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Production of smoked fish is one of the most important sector in European aquaculture. Smoked common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and smoked trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are present in our country and they are more present on the market in the recent years. Smoking fish is one of the most acceptable method of fish meat processing which is relatively inexpensive, has shortime of production, and is very acceptable on our market by the consumers due to their preference to smoked products (smoked pork). Smoked fish is significant part of human nutrition worldwide, due to the desirable sensory properties, high nutritional value, high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, liposoluble vitamins, essential minerals and essential amino acids. Apart from optimal amounts of essential fatty acids, the ratio of essential fatty acids is very important. The World Health Organization has recommended that the ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids should be above 0.4, and within polyunsaturated fatty acids, the ratio of ω6 and ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids should be less than 4. This ratio is adequate in the most type of fish and fishery products. In the present study, fatty acid composition of hot smoked common carp meat packed in vacuum and modified atmosphere (MAP) with argon was analysed. For determination of fatty acid composition, gas chromatograph Agilent 7890A with flame ionization detector (FID) and column Supelco SP-2560 (100 m x 0,25 mm; width stationary phase 0,20 μm) was used. The ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids was according to recommendation of the World Health Organization and it was above 1. Within polyunsaturated fatty acids, the ratio of ω6 and ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids also was according to recommendation, less than 4. The results obtained from present study confirm that hot smoked common carp meat should be significant part of well-balanced diet. Proizvodnja dimlјene ribe je jedan od najvažnijih sektora u ribarstvu Evrope. U našoj zemlјi su zastupljeni dimlјeni šaran (Cyprinus carpio) i dimlјena pastrmka (Oncorhynchus mykiss) koji su u poslednje vreme sve prisutniji na tržištu. Dimljenje riba je jedan od najprihvatljivijih načina prerade mesa riba, ne zahteva skupu opremu, proizvodnja kratko traje, a prihvatljivost proizvoda na našem tržištu je, s obzirom na navike potrošača (kao što je dimljeno svinjsko meso), veoma dobra. Dimljena riba predstavlja značajan deo ishrane ljudi u svetu pre svega zbog poželjnih senzornih svojstava, kao i zbog visoke nutritivne vrednosti, visokog sadržaja polinezasićenih masnih kiselina, liposolubilnih vitamina, esencijalnih minerala i esencijalnih aminokiselina. Pored optimalnih količina esencijalnih masnih kiselina, veoma je bitan i njihov odnos. Prema preporukama Svetske zdravstvene organizacije odnos polinezasićenih i zasićenih masnih kiselina treba da bude iznad 0,4, a unutar polinezasićenih masnih kiselina, odnos ω6 i ω3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina manji od 4. Ovaj odnos je u mesu riba uglavnom adekvatan. U ovom radu je analiziran masnokiselinski sastav toplo dimljenog šarana prethodno upakovanog u vakuum i u modifikovanu atmosferu (MAP) sa argonom. Za određivanje sastava masnih kiselina je korišćen gasni hromatograf Agilent 7890A sa plameno-jonizujućim detektorom (FID) i kolonom Supelco SP-2560 (100 m x 0,25 mm; debljina stacionarne faze 0,20 μm). Odnos polinezasićenih i zasićenih masnih kiselina u ovoj studiji je u skladu sa preporukama i iznosi čak i preko 1. Odnos ω6 i ω3 toplodimljenog šarana je u skladu sa preporukama, odnosno manji je od 4. Rezultati ove studije potvrđuju da bi toplodimljeni šaran s aspekta masnokiselinskog sastava trebalo da bude značajan deo balansirane ishrane. Conference Proceedings

AbstractFluctuating asymmetry (FA) is widely used to quantify developmental instability (DI) in ecological and evolutionary studies. It has long been recognized that FA may not exclusively originate from DI for sessile organisms such as plants, because phenotypic plasticity in response to heterogeneities in the environment might also produce FA. This study provides the first empirical evidence for this hypothesis. We reasoned that solar irradiance, which is greater on the southern side than on the northern side of plants growing in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, would cause systematic morphological differences and asymmetry associated with the orientation of plant parts. We used geometric morphometrics to characterize the size and shape of flower parts in Iris pumila grown in a common garden. The size of floral organs was not significantly affected by orientation. Shape and particularly its asymmetric component differed significantly according to orientation for three different floral parts. Orientation accounted for 10.4% of the total shape asymmetry within flowers in the falls, for 11.4% in the standards and for 2.2% in the style branches. This indicates that phenotypic plasticity in response to a directed environmental factor, most likely solar irradiance, contributes to FA of flowers under natural conditions. That FA partly results from phenotypic plasticity and not just from DI needs to be considered by studies of FA in plants and other sessile organisms.

