashi, Akinori. National Institute Of Polar Research; Fil: Trathan, Phil. British Antarctic Survey; Fil: Trivelpiece, Wayne. Noaa Fisheries Service; Fil: Veen, Jan. Veda Consultancy; Fil: Wakefield, Ewan. University of Glasgow; Reino Unido Fil: Weber, Nicola. University of Exeter; Reino Unido. Ascension Island Government; Fil: Weber, Sam. Ascension Island Government; . University of Exeter; Reino Unido Fil: Zango, Laura. Universidad de Barcelona; España Fil: González-Solís, Jacob. Universidad de Barcelona; España Fil: Croxall, John. Birdlife International;

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Marine Policy
    Article
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    Repositório do ISPA
    Article . 2018
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Authors: Nicholas J. Bax; Nicholas J. Bax; Ward Appeltans; Russell Brainard; +27 Authors

    Developing enduring capacity to monitor ocean life requires investing in people and their institutions to build infrastructure, ownership, and long-term support networks. International initiatives can enhance access to scientific data, tools and methodologies, and develop local expertise to use them, but without ongoing engagement may fail to have lasting benefit. Linking capacity development and technology transfer to sustained ocean monitoring is a win-win proposition. Trained local experts will benefit from joining global communities of experts who are building the comprehensive Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). This two-way exchange will benefit scientists and policy makers in developing and developed countries. The first step toward the GOOS is complete: identification of an initial set of biological Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) that incorporate the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Essential Biological Variables (EBVs), and link to the physical and biogeochemical EOVs. EOVs provide a globally consistent approach to monitoring where the costs of monitoring oceans can be shared and where capacity and expertise can be transferred globally. Integrating monitoring with existing international reporting and policy development connects ocean observations with agreements underlying many countries' commitments and obligations, including under SDG 14, thus catalyzing progress toward sustained use of the ocean. Combining scientific expertise with international capacity development initiatives can help meet the need of developing countries to engage in the agreed United Nations (UN) initiatives including new negotiations for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, and the needs of the global community to understand how the ocean is changing.

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: OceanRep
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2018
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    Frontiers in Marine Science
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    Horizon / Pleins textes
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      OceanRep
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Marine Science
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      Horizon / Pleins textes
      Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Sigh, Sanne; Roos, Nanna; Chamnan, Chhoun; Laillou, Arnaud; +2 Authors

    and NumTrey, respectively). In addition, no statistically significant differences in secondary outcomes were found. Although the ability to draw conclusions was limited by lower weight gain than the desired 4 g/kg/day in both groups, no superiority was found for eitherRUTF. A locally produced RUTF is highly relevant to improve nutrition interventions in Cambodia. A locally produced fish-based RUTF is a relevant alternative to imported milk-based RUTF for the treatment of SAM in Cambodia. 59 months in the home-treatment for acute malnutrition. Effectiveness was tested in a single-blinded randomized controlled trial with weight gain as the primary outcome. Anthropometry was assessed at baseline and bi-weekly follow-ups until endline at Week 8. In total, 121 patients were randomized into BP-100TM (n = 61) or NumTrey (n = 60). There was no statistical difference in mean weight gain between the groups (1.06 g/kg/day Cambodia continues to have a high prevalence of acute malnutrition. Low acceptability has been found for standard ready-to-use-therapeutic-food (RUTF) products. Therefore, NumTrey, a locally-produced fish-based RUTF, was developed. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of NumTrey compared to an imported milk-based RUTF for weight gain among children aged 6&ndash 95% CI (0.72, 1.41) and 1.08 g/kg/day 95% CI (0.75, 1.41) for BP-100&trade

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    Nutrients
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2018
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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2018
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      Nutrients
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      Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Jérémy Gauthier; Philippe Gayral; Bruno Le Ru; Séverine Jancek; +4 Authors

