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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Malchow, H; Petrovskii, S; Medvinsky, A;

    The history of modelling plankton dynamics is already quite long and has been initiated by fishery science in the early 20th century. The main aim of modelling population dynamics is to improve the understanding of the functioning of food chains and webs and their dependence on internal and external conditions. Hence, mathematical models of biological population dynamics have not only to account for growth and interactions but also for spatial processes like random or directed and joint or relative motion of species as well as the variability of the environment. Early attempts began with physicochemical diffusion, exponential growth and Lotka-Volterra type interactions. These approaches have been continuously refined to more realistic descriptions of the development of natural populations. The aim of this paper is to give an extensive introduction to the subject and the bibliography. The fascinating variety of spatio-temporal patterns in such systems and the governing mechanisms of their generation and further dynamics are described and related to plankton. L’histoire de la modélisation de la dynamique du plancton est déjà plutôt longue puisqu’elle a débuté au début du 20e siècle avec les études sur les pêches. L’axe de cette modélisation est d’améliorer la compréhension du fonctionnement du réseau trophique et de ses relations avec les facteurs externes et internes. Aussi, les modèles mathématiques de dynamique des populations doivent non seulement tenir compte des déplacements des espèces au hasard ou dirigés, relatifs ou combinés ainsi que de la variabilité de l’environnement. Les premiers essais débutèrent avec la diffusion physico-chimique, la croissance exponentielle et les interactions de type Lotka-Volterra. Ces approches ont été régulièrement affinées vers des descriptions plus réalistes du développement des populations naturelles. L’objectif de cet article est d’introduire ce sujet et la bibliographie afférente. La variété infinie des schémas spatio-temporels dans de tels systèmes et les mécanismes directeurs de leur naissance ainsi que les futures dynamiques sont décrits et reliés au plancton.

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    Oceanologica Acta
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Oceanologica Acta
    Article . 2001 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Oceanologica Acta
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Oceanologica Acta
      Article . 2001 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Letourneur, Y; Labrosse, Pierre; Kulbicki, M;

    Une étude comparative a été réalisée pour évaluer les effets des apports terrigènes sur les peuplements de poissons d'intérêt commercial de la province Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Deux zones sont étudiées, l'une localisée au vent (côte est) et l'autre sous le vent (côte ouest). Dans chaque zone, trois régions principales sont distinguées : récifs frangeants proches de secteurs soumis à d'importantes activités minières, récifs frangeants proches de secteurs soumis à des activités minières modérées, et récifs frangeants proches de secteurs non miniers. De plus, sur la côte ouest, des récifs frangeants proches de secteurs soumis à une forte érosion terrigène naturelle sont également étudiés. Seules les espèces de poissons d'intérêt commercial au sens large ont été recensées (165 espèces) sur un total de 163 stations. Les caractéristiques du substrat ne différent pas d'une zone à l'autre, ni d'une région à l'autre. En revanche, des différences significatives sont observées pour les organismes recouvrants : la couverture en corail vivant est plus forte sur les récifs proches de secteurs non miniers, alors que la tendance est inverse pour le recouvrement algal. Les trois descripteurs principaux des communautés de poissons commerciaux (richesse spécifique, densité et biomasse) sont plus faibles dans les secteurs non miniers, bien que cette tendance ne soit pas toujours statistiquement significative. Des résultats similaires sont obtenus pour certaines des principales familles de poissons, comme les Acanthuridae et les Siganidae, tandis que d'autres familles ne montrent aucune tendance particulière, comme les Lutjanidae, ou une tendance « partielle å (c'est-à-dire sur une seule des deux côtes), comme les Serranidae, les Lethrinidae, les Mullidae, les Labridae et les Scaridae A comparative study was conducted in two zones of the Northern Province of New Caledonia, one located windward (east coast) and the other located leeward (west coast). In each zone, three major sectors were investigated: fringing reefs close to areas of important mining activities, fringing reefs close to areas of moderate mining activities, and fringing reefs close to areas free of mining activities. In addition, on the west coast, fringing reefs close to areas of high natural ground erosion were also studied. Only commercial fish species sensus late were censused on a total of 163 stations, concerning 165 fish species. Substrate characteristics were not different between zones and sectors. However, significant differences were observed for living organisms: live coral cover was higher in non-mining sectors than in mining ones, and algal cover increased with increasing mining activities. The three main descriptors of the commercial fish communities (e.g. mean species richness, density and biomass) have all shown lower values in sectors submitted to the lowest ground erosion levels, although these trends were not all statistically significant. Similar results were found for some of the major fish families, such as the Acanthuridae and Siganidae, whereas other families had no specific pattern, such as the Lut-janidae, or a 'partial' pattern (i.e. on only one coast), such as the Serranidae, Lethrinidae, Mullidae, Labridae and Scaridae.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Oceanologica Acta
    Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Oceanologica Acta
      Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: De Vaugeles, Jean; Meinesz, Alexandre; Antolić, Boris; Ballesteros, Enrique; +16 Authors