Dimlјena riba, uklјuţujuši hladno i toplo dimlјenu, ubraja se meŤu proizvode od riba ţija se potrošnja znatno povešala u svim evropskim zemljama ukljuţujuši i Srbiju. Znajuši za visoku nutritivnu vrednost koja se ogleda u bogatstvu polinezasišenih masnih kiselina, vitamina, minerala i proteina, kao i poţeljnih senzornih vrednosti, ovaj proizvod dobija znaţajno mesto na našoj trpezi. Uprkos pomenutom kvalitetu dimljene ribe, u ovakvom tipu proizvoda postoji rizik od karcinogenih svojstava zbog prisustva policikliţnih aromatiţnih uglјovodonika (PAH) poreklom iz dima. Ţinjenica da dimlјena riba moţe da sadrţi karcinogena PAH jedinjenja moţe imati znaţajan uticaj na prihvatanje ovih proizvoda od strane potrošaţa. Radi smanjenja karcinogenog uticaja sastojaka dima na zdravlјe potrošaţa raŤeni su ogledi u proizvodnji dimlјenog šarana primenom filtera sa zeolitom, aktivnim uglјem i šlјunkom. Dimlјenje je vršeno u komorama za toplo dimlјenje – TDK i „ATMOS― i tradicionalnoj zanatskoj pušnici na razliţitim temperaturama. Ogledi su pokazali da je koncentracija PAH jedinjenja u mesu šarana koje je dimlјeno sa primenom filtera statistiţki znaţajno manja nego u mesu šarana koje je dimlјeno u istim uslovima, ali bez primene filtera. Filteri sa zeolitom i aktivnim uglјem su se pokazali kao efikasniji u smanjenju koncentracije PAH jedinjenja u odnosu na šlјunţani filter. Prednost je data zeolitu jer su finalni proizvodi dobijeni primenom ovog filtera pokazali statistiţki manju vrednost sume svih 16 ispitanih PAH jedinjenja, kao i fluorena, antracena i pirena. Primenom razliţitih temperatura ustanovljeno je da u procesu toplog dimlјenja nije potrebno koristiti temperaturu višu od 63 °C sa aspekta senzornih svojstava i mikrobiološkog statusa. U sklopu ovog nauţnog rada, prašena je i odrţivost proizvoda toplo dimlјenog šarana upakovanog u modifikovanoj atmosferi sa argonom i u vakuumu tokom skladištenja na temperaturi od 4 °C. Pakovanja nisu pokazala razliţit uticaj na rok trajanja, ali se pakovanje u modifikovanoj atmosferi sa argonom pokazalo statistiţki bolјe u pogledu senzornih svojstava i mikrobiološkog statusa proizvoda... Smoked fish, both cold and hot, is one of the fish product whose consumption significantly increased over the past few decades in all European countries, including Serbia, due to their desirable sensory properties, high nutritional value, reflected in the richness of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and proteins. In spite of all qualities of smoked fish, there is a risk of carcinogenic properties in this type of fish product due to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from smoke. Fact that smoked fish may contain carcinogenic PAHs could have a significant impact on the acceptance of these products by consumers. In order to decrease the carcinogenic effects of smoke components on the health of consumers, experiments of smoked fish production were done by using zeolite filters, activated carbon and gravel. Smoking processes were done in the chambers for hot smoking – TDK and "ATMOS" and in traditional kiln at different temperatures. Our experiments have shown that the concentration of PAH compounds in hot smoked common carp meat is significantly lower than in hot smoked common carp meat under the same conditions, but without filters. Zeolite filters and activated carbon have been shown to be more effective in reducing the concentration of PAHs in relation to the gravel filter. The advantage was given to zeolite since the final products using this filter showed a significantly lower value of the sum of all 16 PAHs examinated, as well as fluorene, anthracene and pyrene. Using different temperatures it was found that in the process of hot smoke it is not needed to use a temperature higher than 63 ° C from the aspect of microbiological correctness and sensory properties. As part of this scientific paper, the sustainability of the products of hot smoked carp, packed in a modified atmosphere with argon and in a vacuum was monitored during storage at a temperature of 4 ° C. Packages did not show a different effect on the shelf life, but packaging in a modified atmosphere with argon was statistically better in terms of the sensory properties and microbiological status of the product...