    AbstractThe African parasitoid wasp Cotesia sesamiae is a generalist species structured in locally adapted populations showing differences in host range. The recent discovery of Cotesia typhae, a specialist, sister species to C. sesamiae, provides a good framework to study the genetic determinants of parasitoid host range. To investigate the genomic bases of divergence between these populations and species, we used a targeted sequencing approach on 24 samples. We targeted the bracovirus genomic region encoding virulence genes involved in the interaction with the lepidopteran hosts of the wasps. High sequencing coverage was obtained for all samples, allowing the study of genetic variation between wasp populations and species. By combining population genetic estimations, such as nucleotide diversity (π), relative differentiation (FST) and absolute divergence (dxy), with branch‐site dN/dS measures, we identified six of 98 bracovirus genes showing significant divergence and evidence of positive selection. These genes, belonging to different gene families, are potentially involved in host adaptation and in the specialization process. Fine‐scale analyses of genetic variation also revealed mutations and large deletions in certain genes inducing pseudogenization and loss of function. The image emerging from these results is that adaptation mediated by bracovirus genes happens through selection of particularly adaptive alleles and loss of nonadaptive genes. These results highlight the central role of the bracovirus in the molecular interactions between the wasps and their hosts and in the evolutionary processes of specialization.

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    Molecular Ecology
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    Molecular Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2018
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      Molecular Ecology
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      Molecular Ecology
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    Authors: Pascal Campagne; Claire Capdevielle-Dulac; R. Pasquet; Stephen J. Cornell; +4 Authors

    Since transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins were first released, resistance evolution leading to failure in control of pests populations has been observed in a number of species. Field resistance of the moth Busseola fusca was acknowledged 8 years after Bt maize was introduced in South Africa. Since then, field resistance of this corn borer has been observed at several locations, raising questions about the nature, distribution and dynamics of the resistance trait. Using genetic markers, our study identified four outlier loci clearly associated with resistance. In addition, genetic structure at neutral loci reflected extensive gene flow among populations. A realistically parameterised model suggests that resistance could travel in space at speed of several kilometres a year. Markers at outlier loci delineated a geographic region associated with resistance spread. This was an area of approximately 100 km radius, including the location where resistance was first reported. Controlled crosses corroborated these findings and showed significant differences of progeny survival on Bt plants depending on the origin of the resistant parent. Last, our study suggests diverse resistance mutations, which would explain the widespread occurrence of resistant larvae in Bt fields across the main area of maize production in South Africa.

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    Europe PubMed Central
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    Heredity
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Shing Yip Lee; Jurgene H. Primavera; Farid Dahdouh Guebas; Karen McKee; +9 Authors

    Aim: To reassess the capacity of mangroves for ecosystem services in the light of recent data. Location: Global mangrove ecosystems. Methods: We review four long-standing roles of mangroves: (1) carbon dynamics - export or sink; (2) nursery role; (3) shoreline protection; (4) land-building capacity. The origins of pertinent hypotheses, current understanding and gaps in our knowledge are highlighted with reference to biogeographic, geographic and socio-economic influences. Results: The role of mangroves as C sinks needs to be evaluated for a wide range of biogeographic regions and forest conditions. Mangrove C assimilation may be under-estimated because of flawed methodology and scanty data on key components of C dynamics. Peri-urban mangroves may be manipulated to provide local offsets for C emission. The nursery function of mangroves is not ubiquitous but varies with spatio-temporal accessibility. Connectivity and complementarity of mangroves and adjacent habitats enhance their nursery function through trophic relay and ontogenetic migrations. The effectiveness of mangroves for coastal protection depends on factors at landscape/geomorphic to community scales and local/species scales. Shifts in species due to climate change, forest degradation and loss of habitat connectivity may reduce the protective capacity of mangroves. Early views of mangroves as land builders (especially lateral expansion) were questionable. Evidence now indicates that mangroves, once established, directly influence vertical land development by enhancing sedimentation and/or by direct organic contributions to soil volume (peat formation) in some settings. Main conclusions: Knowledge of thresholds, spatio-temporal scaling and variability due to geographic, biogeographic and socio-economic settings will improve the management of mangrove ecosystem services. Many drivers respond to global trends in climate change and local changes such as urbanization. While mangroves have traditionally been managed for subsistence, future governance models must involve partnerships between local custodians of mangroves and offsite beneficiaries of the services. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd . Link_to_subscribed_fulltext