    Quatorze années après la première observation de Caulerpa taxifolia en Méditerranée nord-occidentale, cette algue d'origine tropicale est présente dans cinq pays (Espagne, France, Monaco, Italie et Croatie). À la fin de l'année 1997, plus de 46 km2 de fonds, situés essentiellement entre 0 et 50 m de profondeur, sont concernés à divers degrés par cette invasion. Une standardisation de la représentation cartographique est proposée. L'objectif de cette normalisation est de pouvoir comparer les cartes produites par divers organismes appartenant à plusieurs pays. Elle est basée sur la définition, pour une station donnée, de trois niveaux de colonisation : ¿ - Le niveau I correspond à une station où se développent une ou plusieurs colonies (réparties à moins de 100 m les unes des autres) et couvrant au total une surface inférieure à 1000 m2 ; ¿ - Le niveau II correspond à une station où de nombreuses colonies (réparties à moins de 250 m les unes des autres) couvrent au total plus de 1000 m2 et sont dispersées dans une surface inférieure à 10 ha ; ¿ - Le niveau III correspond à une station où les colonies sont disséminées dans une zone supérieure à 10 ha et pour lesquelles la surface totale couverte (très supérieure à 1000 m2) n'est plus cartographiable avec précision. Pour chaque niveau un ensemble de paramètres descriptifs permet de préciser la situation : surface totale couverte, surface atteinte, estimation des larges surfaces atteintes (ou surface concernée), linéaire de côte devant lequel on trouve des surfaces atteintes ou concernées. Fourteen years after the first observation of Caulerpa taxifolia (Valh) C. Agardh in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, this green alga of tropical origin is now present in five countries (Spain, France, Monaco, Italy and Croatia). By the end of 1997, more than 46 km(2), at depths of between 0 and 50 m, were found to be affected by this expansion. A standardization of the cartographic procedure is proposed here. Such a standardization is necessary to compare maps produced by various organizations from different countries. For a given independent station, it is based on the definition of three levels of colonization:Level I refers to a station where one or several colonies less than 100 m apart cover a total surface area inferior to 1000 m(2):Level II refers to a station where several colonies less than 250 m apart totally cover more than 1000 m(2) with fragments and small colonies dispersed over a surface area inferior to 10 ha;Level III is attained when several large colonies are dispersed over a surface area superior to 10 ha, with a total covered surface of more than 1000 m(2), impossible to map with precision due to its size.For each of these colonization levels, descriptive parameters can be used to precisely describe the situation: covered surface area, dispersion surface (i.e. "affected" zone), estimation of very large affected zones (i.e. "concerned" zones) and the portions of the coastline along which an affected or concerned zone can be found.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Oceanologica Acta
    Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Oceanologica Acta
      Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Ridame , Céline; Moutin , Thierry; Guieu , Cécile;

    La fraction fine d’un sol composite saharien, considérée comme représentative de l’aérosol saharien en Méditerranée, a été utilisée dans des expériences de marquage au 33PO43– afin de caractériser l’adsorption du phosphate présent dans la colonne d’eau, sur les poussières sahariennes. Pour cela, des poussières sahariennes lessivées ont été introduites dans de l’eau de mer empoisonnée, collectée en Méditerranée occidentale, durant 48 heures. La capacité d’adsorption des poussières sahariennes vis-à-vis du phosphate, ainsi mesurée, atteint une valeur de 0,13 μmol g–1, à l’équilibre. En considérant cette valeur ainsi qu’un dépôt annuel de poussières sahariennes de 12,5 t km–2 yr–1, nous avons montré que ces particules éoliennes ne constituent pas un puits significatif de phosphate en Méditerranée occidentale. Ce résultat est en accord avec une étude menée dans le bassin oriental. Par conséquent, le fort rapport N/P mesuré dans l’ensemble du bassin méditerranéen (jusqu’à 29) ne peut être expliqué par le processus d’adsorption du phosphate présent dans la colonne de l’eau, sur les poussières sahariennes. A Saharan soil, considered as a proxy for Saharan aerosols, was used to perform radio-labelled phosphate adsorption experiments using (33)PO(4)(3-): leached particles were exposed to poisoned western Mediterranean seawater for varying lengths of time. The measured adsorption capacity of Saharan dust for phosphate was 0.13 mumol g(-1). Considering this value and an annual Saharan dust deposition of 12.5 t km(-2) year(-1), we show that Saharan particles do not represent a significant sink for seawater phosphate in the western Mediterranean Sea. This result is in agreement with that determined from a similar approach conducted in the eastern basin. As a consequence, the unusual NIP ratio measured in the whole Mediterranean Sea (up to 29) cannot be explained by the adsorption process of seawater phosphate onto Saharan dust.