Agricultural loans present unutilized bank credit market segment in Serbia. This is not only missed profit opportunity for banks, but also serious deficiency that slows down the development of agriculture and rural areas. Paper uses FADN, NBS and bank balance sheet data in order to analyse supply and demand side of this credit market segment, with the aim to better understand the conditions for its development. Paper recommends better education of producers and lenders. Banks should better understand the requirements of agricultural producers and risks of the production to be able to create tailored credits. Insurance has very important role in specific risk hedging and can facilitate agricultural loans. There is also a need to adjust the conditions for obtaining subsidized loans, while the land size is considered as a key prerequisite for obtaining loans in the situation of large fragmentation of properties.

This manuscript describes the importance of using histological methods to assess the effects of feed on the liver and intestine of fish. Due to the constantly increasing world production of fish and other aquatic organisms, it is necessary to replace fishmeal and fish oil in diets with less expensive raw materials of plant origin. Due to the increased fiber content, increased presence of carbohydrates, antinutritional factors, and inappropriate content of amino acids and new compounds can have negative effects on the digestive system of fish and therefore on fitness, health and production characteristics of cultivated fish. The liver and intestines are the most important organs for the digestion and absorption of nutrients from feed. Therefore, monitoring histological structure of fish liver and intestine is the method of choice in assessing the effects of nutrient mixtures that use raw materials of plant origin. For both of these vital organs the normal histological structure and the most important results obtained by research are discussed. This paper presents a critical review of the histological methods used in research on feed effects. Results related to the negative effects of raw soy-based feed on the occurrence of enteritis in carnivorous fish species are discussed. The results point out that use of modern approach in fish pathology such as improved histochemical, stereological, scoring, and other analytical methods could be a beneficial approach in an accurate assessment of new feed effects on fish.

Muscle proteins with ankyrin repeats (MARPs) ANKRD1 and ANKRD2 are titin-associated proteins with a putative role as transcriptional co-regulators in striated muscle, involved in the cellular response to mechanical, oxidative and metabolic stress. Since many aspects of the biology of MARPs, particularly exact mechanisms of their action, in striated muscle are still elusive, research in this field will benefit from novel animal model system. Here we investigated the MARPs found in zebrafish for protein structure, evolutionary conservation, spatiotemporal expression profiles and response to increased muscle activity. Ankrd1 and Ankrd2 show overall moderate conservation at the protein level, more pronounced in the region of ankyrin repeats, motifs indispensable for their function. The two zebrafish genes, ankrd1a and ankrd1b, counterparts of mammalian ANKRD1/Ankrd1, have different expression profiles during first seven days of development. Mild increase of ankrd1a transcript levels was detected at 72 hpf (1.74±0.24 fold increase relative to 24 hpf time point), while ankrd1b expression was markedly upregulated from 24 hpf onward and peaked at 72 hpf (92.18±36.95 fold increase relative to 24 hpf time point). Spatially, they exhibited non-overlapping expression patterns during skeletal muscle development in trunk (ankrd1a) and tail (ankrd1b) somites. Expression of ankrd2 was barely detectable. Zebrafish MARPs, expressed at a relatively low level in adult striated muscle, were found to be responsive to endurance exercise training consisting of two bouts of 3 hours of forced swimming daily, for five consecutive days. Three hours after the last exercise bout, ankrd1a expression increased in cardiac muscle (6.19±5.05 fold change), while ankrd1b and ankrd2 were upregulated in skeletal muscle (1.97±1.05 and 1.84±0.58 fold change, respectively). This study provides the foundation to establish zebrafish as a novel in vivo model for further investigation of MARPs function in striated muscle.