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2014
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Global Ecology and Biogeography
    Other literature type . Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    HKU Scholars Hub
    Article . 2015
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Global Ecology and B...arrow_drop_down
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      Horizon / Pleins textes
      Other literature type . 2014
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Global Ecology and Biogeography
      Other literature type . Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      HKU Scholars Hub
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    Authors: Camilo Mora; Octavio Aburto-Oropeza; Arturo Ayala Bocos; Paula Ayotte; +51 Authors

    Difficulties in scaling up theoretical and experimental results have raised controversy over the consequences of biodiversity loss for the functioning of natural ecosystems. Using a global survey of reef fish assemblages, we show that in contrast to previous theoretical and experimental studies, ecosystem functioning (as measured by standing biomass) scales in a non-saturating manner with biodiversity (as measured by species and functional richness) in this ecosystem. Our field study also shows a significant and negative interaction between human population density and biodiversity on ecosystem functioning (i.e., for the same human density there were larger reductions in standing biomass at more diverse reefs). Human effects were found to be related to fishing, coastal development, and land use stressors, and currently affect over 75% of the world's coral reefs. Our results indicate that the consequences of biodiversity loss in coral reefs have been considerably underestimated based on existing knowledge and that reef fish assemblages, particularly the most diverse, are greatly vulnerable to the expansion and intensity of anthropogenic stressors in coastal areas. We thank the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center, Unisys Atlantic Tropical Storm Tracking, SeaWIFS Project, the Millennium Coral Reef Mapping Project, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Bank, and the United Nations World Human Population Division for making their data available. 9 páginas,4 figuras. Peer reviewed

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    PLoS Biology
    Article . 2011
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2011
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      DOAJ
      Article . 2011
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      PLoS Biology
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    Authors: brown, julia; mcbride, carolyn; johnson, petrina; ritchie, scott; +14 Authors

    Understanding the processes by which species colonize and adapt to human habitats is particularly important in the case of disease-vectoring arthropods. The mosquito speciesAedes aegypti, a major vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses, probably originated as a wild, zoophilic species in sub-Saharan Africa, where some populations still breed in tree holes in forested habitats. Many populations of the species, however, have evolved to thrive in human habitats and to bite humans. This includes some populations within Africa as well as almost all those outside Africa. It is not clear whether all domestic populations are genetically related and represent a single ‘domestication’ event, or whether association with human habitats has developed multiple times independently within the species. To test the hypotheses above, we screened 24 worldwide population samples ofAe. aegyptiat 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci. We identified two distinct genetic clusters: one included all domestic populations outside of Africa and the other included both domestic and forest populations within Africa. This suggests that human association in Africa occurred independently from that in domestic populations across the rest of the world. Additionally, measures of genetic diversity supportAe. aegyptiin Africa as the ancestral form of the species. Individuals from domestic populations outside Africa can reliably be assigned back to their population of origin, which will help determine the origins of new introductions ofAe. aegypti.

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    Europe PubMed Central
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    Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
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      Europe PubMed Central
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      Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sandra Díaz; Josef Settele; Eduardo S. Brondizio; Hien T. Ngo; +24 Authors

