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Abstract Non-cyanobacteria diazotrophs (NCDs) were shown to dominate in surface waters shifting the long-held paradigm of cyanobacteria dominance and raising fundamental questions on how these putative heterotrophic bacteria thrive in sunlit oceans. Here, we report an unprecedented finding in the widely used model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Pt) of NCDs sustaining diatom cells in the absence of bioavailable nitrogen. We identified PtNCDs using metagenomics sequencing and detected nitrogenase gene in silico and/or by PCR. We demonstrated nitrogen fixation in PtNCDs and their close genetic affiliation with NCDs from the environment. We showed the wide occurrence of this type of symbiosis with the isolation of NCDs from other microalgae, their identification in the environment, and predicted their associations with photosynthetic microalgae. Overall, this study provides evidence for a previously overlooked symbiosis using a multidisciplinary model-based approach, which will help understand the different players driving global marine nitrogen fixation.

Le 21ème siècle subit un tsunami de données dans de nombreux domaines, notamment en bio-informatique. Ce changement de paradigme nécessite le développement de nouvelles méthodes de traitement capables de passer à l’échelle sur de telles données. Ce travail consiste principalement à considérer des jeux de données massifs provenant du séquençage génomique. Une façon courante de traiter ces données est de les représenter comme un ensemble de mots de taille fixe, appelés k-mers. Les k-mers sont très largement utilisés comme éléments de bases par de nombreuses méthodes d’analyses de données de séquençages. L’enjeu est de pouvoir représenter les k-mers et leurs abondances dans un grand nombre de jeux de données. Une possibilité est la matrice de k-mers, où chaque ligne est un k-mer associé à un vecteur d’abondances. Ces k-mers sont erronées en raison des erreurs de séquençage et doivent être filtrés. La technique habituelle consiste à écarter les k-mers peu abondants. Sur des ensembles de données complexes comme les métagénomes, un tel filtre n’est pas efficace et élimine un trop grand nombre de k-mers. La vision des abondances à travers les échantillons permise par la représentation matricielle permet également une nouvelle procédure de détection des erreurs dans les jeux de données complexes. En résumé, nous explorons le concept de matrice de k-mer et montrons ses capacités en termes de passage à l’échelle au travers de diverses applications, de l’indexation à l’analyse, et proposons différents outils à cette fin. Sur le plan de l’indexation, nos outils ont permis d’indexer un grand ensemble métagénomique du projet Tara Ocean tout en conservant des k-mers rares, habituellement écartés par les techniques de filtrage classiques. En matière d’analyse, notre technique de construction de matrices permet d’accélérer d’un ordre de grandeur l’analyse différentielle de k-mers. The 21st century is bringing a tsunami of data in many fields, especially in bioinformatics. This paradigm shift requires the development of new processing methods capable of scaling up on such data. This work consists mainly in considering massive tera-scaled datasets from genomic sequencing. A common way to process these data is to represent them as a set of words of a fixed size, called k-mers. The k-mers are widely used as building blocks by many sequencing data analysis techniques. The challenge is to be able to represent the k-mers and their abundances in a large number of datasets. One possibility is the k-mer matrix, where each row is a k-mer associated with a vector of abundances and each column corresponds to a sample. Some k-mers are erroneous due to sequencing errors and must be discarded. The usual technique consists in discarding low-abundant k-mers. On complex datasets such as metagenomes, such a filter is not efficient and discards too many k-mers. The holistic view of abundances across samples allowed by the matrix representation also enables a new procedure for error detection on such datasets. In summary, we explore the concept of k-mer matrix and show its scalability in various applications, from indexing to analysis, and propose different tools for this purpose. On the indexing side, our tools have allowed indexing a large metagenomic dataset from the Tara Ocean project while keeping additional k-mers, usually discarded by the classical k-mer filtering technique. The next and important step is to make the index publicly available. On the analysis side, our matrix construction technique enables to speed up a differential k-mer analysis of a state-of-the-art tool by an order of magnitude.