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    Oceanologica Acta
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Oceanologica Acta
    Article . 2003 . Peer-reviewed
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      Oceanologica Acta
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Oceanologica Acta
      Article . 2003 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Clave, B; Masse, L; Carbonel, P; Tastet, Jp;

    Le marais holocène de La Perroche, localisé sur la côte sud-ouest de l’île d’Oléron (golfe de Gascogne, France), est actuellement un marais d’eau douce séparé du domaine océanique par un cordon dunaire continu. L’étude de son comblement au cours des 6 000 dernières années montre d’abord une invasion marine sur un substrat très accidenté d’âge cénomanien. Ensuite, se déposent probablement rapidement des sédiments sableux, témoins à la fois de l’établissement et du démantèlement de cordons dunaires et de l’érosion de l’arrière pays. Puis, la sédimentation devient plus fine et de type laguno-lacustre ainsi que le montrent les faunes d’ostracodes souvent associées aux sédiments. La distribution des dépôts dans le marais apparaît dés le début dissymétrique avec la présence d’épais niveaux sablo-graveleux à l’est et des successions de sables, d’argiles et de dépôts organiques à l’ouest. Les communications avec la mer sont épisodiques et le dépôt des sédiments est commandé par une chenalisation très active. Celle-ci est soulignée par la présence à proximité immédiate du chenal de faunes de type marin, le plus souvent déplacées et amenées en suspension. Vers 5000 ans BP s’installe un marais côtier, très riche en matière organique le plus souvent dépourvu de faune. Lorsque la faune est présente, elle indique des milieux laguno-saumâtres ou lacustres, confirmant ainsi l’isolation progressive du système. Des dépôts tourbeux trouvés sur la plage sont contemporains de ceux du marais actuel, ce qui implique une continuité sédimentaire entre ces deux sites et donc une situation des cordons dunaires plus au large qu’actuellement. Une seconde phase de sédimentation apparaît à la suite d’un événement transgressif vers 2800–2500 ans BP mais les communications avec le milieu marin sont très réduites comme le montrent les faunes majoritairement d’eaux douces. Cet épisode transgressif apparaît synchrone avec une tendance positive générale du niveau des eaux enregistrée entre 3000 et 2000 ans BP le long des côtes de l’Europe du nord-ouest. La fermeture définitive du marais intervient plus tard, après une seconde phase de développement de marécages vers 2100 ans BP. The La Perroche marsh is a small Holocene marsh on the south-western coast of the Oleron island (Bay of Biscay, France) presently occupied by a freshwater swamp and separated from the ocean by a continuous sand dune ridge. The study of its infill shows first basal conglomeratic deposits with calcareous pebbles on a Cenomanian rough substrate. The Holocene infill since 6000 years BP begins with a very fast sedimentation of sands. Then, the sedimentation becomes finer, with lagoonal to freshwater influences recorded by ostracods. The distribution of these deposits inside the marsh is asymmetric, with a thick sandy-gravely layer in the eastern part and a succession of sands, clays and organic layers in the western part. Communication with the sea is episodic, and the sedimentation is controlled by an active channel, as shown by the presence of displaced coastal-marine faunas at some sites. Around 5000 years BP, a coastal marsh began to develop with high organic matter contents. These organic deposits presently outcrop on the beach, suggesting a more seaward location of the shoreline at that time. Generally, these sediments are azoic. When fauna is present, it indicates brackish to freshwater environments showing a progressive isolation of the system. A second phase of terrigenous sedimentation occurred after a transgressive event around 2800-2500 years BP, but the communication with the sea was then very reduced, as indicated by mainly freshwater faunas. This transgressive event appears to be synchronous with a positive sea-level tendency recorded, throughout north-western European coasts, between 3000 and 2000 years BP. The definitive closing of the marsh occurred around 2100 years BP, after a second phase of freshwater marsh. (

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    Oceanologica Acta
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    Oceanologica Acta
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      Oceanologica Acta
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    Authors: Cimmaruta, R; Scialanca, F; Luccioli, F; Nascetti, G;