    Fil: Díaz, Sandra. Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina. Fil: Díaz, Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil: Settele, Josef. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ. Department of Community Ecology; Alemania. Fil: Settele, Josef. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research–iDiv; Alemania. Fil: Brondízio, Eduardo S. Indiana University. Department of Anthropology; Estados Unidos. Fil: Ngo, Hien T. Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Secretariat; Alemania. Fil: Agard, John. University of the West Indies. Department of Life Sciences; Trinidad y Tobago. Fil: Arneth, Almut. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research. Atmospheric Environmental Research; Alemania. Fil: Balvanera, Patricia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad; México. Fil: Brauman, Kate A. University of Minnesota. Institute on the Environment; Estados Unidos. Fil: Butchart, Stuart H. BirdLife International; Reino Unido. Fil: Butchart, Stuart H. University of Cambridge. Department of Zoology; Reino Unido. Fil: Chan, Kai M. The University of British Columbia. Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability; Canada. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Fil: Ichii, Kazuhito. Chiba University. Center for Environmental Remote Sensing; Japón. Fil: Ichii, Kazuhito. National Institute for Environmental Studies. Center for Global Environmental Research; Japón. Fil: Liu, Jianguo. Michigan State University. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife. Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability; Estados Unidos. Fil: Subramanian, Suneetha M. United Nations University. Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability; Japón. Fil: Subramanian, Suneetha M. United Nations University. International Institute for Global Health; Malasia. Fil: Midgley, Guy F. Stellenbosch University. Department of Botany and Zoology. Global Change Biology Group; Sudáfrica. Fil: Miloslavich, Patricia. University of Tasmania. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies; Australia. Fil: Miloslavich, Patricia. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Oceans and Atmosphere; Australia. Fil: Miloslavich, Patricia. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Departamento de Estudios Ambientales; Venezuela. Fil: Molnár, Zsolt. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany; Hungría. Fil: Obura, David. Coastal Oceans Research and Development - Indian Ocean; Kenia. Fil: Obura, David. The University of Queensland. Global Climate Institute; Australia. Fil: Pfaff, Alexander. Duke University. Sanford School of Public Policy; Estados Unidos. Fil: Polasky, Stephen. University of Minnesota. Department of Applied Economics; Estados Unidos. Fil: Polasky, Stephen. University of Minnesota. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; Estados Unidos. Fil: Purvis, Andy. Natural History Museum. Department of Life Sciences; Reino Unido. Fil: Purvis, Andy. Imperial College London. Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment; Reino Unido. Fil: Razzaque, Jona. University of the West of England. Faculty of Business and Law. Department of Law; Reino Unido. Fil: Reyers, Belinda. Stockholm University. Stockholm Resilience Centre; Suecia. Fil: Reyers, Belinda. Stellenbosch University. Department of Conservation Ecology; Sudáfrica. Fil: Roy Chowdhury, Rinku. Clark University. Graduate School of Geography; Estados Unidos. Fil: Shin, Yunne J. University of Montpellier; Francia. Fil: Shin, Yunne J. University of Cape Town. Marine Research Institute. Department of Biological Sciences; Sudáfrica. Fil: Visseren Hamakers, Ingrid. George Mason University. Department of Environmental Science and Policy; Estados Unidos. Fil: Visseren Hamakers, Ingrid. Radboud University. Institute for Management Research; Países Bajos. Fil: Willis, Katherine J. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido. Fil: Willis, Katherine J. University of Oxford. Department of Zoology. Long-Term Ecology Laboratory; Reino Unido. Fil: Zayas, Cynthia N. University of the Philippines. Center for International Studies; Filipinas. The human impact on life on Earth has increased sharply since the 1970s, driven by the demands of a growing population with rising average per capita income. Nature is currently supplying more materials than ever before, but this has come at the high cost of unprecedented global declines in the extent and integrity of ecosystems, distinctness of local ecological communities, abundance and number of wild species, and the number of local domesticated varieties. Such changes reduce vital benefits that people receive from nature and threaten the quality of life of future generations. Both the benefits of an expanding economy and the costs of reducing nature’s benefits are unequally distributed. The fabric of life on which we all depend—nature and its contributions to people—is unravelling rapidly. Despite the severity of the threats and lack of enough progress in tackling them to date, opportunities exist to change future trajectories through transformative action. Such action must begin immediately, however, and address the root economic, social, and technological causes of nature’s deterioration.

