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Cet article propose une analyse des frictions littorales et maritimes par l’étude du rapport entre les flux maritimes mondialisés et la sûreté maritime (maritime security). Depuis les côtes, des acteurs locaux ou régionaux peuvent influer sur les échanges maritimes d’échelle globale qui passent au large. Le cas du détroit de Bab el-Mandeb et de ses prolongements naturels (Sud de la mer Rouge et golfe d’Aden) en offre une bonne illustration : grand axe de trafic maritime, ce détroit se caractérise par la présence de la piraterie somalienne, principalement entre 1995 et 2015, ainsi que par l’extension en mer de la guerre civile au Yémen, qui s'est transformée en un conflit régional. Cette recherche, fondée sur des données maritimes ainsi que sur une étude approfondie du contexte régional, cherche à identifier les influences des actes de violence sur les différents trafics du détroit de Bab el-Mandeb. L'influence des contextes politiques des États riverains sur les flux maritimes en haute mer semble être conditionnée par l'échelle géographique, se manifestant plus fortement à l'échelle régionale et locale qu'à l'échelle mondiale. Cependant, la capacité des acteurs du domaine maritime à minimiser la dispersion d'énergie découlant de ces tensions demeure le facteur déterminant. This article analyzes coastal and maritime frictions by examining the relationship between globalized maritime flows and maritime security. From the coast, local or regional players can influence global maritime exchanges that take place offshore. The case of the Bab el-Mandeb strait and its natural extensions (Southern Red Sea and Gulf of Aden) provides a good illustration of this : a major maritime traffic route, the strait is characterized by the presence of Somali piracy, mainly between 1995 and 2015, as well as by the extension at sea of the civil war in Yemen, which has turned into a regional conflict. This research, based on maritime data as well as an in-depth study of the regional context, seeks to identify the influences of acts of violence on the various trades of the Bab el-Mandeb strait. The impact of political contexts in coastal states on maritime flows in open seas seems to depend on the geographical scale, with a more significant effect at regional and local levels than at the global level. Nevertheless, the crucial factor lies in the ability of maritime actors to reduce the dissipation of energy resulting from these tensions. Este artículo propone un análisis de las fricciones litorales y marítimas a partir del estudio de la relación entre los flujos marítimos globalizados y seguridad marítima (maritime security). Desde las costas, los actores locales o regionales pueden influir en el comercio e intercambio marítimo a escala global que ocurre mar adentro. El caso del estrecho de Bab el-Mandeb y sus extensiones naturales (mar Rojo y Golfo de Adén) ofrece un buen ejemplo : este importante eje de tráfico marítimo se caracteriza por la presencia de piratería somalí, principalmente entre 1995 y 2015 y por la extensión en el mar de la guerra civil en Yemen, que se transformó en un conflicto regional. Esta investigación, sostenida tanto en datos marítimos como en un estudio en profundidad del contexto regional, busca identificar las influencias de los actos violentos ocurridos en las distintas áreas de tráfico del estrecho de Bab el-Mandeb. El peso de contextos políticos de los Estados costeros sobre los flujos marítimos en alta mar pareciera estar condicionado por la escala geográfica, manifestándose con más fuerza a escala regional y local que mundial. Sin embargo, la capacidad de los actores marítimos para minimizar la dispersión de energía resultante de estas tensiones sigue siendo el factor determinante.

De quelle la couleur de la mer ? Bleue, c’est une évidence. Pourtant, en Grèce ancienne, la mer est pourpre comme le vin. Dans les manuscrits médiévaux et la peinture européenne au contraire, les vagues apparaissent régulièrement en différentes teintes de vert. La coloration de la mer est donc l’expression des représentations d’une société et varie autant que les conceptions qui y sont liées. La documentation textuelle et iconographique de plusieurs communautés du passé montre que la couleur attribuée aux flots intègre en fait tout un ensemble de caractéristiques très variées : luminosité, texture, émotions, dénomination, valeurs et normes sociales. Autant de facettes qui permettent d’interroger en retour le rapport à la mer des Occidentaux : la mer « d’azur » est l’horizon d’attente des touristes et influence notre imaginaire au point de transformer nos espaces littoraux et nos activités qui y sont pratiquées. What is the color of the sea? Blue, of course. Yet, in ancient Greece, the sea is purple like wine. In medieval manuscripts and European paintings, on the contrary, the waves regularly appear in different shades of green. The coloring of the sea is thus an expression of the representations of a society and varies as much as the conceptions that are linked to it. The textual and iconographic documentation of several societies of the past shows that the color attributed to the waves integrates in fact a whole set of varied characteristics: luminosity, texture, emotions, designation, social values and standards. All these features make it possible to reconsider the relationship of the Western World to the sea: the blue sea is the horizon of tourists’ expectation and influences our imagination in such a way as to transform our seaside territories and our activities that are practiced there.