International audience

The microorganisms living on plastics called “plastisphere” have been classically described as very abundant, highly diverse, and very specific when compared to the surrounding environments, but their potential ability to biodegrade various plastic types in natural conditions have been poorly investigated. Here, we follow the successive phases of biofilm development and maturation after long-term immersion in seawater (7 months) on conventional [fossil-based polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS)] and biodegradable plastics [biobased polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV), or fossil-based polycaprolactone (PCL)], as well as on artificially aged or non-aged PE without or with prooxidant additives [oxobiodegradable (OXO)]. First, we confirmed that the classical primo-colonization and growth phases of the biofilms that occurred during the first 10 days of immersion in seawater were more or less independent of the plastic type. After only 1 month, we found congruent signs of biodegradation for some bio-based and also fossil-based materials. A continuous growth of the biofilm during the 7 months of observation (measured by epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry) was found on PHBV, PCL, and artificially aged OXO, together with a continuous increase in intracellular (3H-leucine incorporation) and extracellular activities (lipase, aminopeptidase, and β-glucosidase) as well as subsequent changes in biofilm diversity that became specific to each polymer type (16S rRNA metabarcoding). No sign of biodegradation was visible for PE, PS, and PLA under our experimental conditions. We also provide a list of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) potentially involved in the biodegradation of these polymers under natural seawater conditions, such as Pseudohongiella sp. and Marinobacter sp. on PCL, Marinicella litoralis and Celeribacter sp. on PHBV, or Myxococcales on artificially aged OXO. This study opens new routes for a deeper understanding of the polymers’ biodegradability in seawaters, especially when considering an alternative to conventional fossil-based plastics.

At high latitudes, strong seasonal differences in light availability affect marine organisms and regulate the timing of ecosystem processes. Marine protists are key players in Arctic aquatic ecosystems, yet little is known about their ecological roles over yearly cycles. This is especially true for the dark polar night period, which up until recently was assumed to be devoid of biological activity. A 12 million transcripts catalogue was built from 0.45 to 10 μm protist assemblages sampled over 13 months in a time series station in an Arctic fjord in Svalbard. Community gene expression was correlated with seasonality, with light as the main driving factor. Transcript diversity and evenness were higher during polar night compared to polar day. Light-dependent functions had higher relative expression during polar day, except phototransduction. 64% of the most expressed genes could not be functionally annotated, yet up to 78% were identified in Arctic samples from Tara Oceans, suggesting that Arctic marine assemblages are distinct from those from other oceans. Our study increases understanding of the links between extreme seasonality and biological processes in pico- and nanoplanktonic protists. Our results set the ground for future monitoring studies investigating the seasonal impact of climate change on the communities of microbial eukaryotes in the High Arctic This research was funded by University Centre in Svalbard, as well as ConocoPhillips and Lundin Petroleum through The Northern Area Program and by the Norwegian Research Council (project number: 230970). The cost of sequencing was partly covered through Jan Christensens Legat. Open access funding was provided by UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway 15 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41204-3.-- Data availability: The raw data generated for this study are deposited in ENA, project ID: PRJEB58729. Raw data from Tara Oceans are available at EBI and GenBank under project IDs PRJEB9738 and PRJEB9739 With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) Peer reviewed

International audience; Vertical variations in physical and chemical conditions drive changes in marine zooplankton community composition. In turn, zooplankton communities play a critical role in regulating the transfer of organic matter produced in the surface ocean to deeper layers. Yet, the links between zooplankton community composition and the strength of vertical fluxes of particles remain elusive, especially on a global scale. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of variations in zooplankton community composition and vertical particle flux in the upper kilometer of the global ocean. Zooplankton samples were collected across five depth layers and vertical particle fluxes were assessed using continuous profiles of the Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5) at 57 stations covering seven ocean basins. Zooplankton samples were analysed using a Zooscan and individual organisms were classified into 19 groups for the quantitative analyses. Zooplankton abundance, biomass and vertical particle flux decreased from the surface to 1000 m depth at all latitudes. The zooplankton abundance decrease rate was stronger at sites characterised by oxygen minima (2.kg−1) where most zooplankton groups showed a marked decline in abundance, except the jellyfishes, molluscs, annelids, large protists and a few copepod families. The attenuation rate of vertical particle fluxes was weaker at such oxygen-depleted sites. Canonical redundancy analyses showed that the epipelagic zooplankton community composition depended on the temperature, on the phytoplankton size distribution and the surface large particulate organic matter while oxygen was an additional important factor for structuring zooplankton in the mesopelagic. Our results further suggest that future changes in surface phytoplankton size and taxa composition and mesopelagic oxygen loss might lead to profound shift in zooplankton abundance and community structure in both the euphotic and mesopelagic ocean. These changes may affect the vertical export and hereby the strength of the biological carbon pump.

Circulating in the sunlit ocean Marine plankton, which lie at the base of oceanic food chains, drive global biogeochemical fluxes, and knowledge of their distribution is key to understanding the response of oceans to environmental changes. Sommeria-Klein et al . explored the patterns and drivers of biogeography in eukaryotic plankton using a probabilistic model of taxon co-occurrence to compare the biogeography of 70 major groups, including a variety of size fractions and ecologies. The analysis is based on metabarcoding data from 129 stations in several oceanic provinces worldwide. Samples are from sunlit surface waters and, in about half of the stations, from the deep chlorophyll maximum. An essential message is that small phototrophs distribute mostly by latitude and bigger consumers are partitioned by ocean basin. —CA