    Dix populations d'Aphanius fasciatus provenant de lagunes côtières et d'étangs saumâtres italiens ont été génétiquement caractérisées grâce à l'électrophorèse multilocus. L'étude confronte la structure génétique de populations venant d'habitats caractérisés par différents types de stress du milieu pour améliorer la connaissance des relations entre le degré de variabilité génétique des populations naturelles et la perturbation du milieu, qu'elle soit naturelle ou anthropogénique. Aussi, l'échantillonnage a-t-il été planifié pour obtenir des populations naturellement perturbées (avec de grandes variations des paramètres physiques et chimiques) ou bien subissant une perturbation due à la pêche, à la pollution, à l'aquaculture. Plusieurs couples d'échantillons de ces deux types ont été prélevés sur des sites géographiquement proches pour faciliter la comparaison entre les populations qui supportent les deux types de stress. Trois groupes génétiquement différents ont été identifiés : le premier est constitué par les populations de la haute et moyenne Tyrrhénienne et des côtes septentrionales de la Sardaigne, le second par celles de la basse Tyrrhénienne et de la Sardaigne méridionale et le troisième par celles de la côte Adriatique. Pour les deux groupes de populations de la Tyrrhénienne, une tendance à une moindre variabilité génétique concernant les populations soumises à un habitat troublé par l'activité humaine apparaît. C'est particulièrement le cas pour les échantillons de lagunes côtières polluées ou qui ont été victimes de crises dystrophiques (par exemple Orbetello et Cagliari-Santa Gilla) ; la variabilité génétique est inférieure comparée aux populations géographiquement proches mais qui vivent dans un habitat pratiquement inaltéré (saline de Tarquinia et lagune de Sant'Antioco). En général, les populations de la zone Adriatique montrent une faible variabilité génétique, peut-être à cause du déficit persistant d'oxygène du bassin ou à cause de la récente histoire paléographique de cet emplacement. Allozyme electrophoresis has been used to analyse the genetic structure of ten populations of the killifish, Aphanius fasciatus, sampled from Italian coastal brackish lagoons or salterns. The goal of the study was to compare the genetic structure of samples obtained from habitats characterised by environmental stress of different kinds, with the aim of gaining a better understanding of the relationships between the genetic variation of natural populations and environmental disturbance, either natural or man-made. Therefore, the sampling scheme has been planned to provide samples from both brackish habitats, characterised by natural stress with seasonal marked fluctuations of chemical and physical parameters, and from coastal lagoons suffering from a high human impact due to fishing, pollution, aquaculture, etc. Many sample pairs from the two sets were also geographically very close, allowing a better comparison of the genetic variation of populations tolerating different kinds of environmental stress (i.e., natural vs. anthropogenic). The obtained data evidence three main genetically distinct population groups, including samples from: (1) central-northern Tyrrhenian and northern Sardinian coasts; (2) southern Tyrrhenian and southern Sardinian coasts; (3) Adriatic Sea. Within the two Tyrrhenian groups, a general trend indicates a lower genetic variability for the samples obtained from highly human disturbed brackish waters. In particular, samples characterised by well documented pollution and dystrophic crises (i.e., Orbetello and Cagliari-Santa Gilla lagoons) have a lower genetic variability with respect to nearby scarcely disturbed populations (Tarquinia saltern and Sant' Antioco lagoon). The Adriatic populations exhibit a low level of genetic variation, which may be due to the persistent hypoxic condition of the sea basin combined with the paleogeographic history of the area.

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    Oceanologica Acta
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    Authors: Prego, R; Varela, M;

    [EN] The Arta.bro Gulf (1 500 km2 north-west of the Iberian Peninsula) has been studied based on data obtained in August 1993, under Itypical summer meteorological conditions (COPLA 893 cruise). This is the first study on the summer hydrography of the ,4rtabro Gulf. During this season, the hydrography of this area is quite complex and must be understood in terms of three factors: 1) upwelling, 2) two different eastern North Atlantic Cientral Water (ENACW) water masses and 3) rias water exchange. A local wind-induced upwelling of ENACW, (subpolar> occurs off Prior Cape. The plume is located off the gulf coastline, but inside the continental shelf. The frontal zone, rich in nutrients and chlorophyll, is parallel to the gulf line, starting in the Prior region and ending at the convergence of ENACW, and ENACW, (subtropical), giving it an arched shape. The Artabro Gulf is the place off the Galicia coast where ENACW, and ENACW, are observed and the gulf is the western limit of coastal Cantabrian Sea influence. The upwelling is strongly influenced by the topographic presence of the gulf which generates an ‘upwelling shadow’ where the rias water exchange is confined near the coast and the ENACW, does not penetrate into the rias. The opposite occurs at the southernmost Rias Bajas, where ENACW, upwells inside the rias [FR] L’hydr’ographie du golfe Artabre (1500 km2), situ& au nord-ouest de la peninsule IbCrique, a CtC CtudiCe dans des conditions meteorologiques estivales, pour la premiere fois, a l’aide de donn6es collect&es en aont 1993 au tours de la campagne COPLA 893. Pour comprendre cette hydrographie t&s complexe, il faut considerer trois facteurs : l’upwelling, les deux cornposantes de l’eau centrale nord-est atlantique (ENACW) et l’tchange d’eau avec la ria. Une remontee locale d’eau sub-polaire (ENACW,) est induite par le vent p&s du cap Prior. Le panache est a l’exdrieur du golfe mais reste sur le plateau continental. La zone frontale, riche en nutriments et en chlorophylle, suit la ligne de tote en formant un arc qui s’etend du cap Prior jusqu’a la convergence des eaux sub-polaire (ENACW,) et sub-tropicale (ENACW,). Ces deux masses d’eaux se rencontrent dans le golfe Artabre qui constitue la limite c&i&e occidentale d’influence de la mer Cantabrique. L’upwelling est t&s marque par la topographie du golfe qui engendre une >o ti l’echange d’eau avec les rias est confine pres de la c&e, empechant l’ENACW, de penetrer dans les rias. La situation inverse est observte plus au sud (rias Bajas) oti l’ENACW, remonte a l’interieur des rias Project ‘Seguimiento de la contamination de1 Aegean Sea’ financed by the ‘Ministerio de Medio Ambiente’, ‘Series Historicas’ (ref. 1007) and to E.U. ‘OMEX’ Project (ref. MAS2-CT93-0069). 11 páginas, 8 figuras Peer reviewed