L’article explore les expériences individuelles et collectives de l’immersion aquatique au cours de la vie en les reliant à l’histoire récente des pratiques, des espaces et des équipements en France. Appuyée sur une enquête empirique par entretiens auprès d’une population ordinaire de nageurs et de non-nageurs, l’analyse fait apparaître des contrastes entre les pratiques et les eaux fréquentées selon les lieux de résidence, les époques, les saisons et les moments de la vie. Pour y accéder, 25 personnes avancées en âge ont été interrogées afin d’explorer les différentes manières d’être et de faire avec l’eau. Nager « presque nu » dans des mers habitées de multiples créatures ne provoque pas les mêmes sensations quand elles sont chaudes ou froides, calmes ou agitées, et ces dernières sont encore différentes de celles qui sont exprimées lors de bains en rivières ou à l’occasion de longueurs à la piscine. L’eau de baignade est multiple, toujours située et circonstanciée. This article explores individual and collective experiences of aquatic immersion over the course of a lifetime, linking them to the recent history of aquatic practices, spaces and facilities in France. Based on an empirical interview survey of an ordinary population of swimmers and non-swimmers, the analysis reveals contrasts between practices and waters frequented according to place of residence, era, season and time of life. To gain access, 25 people of advanced years were interviewed to explore the different ways of being and doing with water. Swimming "almost naked" in seas inhabited by multiple creatures does not provoke the same sensations when they are hot or cold, calm or agitated, and are even different from those expressed when bathing in rivers or swimming laps in the pool. Bathing water is multiple, always situated and circumstantial.

As Lawrence wrote in Sea and Sardinia (1921) “How glad to be on a ship! What a golden hour for the heart of man! Ah if one could sail for ever, on a small quiet, lonely ship, from land to land and isle to isle, and saunter through the spaces of this lovely world, always through the spaces of this lovely world.” (SS 47.27 – 31). He wrote those words as a record of his response to the sea on a steamer travelling from Sicily to Sardinia in January 1921. They are a good example of how conflicted he was about his use of technology. This essay will outline Lawrence’s principal journeys by sea, a significant feature of and expense in his life, how they were necessary to enable him to undertake his “savage pilgrimage” and what Lawrence wrote on board ship, providing examples of the people he met on board ship, and how they and his experience of the sea as opposed to his experiences on land helped or featured in some of his best work.

The poetic polysemy of marine metaphors in Lady Chatterley’s Lover enables Lawrence to set up images of the flux he perceives as a creative force against images of petrification and dissolution, but the fluctuating meanings of the sea images themselves recall the sea’s instability, which serves as a metaphor for love, sex, otherness, connection, degeneration, and rebirth.

By the time Lawrence travelled to Cornwall at the end of 1915 he had visited the sea for holidays and had lived in a house close to the beach in Fiascherino where, being an admittedly poor swimmer, he enjoyed splashing around in the sea close to the shore. But his reaction to the sea in Cornwall was very different. In both Porthcothan and Zennor he lived within sight of the sea, but his attitudes to it in these two places are markedly different.Therefore, this paper will explore how Lawrence’s thinking about the sea shifted between these two places, and will consider what might have prompted the changes in his perspective. It will also look at Lawrence’s conceptualisation of the sea in Zennor as a pathway between people bringing, in ancient times, the Phoenicians to Cornwall. We will see how this well-known, local legend impacted on Lawrence’s response to Zennor, is reflected in his work and, although often denied, was verified in 2019.

Les classes de mer, inventées en 1964 dans le Finistère, restent encore aujourd’hui très implantées localement. Dépassant la seule sphère éducative, ce dispositif est soutenu par des acteurs touristiques et politiques qui ont participé à positionner le territoire comme pionnier puis modèle de référence en la matière à l’échelle nationale. Tout en continuant à répondre aux injonctions institutionnelles, poussant à la construction d’un rapport normalisé à la nature (développement durable, éco-citoyenneté), cette territorialisation du dispositif singularise la nature à laquelle les élèves sont éduqués. Invented in 1964 in Finistère (Brittany), sea classes are still very popular locally. Goying beyond the educational sphere, this program has received support from local tourism and political actors. Finistère has thus managed to position itself nationally both as a pioneer and a reference model. While fitting the current institutional requirements by promoting the construction of a standardized relationship with nature (sustainable development, eco-citizenship), this territory-based approach also emphasizes a unique framing of nature within which students experience and learn. Las clases de mar, iniciadas en Finisterre en 1964, siguen teniendo hoy una amplia aceptación local. Más allá de la orientación educativa, esta tipología docente está sostenida por agentes turísticos y políticos que han contribuido a situar a esta región en el ámbito nacional como pionera y modelo de referencia para este tipo de iniciativas. Una actividad, que responde a los intereses institucionales, en la que se incentivan y normalizan las relaciones con la naturaleza (desarrollo sostenible, eco-ciudadanía). Esta tipología docente terriorializa y singulariza a la naturaleza sobre la que se educa a los alumnos.

Actualmente, o pescado fresco marítimo assume um papel muito particular como marcador identitário no contexto dos sistemas alimentares dos núcleos piscatórios. Dada a relação, continuamente reiterada pelo discurso público, entre os benefícios do seu consumo e o paradigma da frescura, encontramos aqui uma paradoxal intersecção com o renovado movimento de redescoberta de Portugal como nação oceânica. Numa perspetiva holística, ecológica e cultural propomos aqui revelar alguns momentos da transfiguração do tão publicitado “melhor peixe do mundo” ao longo de um intrincado percurso, desde que é capturado no mar até à sua apresentação como produto artesanal de origem local. Esse amplamente reproduzido passe de magia: “do mar, diretamente para a sua mesa!” Nowadays fresh sea fish plays a very particular role as an identity marker in the context of the food systems of fishing communities. Given the relationship, continually reiterated by public discourse, between the benefits of its consumption and the paradigm of freshness, we find here a paradoxical intersection with the renewed movement to rediscover Portugal as an oceanic nation. From a holistic, ecological and cultural perspective, we propose here to reveal some moments of the transfiguration of the much-publicized “best fish in the world” along an intricate pathway, from its capture at sea to its presentation as an artisanal product of local origin. That widely reproduced magic motto: “From the sea, straight to your table!”