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-(1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)tryptophanamide (l-FDTA). The isolated compounds were screened for anti-inflammatory activity using human dendritic cells (DCs). Both 2 and 3 reduced DC secretion of IL-12p40, but 3 concomitantly increased IL-10 production. Maturing DCs treated with 2 or 3 before co-culturing with allogeneic CD4+ T cells decreased T cell secretion of IFN-&gamma An UPLC-qTOF-MS-based dereplication study led to the targeted isolation of seven bromoindole alkaloids from the sub-Arctic sponge Geodia barretti. This includes three new metabolites, namely geobarrettin A&ndash 7 were elucidated by extensive analysis of the NMR and HRESIMS data. The absolute stereochemistry of geobarrettin A (1) was assigned by ECD analysis and Marfey&rsquo 3) and four known compounds, barettin (4), 8,9-dihydrobarettin (5), 6-bromoconicamin (6), and l-6-bromohypaphorine (7). The chemical structures of compounds 1&ndash or IL-17, but reduced their secretion of IL-10. These results indicate that 2 and 3 may be useful for the treatment of inflammation, mainly of the Th1 type. , indicating a reduction in Th1 differentiation. Although barettin (4) reduced DC secretion of IL-12p40 and IL-10 (IC50 values 11.8 and 21.0 &mu M for IL-10 and IL-12p40, respectively), maturing DCs in the presence of 4 did not affect the ability of T cells to secrete IFN-&gamma s method employing the new reagent l-N&alpha C (1&ndash

Bacterial brGDGT lipids are a prevalent tool in studies of terrestrial paleoclimate. Their distributions correlate empirically with environmental temperature and pH, and their ubiquity in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments gives them wide applicability. Whether correlations with temperature and pH emerge due to a physiological response of source organisms and/or a shift in bacterial community composition remains an open question with important implications for proxy development and application. We applied a newly described technique for grouping brGDGTs to a globally compiled dataset ( n = 3129) consisting of all modern sample media known to host brGDGTs. We found strong resemblances in the relationships between brGDGT fractional abundances and both temperature and pH across nearly all sample types examined. We also found near-universal connections between the brGDGTs themselves. Given the markedly different bacterial communities expected to inhabit these settings, these widespread relationships may suggest physiological and/or biochemical bases for observed brGDGT distributions.

We studied the spatio-temporal impacts of physical and chemical environmental variables (depth, sediment type, salinity, temperature, oxygen, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen) on soft-sediment zoobenthos in the open coastal Gulf of Finland during 2001–2015. The study included 55 sampling-stations covering the east-west gradient of the Finnish coastal zone. The chosen environmental variables significantly influenced the distribution of the species in space and over time. Some zoobenthic taxa formed assemblages with each other, occurring in similar environmental conditions, while Gammarus spp. and Chironomidae clearly differed from other taxa in regards to ecological requirements. We showed the critical influence of oxygen (normoxia, hypoxia, anoxia) on individual species, some better adapted to low oxygen conditions (e.g., Chironomidae) than others (e.g., Monoporeia affinis). The nutrient concentrations in the surface sediment also significantly affected the benthic assemblage patterns. The number of species in space and time increased with increasing oxygen concentrations. This study clearly shows that in order to maintain healthy marine communities, it is essential to counteract excess nutrient inputs and their indirect effects on sufficient O2 conditions for the benthic habitats.

A novel viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) of genotype IV was isolated from wild lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), brought to a land-based farm in Iceland, to serve as broodfish. Two groups of lumpfish juveniles, kept in tanks in the same facility, got infected. The virus isolated was identified as VHSV by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the glycoprotein (G) gene sequences, may indicate a novel subgroup of VHSV genotype IV. In controlled laboratory exposure studies with this new isolate, there was 3% survival in the I.P. injection challenged group while there was 90% survival in the immersion group. VHSV was not re-isolated from fish challenged by immersion. In a cohabitation trial, lumpfish infected I.P. (shedders) were placed in tanks with naïve lumpfish as well as naïve Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). 10% of the lumpfish shedders and 43%–50% of the cohabiting lumpfish survived after 4 weeks. 80%–92% of the Atlantic salmon survived, but no viral RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR nor VHSV was isolated from Atlantic salmon. This is the first isolation of a notifiable virus in Iceland and the first report of VHSV of genotype IV in European waters. H2020 SFS-2014-2 ParaFishControl, Grant/ Award Number: 634429; European Union Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases Grant Decision SI2.725290 Publisher's version (útgefin grein) Peer Reviewed