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    Oceanologica Acta
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      Oceanologica Acta
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      Oceanologica Acta
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    Authors: Palanques, Albert; Díaz, José Ignacio; Farran, Marcel-lí;

    [FR] Le Golfe de Cadix a été contaminé par les activités minières (cuivre et pyrites) dès l'époque des Tartésiens et des Romains. Cette activité a crû considérable-ment durant le siècle dernier. Les industries établies pendant les dernières décennies ont apporté de nouveaux contaminants au système marin. La plupart sont déchargés dans les fleuves et les rivières ou dans la zone littorale. Cepen-dant, les déchets contaminés de certaines industries ont été déversés par des bateaux sur le talus continental jusqu'en 1990. Les sédiments de la marge continentale ont été échantillonnés afin d'étudier la contamination en métaux lourds du fond de la mer. Les plus fortes anomalies en métaux lourds ont été détectées sur le plateau continental près de l'embouchure des fleuves Guadiana et Tinto-Odiel ainsi que sur le talus continental près de certains canyons sous-marins. Les anomalies du plateau continental sont associées aux processus de flocculation de l'interface eau de mer - eau douce. Les particules contaminées des fleuves qui restent en suspension dans la colonne d'eau sont transportées par advection et diffusion, puis transférées vers le talus et entraînées par le courant de sortie méditerranéen. Elles peuvent s'accumuler dans la zone vasière du talus, là où le courant de fond diminue, ou bien elle peuvent suivre le courant de sortie de la Méditerranée et atteindre des zones atlantiques plus profondes [EN] The Gulf of Cadiz has been affected by contamination from terrestrial mining activities (copper and pyrites) since the times of the Tartesians and Romans. This activity has drastically increased during the past century. Industries implanted during recent decades have supplied another input of contaminants to the marine system. Most of the contaminants are discharged into rivers or in the littoral area, but some contaminated industrial waste was dumped on the continental slope from ships until 1990. Sediment from the continental margin has been sampled to study the heavy metal contamination on the sea bed. The strongest heavy metal anomalies were detected on the continental shelf near the mouths of the Guadiana and Tinto-Odiel Rivers and on the continental slope near the head of some submarine canyons. Continental shelf anomalies are associated with flocculation processes in the marine water-freshwater interface. The contaminated river particles that remain suspended in the water column are transported by advective or diffusive processes, transferred to the slope, and reoriented by the Mediterranean outflow. They can accumulate in the slope mud patch, where bottom currents decrease, or can follow the Mediterranean outflow and reach deeper Atlantic areas 9 pages, 5 figures, 7 tables

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    Authors: John, Hc; Mittelstaedt, E; Schulz, K;

    The copepod fauna south-west of the British Isles includes a number of species which have their centre of distribution in the subtropical or tropical Atlantic. Among these, some species appear to be faunistically linked with the Iberian continental slope or slope waters even farther south along the NE Atlantic margin. It seems that these species reach their north-eastern range by means of poleward-flowing currents. For example, Calanoides carinatus has deep-living resting stages and ascends to surface waters only during its reproductive period, which is short at northern latitudes. Its main dwelling layers along the west Iberian continental slope cover the poleward-flowing undercurrent and the Mediterranean outflow water underneath. Part of the poleward flow regime tends to follow the slope bathymetry, i.e. it bends eastwards into the Bay of Biscay along northern Spain. Another part separates from the continental slope at Cape Finisterre and crosses the Bay of Biscay, approaching the continental slope at about 47 degrees N, where it joins the north-westward flowing slope currents again. Because of its preference for the deeper layers during the long resting phase it is assumed that resting C. carinatus drifts mainly with the northward branch of the Mediterranean outflow water and penetrates only slightly into the inner Bay of Biscay. In contrast, Calanus helgolandicus has, on average, a shallower vertical distribution. Reproductively active individuals occur in the surface layers off western Iberia throughout the year. Here it drifts presumably northwards during late autumn and winter, but is recirculated southwards during late spring and summer. Due to advection with both the intermediate undercurrent and the variable near-surface currents, Calanus helgolandicus occurs more commonly in the inner Bay of Biscay than C. carinatus. Au sudouest des îles Britanniques, la faune de copépodes comprend de nombreuses espèces originaires de l'Atlantique tropical ou sub-tropical. Certaines, liées à la faune de la pente continentale ibérique ou, plus au sud, à celle de la marge nord-est de l'Atlantique, arriveraient avec les courants dirigés vers le pôle. Ainsi, Calanoides carinatus se trouve en profondeur pendant ses périodes de repos et ne remonte dans les eaux de surface que pendant la période de reproduction, brève aux latitudes nord. Plongeant le long de la pente continentale à l'ouest de la péninsule ibérique, il atteint le sous-courant dirigé vers le pôle et les eaux sous-jacentes issues de la mer Méditerranée. Une partie du flux suit la bathymétrie en direction de l'est et entre dans le golfe de Gascogne au nord de l'Espagne. Une autre partie du flux quitte le talus continental au cap Finisterre et traverse le golfe de Gascogne pour retrouver, vers 47°N, la pente continentale et les courants orientés vers le nord-ouest. Par sa présence dans les eaux plus profondes pendant sa longue période de repos, C. carinatus pourrait dériver principalement avec la branche méditerranéenne orientée vers le nord et ne pénétrer que partiellement dans le golfe de Gascogne. Au contraire, Calanus helgolandicus se trouve en moyenne à la verticale des petits fonds. Les individus reproducteurs actifs restent tout au long de l'année dans les couches superficielles à l'ouest de la péninsule ibérique. Ils dérivent vers le nord à la fin de l'automne et en hiver, puis repartent vers le sud à la fin du printemps et en été. L'advection par le sous-courant intermédiaire et par les courants variables à proximité de la surface font que C. helgolandicus est plus commun à l'intérieur du golfe de Gascogne que C. carinatus.