Aim: Understanding the variation in community composition and species abundances (i.e., β-diversity) is at the heart of community ecology. A common approach to examine β-diversity is to evaluate directional variation in community composition by measuring the decay in the similarity among pairs of communities along spatial or environmental distance. We provide the first global synthesis of taxonomic and functional distance decay along spatial and environmental distance by analysing 148 datasets comprising different types of organisms and environments. Location: Global. Time period: 1990 to present. Major taxa studied: From diatoms to mammals. Method: We measured the strength of the decay using ranked Mantel tests (Mantel r) and the rate of distance decay as the slope of an exponential fit using generalized linear models. We used null models to test whether functional similarity decays faster or slower than expected given the taxonomic decay along the spatial and environmental distance. We also unveiled the factors driving the rate of decay across the datasets, including latitude, spatial extent, realm and organismal features. Results: Taxonomic distance decay was stronger than functional distance decay along both spatial and environmental distance. Functional distance decay was random given the taxonomic distance decay. The rate of taxonomic and functional spatial distance decay was fastest in the datasets from mid-latitudes. Overall, datasets covering larger spatial extents showed a lower rate of decay along spatial distance but a higher rate of decay along environmental distance. Marine ecosystems had the slowest rate of decay along environmental distances. Main conclusions: In general, taxonomic distance decay is a useful tool for biogeographical research because it reflects dispersal-related factors in addition to species responses to climatic and environmental variables. Moreover, functional distance decay might be a cost-effective option for investigating community changes in heterogeneous environments. Caio Graco-Roza was funded by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation (FAPERJ) and the Ella and Georg Erhnrooth Foundation; Jan Altman by research grants INTER-EXCELLENCE LTAUSA19137 provided by Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, 20-05840Y of the Czech Science Foundation, and long-term research development project no. RVO 67985939 of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Otso Ovaskainen was funded by Academy of Finland (grant no. 309581), Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence Funding Scheme (223257), and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 856506; ERC-synergy project LIFEPLAN); and Jianjun Wang was funded by CAS Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences (QYZDB-SSW-DQC043) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (91851117). The "sPlot" project was initiated by sDiv, the Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG FZT 118), and is now a platform of iDiv. The study was supported by the TRY initiative on plant traits (). We are also grateful to Jens Kattge and TRY database. TRY is hosted, developed and maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC) in Jena, Germany, in collaboration with the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig. The CESTES database of metacommunities is also an initiative of iDiv led by Alienor Jeliazkov. We thank sDiv for supporting the open science initiative. Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio De Janeiro (FAPERJ) Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic LTAUSA19137 Grant Agency of the Czech Republic 20-05840Y Czech Academy of Sciences RVO 67985939 Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence Funding Scheme 223257 CAS Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences QYZDB-SSW-DQC043 National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 91851117 German Research Foundation (DFG) DFG FZT 118 European Research Council (ERC) 856506 Ella and Georg Erhnrooth Foundation Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation TRY initiative on plant traits Academy of Finland 309581