We have studied the effect of chitosan sponges, produced from chitosan batches with distinct degree of deacetylation (DDA) and molecular weight (Mw), on the adhesion, growth and differentiation of primary human osteoblasts with an aim to offer a suitable tool for guided bone regeneration. All the chitosan sponges revealed similar microstructure, irrespective of the DDA (58, 73, 82, 88, and 91 %) and Mw (749, 547, 263, 215, and 170 kDa, respectively). Cell spreading was higher on sponges having a higher DDA. Higher DDA induced a more pronounced increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, osteopontin (OPN), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and reduction in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), sclerostin (SOST) and dickkopf related protein-1 as compared to lower DDA. Lower DDA induced the increased secretion of osteoprotegerin and SOST as compared to higher DDA. The combination of higher DDA and Mw induced an increased secretion of VEGF and IL-6, however reduced the secretion of OPN as compared to chitosan with similar DDA but with lower Mw. In summary, the variations in cellular responses to the different chitosan sponges indicate a potential for individual tailoring of desired responses in guided bone regeneration. published

Social learning can be fundamental to cohesive group living, and schooling fishes have proven ideal test subjects for recent work in this field. For many species, both demographic factors, and inter‐ (and intra‐) generational information exchange are considered vital ingredients in how movement decisions are reached. Yet key information is often missing on the spatial outcomes of such decisions, and questions concerning how migratory traditions are influenced by collective memory, density‐dependent and density‐independent processes remain open. To explore these issues, we focused on Atlantic herring Clupea harengus, a long‐lived, dense‐schooling species of high commercial importance, noted for its unpredictable shifts in winter distribution, and developed a series of Bayesian space‐time occurrence models to investigate wintering dynamics over 23 yr, using point‐referenced fishery and survey records from Icelandic waters. We included covariates reflecting local‐scale environmental factors, temporally‐lagged prey biomass and recent fishing activity, and through an index capturing distributional persistence over time, derived two proxies for spatial memory of past wintering sites. The previous winter's occurrence pattern was a strong predictor of the present pattern, its influence increasing with adult population size. Although the mechanistic underpinnings of this result remain uncertain, we suggest that a ‘wisdom of the crowd’ dynamic may be at play, by which navigational accuracy towards traditional wintering sites improves in larger and/or denser, better synchronized schools. Wintering herring also preferred warmer, fresher, moderately stratified waters of lower velocity, close to hotspots of summer zooplankton biomass, our results indicative of heightened environmental sensitivity in younger cohorts. Incorporating spatiotemporal correlation structure and time‐varying regression coefficients improved model performance, and validation tests on independent observations one‐year ahead illustrate the potential of uniting demographic information and non‐stationary models to quantify both the strength of collective memory in animal groups and its relevance for the spatial management of populations. Nordic Centre for Research on Marine Ecosystems and Resources Under Climate Change (NorMER), through the Norden Top-Level Research Initiative subprogram ‘Effect Studies and Adaptation to Climate Change’, and research grant ‘Rannsóknarsjóðs síldarútvegsins 2013’, awarded to JIM and GM from the Icelandic Association of Herring Fisheries Pre-Print