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    Oceanologica Acta
    Article . 1998 . Peer-reviewed
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      Oceanologica Acta
      Article . 1998 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Denis, Lionel; Grenz, Christian; Alliot, E; Rodier, Martine;

    Afin de décrire la variabilité temporelle des flux d’azote inorganique dissous sur le plateau continental du golfe du Lion, un suivi mensuel (novembre 1997–janvier 1999) a été effectué à deux stations. Les flux de NH4+, NO3–, NO2– ont été mesurés par incubation de carotte. Le flux de nitrate hors du sédiment représente la majeure partie des échanges (52–98%). A la station Sofi, les flux de nitrate ont doublé de la période hiver–début de printemps jusqu’au mois d’août (4 à 10 μmol m–2 h–1). Pour la station R, une forte augmentation (2 à 14 μmol m–2 h–1) a été enregistrée entre décembre 1997 et janvier 1998, après laquelle les flux ont tendance à diminuer. Les flux d’ammonium sont généralement dirigés vers la colonne d’eau, plus faibles à la station Sofi qu’à la station R. Les flux de nitrite sont toujours inférieurs à 1 μmol m–2 h–1. Une large partie de la variabilité temporelle observée à la station R a pu être attribuée à l’apport de matière organique consécutif à des débits rhodaniens maximaux. Au contraire, l’influence du Rhône à la station Sofi est limitée et la sédimentation de l’efflorescence phytoplanctonique printanière est certainement la cause majeure de la variabilité temporelle. La comparaison des flux totaux avec les flux diffusifs suggère des taux de nitrification élevés dans le centimètre superficiel du sédiment. En se basant sur l’évolution temporelle de ces deux stations, le flux d’azote inorganique dissous en provenance des sédiments, équivalent à 20–34% des apports rhodaniens, pourrait fournir de 4 à 8% de la demande annuelle pour la production primaire sur l’ensemble de l’année dans le golfe du Lion. Sediment-water dissolved inorganic nitrogen fluxes were measured monthly between November 1997 and January 1999 at two sites on the continental shelf in the Gulf of Lions. Exchanges of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite were measured using whole core incubations performed in the laboratory at in situ temperature and in the dark;. Stations were located on the shelf and near the shelf break. Nitrate release represented the major part of total dissolved inorganic nitrogen fluxes (52-98%). At station Soft, nitrate flux doubled from winter-early spring to August (4 to 10 mu mol m(-2) h(-1)). At station R, a large increase (2 to 14 mu mol m(-2) h(-1)) was recorded between December 1997 and January 1998, after which flux tended to decrease. Ammonium flux was generally directed out of the sediment, and was lower at station Sofi than at station R. Nitrite flux was always less than 1 mu mol m(-1) h(-1). A large part of the temporal variability observed at station R could be attributed to the input of organic matter associated with the discharge of the Rhone River. On the contrary, the influence of the Rhone River is limited at station Sofi, and the spring phytoplankton bloom deposition was probably the major cause of temporal variability. Comparisons of total fluxes with diffusive fluxes suggested a high nitrification rate in the upper centimetre of the sediment. Annual dissolved inorganic nitrogen release from sediments, equivalent to 20-34% of the Rhone River inputs, may contribute 4-8% of the requirements for primary production in the Gulf of Lions.