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    Radboud Repository
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    Radboud Repository
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    Authors: Steffen Oppel; Mark Bolton; Ana P. B. Carneiro; Maria P. Dias; +73 Authors

    Knowing the spatial scales at which effective management can be implemented is fundamental for conservation planning. This is especially important for mobile species, which can be exposed to threats across large areas, but the space use requirements of different species can vary to an extent that might render some management approaches inefficient. Here the space use patterns of seabirds were examined to provide guidance on whether conservation management approaches should be tailored for taxonomic groups with different movement characteristics. Seabird tracking data were synthesised from 5419 adult breeding individuals of 52 species in ten families that were collected in the Atlantic Ocean basin between 1998 and 2017. Two key aspects of spatial distribution were quantified, namely how far seabirds ranged from their colony, and to what extent individuals from the same colony used the same areas at sea. There was evidence for substantial differences in patterns of space-use among the ten studied seabird families, indicating that several alternative conservation management approaches are needed. Several species exhibited large foraging ranges and little aggregation at sea, indicating that area-based conservation solutions would have to be extremely large to adequately protect such species. The results highlight that short-ranging and aggregating species such as cormorants, auks, some penguins, and gulls would benefit from conservation approaches at relatively small spatial scales during their breeding season. However, improved regulation of fisheries, bycatch, pollution and other threats over large spatial scales will be needed for wide-ranging and dispersed species such as albatrosses, petrels, storm petrels and frigatebirds. Fil: Oppel, Steffen. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; Fil: Bolton, Mark. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; Fil: Carneiro, Ana P.B.. Birdlife International; Fil: Dias, Maria P.. Birdlife International; Fil: Green, Jonathan A.. University of Liverpool; Reino Unido Fil: Masello, Juan F.. Justus Liebig University Giessen; Fil: Phillips, Richard A.. British Antarctic Survey; Fil: Owen, Ellie. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; Fil: Quillfeldt, Petra. Justus Liebig University Giessen; Fil: Beard, Annalea. Environmental And Natural Resources Directorate; Fil: Bertrand, Sophie. Universidad Federal Rural Pernambuco; Brasil. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Francia Fil: Blackburn, Jez. British Trust For Ornithology; Fil: Boersma, P. Dee. University Of Washington, Seattle; Fil: Borges, Alder. Projecto Vitó; Fil: Broderick, Annette C.. University of Exeter; Reino Unido Fil: Catry, Paulo. Ispa - Instituto Universitário; Portugal Fil: Cleasby, Ian. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; Fil: Clingham, Elizabeth. Environmental And Natural Resources Directorate; Fil: Creuwels, Jeroen. Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Fil: Crofts, Sarah. Falklands Conservation; Fil: Cuthbert, Richard J.. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; Fil: Dallmeijer, Hanneke. Veda Consultancy; Fil: Davies, Delia. University Of Cape Town; Fil: Davies, Rachel. Marinelife; Fil: Dilley, Ben J.. University Of Cape Town; Fil: Dinis, Herculano Andrade. Parque Natural Do Fogo; Fil: Dossa, Justine. Birdlife International; Fil: Dunn, Michael J.. British Antarctic Survey; Fil: Efe, Marcio A.. Universidade Federal de Alagoas; Brasil Fil: Fayet, Annette L.. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Figueiredo, Leila. Universidade Federal de Alagoas; Brasil Fil: Frederico, Adelcides Pereira. Projecto Vitó; Fil: Gjerdrum, Carina. Environment Canada; Canadá Fil: Godley, Brendan J.. University of Exeter; Reino Unido Fil: Granadeiro, José Pedro. Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal Fil: Guilford, Tim. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Hamer, Keith C.. University Of Leeds; Fil: Hazin, Carolina. Birdlife International; Fil: Hedd, April. Environment Canada; Canadá Fil: Henry, Leeann. Environmental And Natural Resources Directorate; Fil: Hernández-Montero, Marcos. Projeto Biodiversidade; Fil: Hinke, Jefferson. Noaa Fisheries Service; Fil: Kokubun, Nobuo. National Institute Of Polar Research; Fil: Leat, Eliza. Ascension Island Government; Fil: Tranquilla, Laura McFarlane. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; . Environmental And Natural Resources Directorate; Fil: Metzger, Benjamin. Birdlife Malta; Malta Fil: Militão, Teresa. Universidad de Barcelona; España Fil: Montrond, Gilson. Projecto Vitó; Fil: Mullié, Wim. Veda Consultancy; Fil: Padget, Oliver. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Pearmain, Elizabeth J.. Birdlife International; Fil: Pollet, Ingrid L.. Bird Studies Canada; Canadá Fil: Pütz, Klemens. Antarctic Research Trust; Fil: Quintana, Flavio Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina Fil: Ratcliffe, Norman. British Antarctic Survey; Fil: Ronconi, Robert A.. Environment Canada; Canadá Fil: Ryan, Peter G.. University Of Cape Town; Fil: Saldanha, Sarah. Universidad de Barcelona; España Fil: Shoji, Akiko. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Sim, Jolene. Ascension Island Government; Fil: Small, Cleo. Royal Society For The Protection Of Birds; Fil: Soanes, Louise. University of Liverpool; Reino Unido Fil: Takahashi, Akinori. National Institute Of Polar Research; Fil: Trathan, Phil. British Antarctic Survey; Fil: Trivelpiece, Wayne. Noaa Fisheries Service; Fil: Veen, Jan. Veda Consultancy; Fil: Wakefield, Ewan. University of Glasgow; Reino Unido Fil: Weber, Nicola. University of Exeter; Reino Unido. Ascension Island Government; Fil: Weber, Sam. Ascension Island Government; . University of Exeter; Reino Unido Fil: Zango, Laura. Universidad de Barcelona; España Fil: González-Solís, Jacob. Universidad de Barcelona; España Fil: Croxall, John. Birdlife International;