ISI Document Delivery No.: 062NH Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 41 Cited References: Allegre CJ, 2010, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V292, P51, DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.019 Aller RC, 1996, CONT SHELF RES, V16, P753, DOI 10.1016/0278-4343(95)00046-1 Arsouze T., 2009, BIOGEOSCIENCES, V6, P1 Blum AE, 1995, REV MINERAL, V31, P291 Brady PV, 1997, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V61, P965, DOI 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00385-7 Burton KW, 1997, NATURE, V386, P382, DOI 10.1038/386382a0 Chairat C, 2007, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V71, P5901, DOI 10.1016/j.gca.2007.08.031 Davis AC, 2003, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V211, P173, DOI 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00191-2 Frank M, 2002, REV GEOPHYS, V40, DOI 10.1029/2000RG000094 Fripiat F, 2011, MAR CHEM, V123, P11, DOI 10.1016/j.marchem.2010.08.005 Gaillardet J., 2003, TREATISE GEOCHEMISTR, V5 Gherbi C, 2010, CR GEOSCI, V342, P126, DOI 10.1016/j.crte.2009.11.002 Gislason SR, 2006, GEOLOGY, V34, P49, DOI 10.1130/G22045.1 Gislason SR, 2009, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V277, P213, DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.018 Hatje V, 2003, ENVIRON INT, V29, P619, DOI 10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00049-7 Jeandel C., 2011, EOS T AM GEOPHYS UN, V92, P217 Jeandel C, 1998, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V62, P2597, DOI 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00169-0 Jickells TD, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P67, DOI 10.1126/science.1105959 Jones MT, 2012, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V77, P108, DOI 10.1016/j.gca.2011.10.044 Jones M.T., EARTH PLANET S UNPUB Kohler SJ, 2005, CHEM GEOL, V222, P168, DOI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.07.011 Lacan F, 2001, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V186, P497, DOI 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00263-1 Lacan F, 2005, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V232, P245, DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.004 Mavromatis V., 2012, EARTH PLANET SCI LET McKee BA, 2004, CONT SHELF RES, V24, P899, DOI 10.1016/j.csr.2004.02.009 Oelkers EH, 2011, APPL GEOCHEM, V26, pS365, DOI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.062 Oelkers EH, 2009, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V73, P4617, DOI 10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.028 Oelkers EH, 2002, CHEM GEOL, V191, P73, DOI 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00149-3 PALMER MR, 1989, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V92, P11, DOI 10.1016/0012-821X(89)90017-4 PARKS GA, 1990, REV MINERAL, V23, P133 Peucker-Ehrenbrink B, 2010, GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY, V11, DOI 10.1029/2009GC002869 SCHOTT J, 1995, PURE APPL CHEM, V67, P903, DOI 10.1351/pac199567060903 Schott J, 2009, REV MINERAL GEOCHEM, V70, P207, DOI 10.2138/rmg.2009.70.6 Stefansdottir MB, 2005, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V237, P433, DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.07.002 Syvitski JPM, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P376, DOI 10.1126/science.1109454 Turekian K.K., 1968, OCEANS Vance D, 2009, NATURE, V458, P493, DOI 10.1038/nature07828 Viers J, 2009, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V407, P853, DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.053 Walling DE, 2006, GEOMORPHOLOGY, V79, P192, DOI 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.019 Wimpenny J, 2010, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V74, P5259, DOI 10.1016/j.gca.2010.06.028 Wolff-Boenisch D, 2006, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V70, P858, DOI 10.1016/j.gca.2005.10.016 Oelkers, Eric H. Jones, Morgan T. Pearce, Christopher R. Jeandel, Catherine Eiriksdottir, Eydis Salome Gislason, Sigurdur R. Pearce, Christopher/A-5599-2010 Pearce, Christopher/0000-0002-4382-2341 EC Marie Curie "MIN-GRO" Research and Training Network [MRTN-CT-2006-035488]; Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship [PIEF-GA-2009-254495] We thank Jerome Gaillardet, Derek Vance, Jacques Schott, and Oleg Pokrovsky for insightful discussions and encouragement. M.T.Jones and C.R. Pearce were supported by the EC Marie Curie "MIN-GRO" Research and Training Network (MRTN-CT-2006-035488). M.T.Jones is currently supported by a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (PIEF-GA-2009-254495). 1 ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PARIS CR GEOSCI; The total mass of material globally transported to the oceans as particulate material is as much as 30 times greater that transported to the oceans in dissolved form. The degree to which riverine transported particles impact ocean chemistry and influence global elemental cycles depends on the reactivity of this particulate material in seawater and the relative concentration of each element. The concentrations of elements in particulate material relative to those of seawater range from less than 1 for soluble elements such as Na, to more than 10(7) for insoluble elements such as Al, Fe, and the Rare Earths. The reactivity of particulate material in seawater is difficult to assess directly because this fluid is saturated or supersaturated with respect to numerous elements. As such, element release from the particulate material is commonly matched by precipitation of secondary phases. The rates of element release can, however, be quantified by monitoring the isotopic evolution of seawater during its reaction with a variety of particulate material samples collected from rivers throughout the world. This research focuses on the behavior of Sr and Nd, representative of the most and least soluble elements transported to the oceans. Batch experiments demonstrate that between 0.15 and 27% of Sr is liberated from volcanic and continental particulates when interacted with seawater over 6 months. Similarly, from 1.5 to 8.5% of Nd is liberated from volcanic sediments over this timespan. This observed elemental release rate from riverine particulate material has important consequences for: (1) chemical and isotopic mass balances in the ocean; and (2) the application of the isotopic weathering proxies to the geological record. (c) 2012 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.