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    Oceanologica Acta
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    Oceanologica Acta
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    Authors: Malchow, H; Petrovskii, S; Medvinsky, A;

    The history of modelling plankton dynamics is already quite long and has been initiated by fishery science in the early 20th century. The main aim of modelling population dynamics is to improve the understanding of the functioning of food chains and webs and their dependence on internal and external conditions. Hence, mathematical models of biological population dynamics have not only to account for growth and interactions but also for spatial processes like random or directed and joint or relative motion of species as well as the variability of the environment. Early attempts began with physicochemical diffusion, exponential growth and Lotka-Volterra type interactions. These approaches have been continuously refined to more realistic descriptions of the development of natural populations. The aim of this paper is to give an extensive introduction to the subject and the bibliography. The fascinating variety of spatio-temporal patterns in such systems and the governing mechanisms of their generation and further dynamics are described and related to plankton. L’histoire de la modélisation de la dynamique du plancton est déjà plutôt longue puisqu’elle a débuté au début du 20e siècle avec les études sur les pêches. L’axe de cette modélisation est d’améliorer la compréhension du fonctionnement du réseau trophique et de ses relations avec les facteurs externes et internes. Aussi, les modèles mathématiques de dynamique des populations doivent non seulement tenir compte des déplacements des espèces au hasard ou dirigés, relatifs ou combinés ainsi que de la variabilité de l’environnement. Les premiers essais débutèrent avec la diffusion physico-chimique, la croissance exponentielle et les interactions de type Lotka-Volterra. Ces approches ont été régulièrement affinées vers des descriptions plus réalistes du développement des populations naturelles. L’objectif de cet article est d’introduire ce sujet et la bibliographie afférente. La variété infinie des schémas spatio-temporels dans de tels systèmes et les mécanismes directeurs de leur naissance ainsi que les futures dynamiques sont décrits et reliés au plancton.

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    Oceanologica Acta
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    Oceanologica Acta
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    Authors: Letourneur, Y; Labrosse, Pierre; Kulbicki, M;

    Une étude comparative a été réalisée pour évaluer les effets des apports terrigènes sur les peuplements de poissons d'intérêt commercial de la province Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Deux zones sont étudiées, l'une localisée au vent (côte est) et l'autre sous le vent (côte ouest). Dans chaque zone, trois régions principales sont distinguées : récifs frangeants proches de secteurs soumis à d'importantes activités minières, récifs frangeants proches de secteurs soumis à des activités minières modérées, et récifs frangeants proches de secteurs non miniers. De plus, sur la côte ouest, des récifs frangeants proches de secteurs soumis à une forte érosion terrigène naturelle sont également étudiés. Seules les espèces de poissons d'intérêt commercial au sens large ont été recensées (165 espèces) sur un total de 163 stations. Les caractéristiques du substrat ne différent pas d'une zone à l'autre, ni d'une région à l'autre. En revanche, des différences significatives sont observées pour les organismes recouvrants : la couverture en corail vivant est plus forte sur les récifs proches de secteurs non miniers, alors que la tendance est inverse pour le recouvrement algal. Les trois descripteurs principaux des communautés de poissons commerciaux (richesse spécifique, densité et biomasse) sont plus faibles dans les secteurs non miniers, bien que cette tendance ne soit pas toujours statistiquement significative. Des résultats similaires sont obtenus pour certaines des principales familles de poissons, comme les Acanthuridae et les Siganidae, tandis que d'autres familles ne montrent aucune tendance particulière, comme les Lutjanidae, ou une tendance « partielle å (c'est-à-dire sur une seule des deux côtes), comme les Serranidae, les Lethrinidae, les Mullidae, les Labridae et les Scaridae A comparative study was conducted in two zones of the Northern Province of New Caledonia, one located windward (east coast) and the other located leeward (west coast). In each zone, three major sectors were investigated: fringing reefs close to areas of important mining activities, fringing reefs close to areas of moderate mining activities, and fringing reefs close to areas free of mining activities. In addition, on the west coast, fringing reefs close to areas of high natural ground erosion were also studied. Only commercial fish species sensus late were censused on a total of 163 stations, concerning 165 fish species. Substrate characteristics were not different between zones and sectors. However, significant differences were observed for living organisms: live coral cover was higher in non-mining sectors than in mining ones, and algal cover increased with increasing mining activities. The three main descriptors of the commercial fish communities (e.g. mean species richness, density and biomass) have all shown lower values in sectors submitted to the lowest ground erosion levels, although these trends were not all statistically significant. Similar results were found for some of the major fish families, such as the Acanthuridae and Siganidae, whereas other families had no specific pattern, such as the Lut-janidae, or a 'partial' pattern (i.e. on only one coast), such as the Serranidae, Lethrinidae, Mullidae, Labridae and Scaridae.