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Marine Policy
    Article
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    Repositório do ISPA
    Article . 2018
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    Authors: Nicholas J. Bax; Nicholas J. Bax; Ward Appeltans; Russell Brainard; +27 Authors

    Developing enduring capacity to monitor ocean life requires investing in people and their institutions to build infrastructure, ownership, and long-term support networks. International initiatives can enhance access to scientific data, tools and methodologies, and develop local expertise to use them, but without ongoing engagement may fail to have lasting benefit. Linking capacity development and technology transfer to sustained ocean monitoring is a win-win proposition. Trained local experts will benefit from joining global communities of experts who are building the comprehensive Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). This two-way exchange will benefit scientists and policy makers in developing and developed countries. The first step toward the GOOS is complete: identification of an initial set of biological Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) that incorporate the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Essential Biological Variables (EBVs), and link to the physical and biogeochemical EOVs. EOVs provide a globally consistent approach to monitoring where the costs of monitoring oceans can be shared and where capacity and expertise can be transferred globally. Integrating monitoring with existing international reporting and policy development connects ocean observations with agreements underlying many countries' commitments and obligations, including under SDG 14, thus catalyzing progress toward sustained use of the ocean. Combining scientific expertise with international capacity development initiatives can help meet the need of developing countries to engage in the agreed United Nations (UN) initiatives including new negotiations for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, and the needs of the global community to understand how the ocean is changing.

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2018
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    Frontiers in Marine Science
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    Horizon / Pleins textes
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      OceanRep
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Marine Science
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      Horizon / Pleins textes
      Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Sigh, Sanne; Roos, Nanna; Chamnan, Chhoun; Laillou, Arnaud; +2 Authors

    and NumTrey, respectively). In addition, no statistically significant differences in secondary outcomes were found. Although the ability to draw conclusions was limited by lower weight gain than the desired 4 g/kg/day in both groups, no superiority was found for eitherRUTF. A locally produced RUTF is highly relevant to improve nutrition interventions in Cambodia. A locally produced fish-based RUTF is a relevant alternative to imported milk-based RUTF for the treatment of SAM in Cambodia. 59 months in the home-treatment for acute malnutrition. Effectiveness was tested in a single-blinded randomized controlled trial with weight gain as the primary outcome. Anthropometry was assessed at baseline and bi-weekly follow-ups until endline at Week 8. In total, 121 patients were randomized into BP-100TM (n = 61) or NumTrey (n = 60). There was no statistical difference in mean weight gain between the groups (1.06 g/kg/day Cambodia continues to have a high prevalence of acute malnutrition. Low acceptability has been found for standard ready-to-use-therapeutic-food (RUTF) products. Therefore, NumTrey, a locally-produced fish-based RUTF, was developed. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of NumTrey compared to an imported milk-based RUTF for weight gain among children aged 6&ndash 95% CI (0.72, 1.41) and 1.08 g/kg/day 95% CI (0.75, 1.41) for BP-100&trade

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    Nutrients
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2018
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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2018
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      Nutrients
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      Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Jérémy Gauthier; Philippe Gayral; Bruno Le Ru; Séverine Jancek; +4 Authors

    AbstractThe African parasitoid wasp Cotesia sesamiae is a generalist species structured in locally adapted populations showing differences in host range. The recent discovery of Cotesia typhae, a specialist, sister species to C. sesamiae, provides a good framework to study the genetic determinants of parasitoid host range. To investigate the genomic bases of divergence between these populations and species, we used a targeted sequencing approach on 24 samples. We targeted the bracovirus genomic region encoding virulence genes involved in the interaction with the lepidopteran hosts of the wasps. High sequencing coverage was obtained for all samples, allowing the study of genetic variation between wasp populations and species. By combining population genetic estimations, such as nucleotide diversity (π), relative differentiation (FST) and absolute divergence (dxy), with branch‐site dN/dS measures, we identified six of 98 bracovirus genes showing significant divergence and evidence of positive selection. These genes, belonging to different gene families, are potentially involved in host adaptation and in the specialization process. Fine‐scale analyses of genetic variation also revealed mutations and large deletions in certain genes inducing pseudogenization and loss of function. The image emerging from these results is that adaptation mediated by bracovirus genes happens through selection of particularly adaptive alleles and loss of nonadaptive genes. These results highlight the central role of the bracovirus in the molecular interactions between the wasps and their hosts and in the evolutionary processes of specialization.

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    Molecular Ecology
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    Molecular Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2018
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      Molecular Ecology
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      Molecular Ecology
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    Authors: Pascal Campagne; Claire Capdevielle-Dulac; R. Pasquet; Stephen J. Cornell; +4 Authors

    Since transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins were first released, resistance evolution leading to failure in control of pests populations has been observed in a number of species. Field resistance of the moth Busseola fusca was acknowledged 8 years after Bt maize was introduced in South Africa. Since then, field resistance of this corn borer has been observed at several locations, raising questions about the nature, distribution and dynamics of the resistance trait. Using genetic markers, our study identified four outlier loci clearly associated with resistance. In addition, genetic structure at neutral loci reflected extensive gene flow among populations. A realistically parameterised model suggests that resistance could travel in space at speed of several kilometres a year. Markers at outlier loci delineated a geographic region associated with resistance spread. This was an area of approximately 100 km radius, including the location where resistance was first reported. Controlled crosses corroborated these findings and showed significant differences of progeny survival on Bt plants depending on the origin of the resistant parent. Last, our study suggests diverse resistance mutations, which would explain the widespread occurrence of resistant larvae in Bt fields across the main area of maize production in South Africa.

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    Europe PubMed Central
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Heredity
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Shing Yip Lee; Jurgene H. Primavera; Farid Dahdouh Guebas; Karen McKee; +9 Authors

    Aim: To reassess the capacity of mangroves for ecosystem services in the light of recent data. Location: Global mangrove ecosystems. Methods: We review four long-standing roles of mangroves: (1) carbon dynamics - export or sink; (2) nursery role; (3) shoreline protection; (4) land-building capacity. The origins of pertinent hypotheses, current understanding and gaps in our knowledge are highlighted with reference to biogeographic, geographic and socio-economic influences. Results: The role of mangroves as C sinks needs to be evaluated for a wide range of biogeographic regions and forest conditions. Mangrove C assimilation may be under-estimated because of flawed methodology and scanty data on key components of C dynamics. Peri-urban mangroves may be manipulated to provide local offsets for C emission. The nursery function of mangroves is not ubiquitous but varies with spatio-temporal accessibility. Connectivity and complementarity of mangroves and adjacent habitats enhance their nursery function through trophic relay and ontogenetic migrations. The effectiveness of mangroves for coastal protection depends on factors at landscape/geomorphic to community scales and local/species scales. Shifts in species due to climate change, forest degradation and loss of habitat connectivity may reduce the protective capacity of mangroves. Early views of mangroves as land builders (especially lateral expansion) were questionable. Evidence now indicates that mangroves, once established, directly influence vertical land development by enhancing sedimentation and/or by direct organic contributions to soil volume (peat formation) in some settings. Main conclusions: Knowledge of thresholds, spatio-temporal scaling and variability due to geographic, biogeographic and socio-economic settings will improve the management of mangrove ecosystem services. Many drivers respond to global trends in climate change and local changes such as urbanization. While mangroves have traditionally been managed for subsistence, future governance models must involve partnerships between local custodians of mangroves and offsite beneficiaries of the services. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd . Link_to_subscribed_fulltext

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2014
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Global Ecology and Biogeography
    Other literature type . Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    HKU Scholars Hub
    Article . 2015
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Global Ecology and B...arrow_drop_down
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      Horizon / Pleins textes
      Other literature type . 2014
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Global Ecology and Biogeography
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    Authors: Camilo Mora; Octavio Aburto-Oropeza; Arturo Ayala Bocos; Paula Ayotte; +51 Authors

    Difficulties in scaling up theoretical and experimental results have raised controversy over the consequences of biodiversity loss for the functioning of natural ecosystems. Using a global survey of reef fish assemblages, we show that in contrast to previous theoretical and experimental studies, ecosystem functioning (as measured by standing biomass) scales in a non-saturating manner with biodiversity (as measured by species and functional richness) in this ecosystem. Our field study also shows a significant and negative interaction between human population density and biodiversity on ecosystem functioning (i.e., for the same human density there were larger reductions in standing biomass at more diverse reefs). Human effects were found to be related to fishing, coastal development, and land use stressors, and currently affect over 75% of the world's coral reefs. Our results indicate that the consequences of biodiversity loss in coral reefs have been considerably underestimated based on existing knowledge and that reef fish assemblages, particularly the most diverse, are greatly vulnerable to the expansion and intensity of anthropogenic stressors in coastal areas. We thank the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center, Unisys Atlantic Tropical Storm Tracking, SeaWIFS Project, the Millennium Coral Reef Mapping Project, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Bank, and the United Nations World Human Population Division for making their data available. 9 páginas,4 figuras. Peer reviewed

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    PLoS Biology
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: brown, julia; mcbride, carolyn; johnson, petrina; ritchie, scott; +14 Authors

    Understanding the processes by which species colonize and adapt to human habitats is particularly important in the case of disease-vectoring arthropods. The mosquito speciesAedes aegypti, a major vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses, probably originated as a wild, zoophilic species in sub-Saharan Africa, where some populations still breed in tree holes in forested habitats. Many populations of the species, however, have evolved to thrive in human habitats and to bite humans. This includes some populations within Africa as well as almost all those outside Africa. It is not clear whether all domestic populations are genetically related and represent a single ‘domestication’ event, or whether association with human habitats has developed multiple times independently within the species. To test the hypotheses above, we screened 24 worldwide population samples ofAe. aegyptiat 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci. We identified two distinct genetic clusters: one included all domestic populations outside of Africa and the other included both domestic and forest populations within Africa. This suggests that human association in Africa occurred independently from that in domestic populations across the rest of the world. Additionally, measures of genetic diversity supportAe. aegyptiin Africa as the ancestral form of the species. Individuals from domestic populations outside Africa can reliably be assigned back to their population of origin, which will help determine the origins of new introductions ofAe. aegypti.

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    Other literature type . 2011
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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2011
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    Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
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