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    Oceanologica Acta
    Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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      Oceanologica Acta
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    Authors: De Vaugeles, Jean; Meinesz, Alexandre; Antolić, Boris; Ballesteros, Enrique; +16 Authors

    Quatorze années après la première observation de Caulerpa taxifolia en Méditerranée nord-occidentale, cette algue d'origine tropicale est présente dans cinq pays (Espagne, France, Monaco, Italie et Croatie). À la fin de l'année 1997, plus de 46 km2 de fonds, situés essentiellement entre 0 et 50 m de profondeur, sont concernés à divers degrés par cette invasion. Une standardisation de la représentation cartographique est proposée. L'objectif de cette normalisation est de pouvoir comparer les cartes produites par divers organismes appartenant à plusieurs pays. Elle est basée sur la définition, pour une station donnée, de trois niveaux de colonisation : ¿ - Le niveau I correspond à une station où se développent une ou plusieurs colonies (réparties à moins de 100 m les unes des autres) et couvrant au total une surface inférieure à 1000 m2 ; ¿ - Le niveau II correspond à une station où de nombreuses colonies (réparties à moins de 250 m les unes des autres) couvrent au total plus de 1000 m2 et sont dispersées dans une surface inférieure à 10 ha ; ¿ - Le niveau III correspond à une station où les colonies sont disséminées dans une zone supérieure à 10 ha et pour lesquelles la surface totale couverte (très supérieure à 1000 m2) n'est plus cartographiable avec précision. Pour chaque niveau un ensemble de paramètres descriptifs permet de préciser la situation : surface totale couverte, surface atteinte, estimation des larges surfaces atteintes (ou surface concernée), linéaire de côte devant lequel on trouve des surfaces atteintes ou concernées. Fourteen years after the first observation of Caulerpa taxifolia (Valh) C. Agardh in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, this green alga of tropical origin is now present in five countries (Spain, France, Monaco, Italy and Croatia). By the end of 1997, more than 46 km(2), at depths of between 0 and 50 m, were found to be affected by this expansion. A standardization of the cartographic procedure is proposed here. Such a standardization is necessary to compare maps produced by various organizations from different countries. For a given independent station, it is based on the definition of three levels of colonization:Level I refers to a station where one or several colonies less than 100 m apart cover a total surface area inferior to 1000 m(2):Level II refers to a station where several colonies less than 250 m apart totally cover more than 1000 m(2) with fragments and small colonies dispersed over a surface area inferior to 10 ha;Level III is attained when several large colonies are dispersed over a surface area superior to 10 ha, with a total covered surface of more than 1000 m(2), impossible to map with precision due to its size.For each of these colonization levels, descriptive parameters can be used to precisely describe the situation: covered surface area, dispersion surface (i.e. "affected" zone), estimation of very large affected zones (i.e. "concerned" zones) and the portions of the coastline along which an affected or concerned zone can be found.

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    Oceanologica Acta
    Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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      Oceanologica Acta
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    Authors: Ridame , Céline; Moutin , Thierry; Guieu , Cécile;

    La fraction fine d’un sol composite saharien, considérée comme représentative de l’aérosol saharien en Méditerranée, a été utilisée dans des expériences de marquage au 33PO43– afin de caractériser l’adsorption du phosphate présent dans la colonne d’eau, sur les poussières sahariennes. Pour cela, des poussières sahariennes lessivées ont été introduites dans de l’eau de mer empoisonnée, collectée en Méditerranée occidentale, durant 48 heures. La capacité d’adsorption des poussières sahariennes vis-à-vis du phosphate, ainsi mesurée, atteint une valeur de 0,13 μmol g–1, à l’équilibre. En considérant cette valeur ainsi qu’un dépôt annuel de poussières sahariennes de 12,5 t km–2 yr–1, nous avons montré que ces particules éoliennes ne constituent pas un puits significatif de phosphate en Méditerranée occidentale. Ce résultat est en accord avec une étude menée dans le bassin oriental. Par conséquent, le fort rapport N/P mesuré dans l’ensemble du bassin méditerranéen (jusqu’à 29) ne peut être expliqué par le processus d’adsorption du phosphate présent dans la colonne de l’eau, sur les poussières sahariennes. A Saharan soil, considered as a proxy for Saharan aerosols, was used to perform radio-labelled phosphate adsorption experiments using (33)PO(4)(3-): leached particles were exposed to poisoned western Mediterranean seawater for varying lengths of time. The measured adsorption capacity of Saharan dust for phosphate was 0.13 mumol g(-1). Considering this value and an annual Saharan dust deposition of 12.5 t km(-2) year(-1), we show that Saharan particles do not represent a significant sink for seawater phosphate in the western Mediterranean Sea. This result is in agreement with that determined from a similar approach conducted in the eastern basin. As a consequence, the unusual NIP ratio measured in the whole Mediterranean Sea (up to 29) cannot be explained by the adsorption process of seawater phosphate onto Saharan dust.

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    Oceanologica Acta
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    Oceanologica Acta
    Article . 2003 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Clave, B; Masse, L; Carbonel, P; Tastet, Jp;

    Le marais holocène de La Perroche, localisé sur la côte sud-ouest de l’île d’Oléron (golfe de Gascogne, France), est actuellement un marais d’eau douce séparé du domaine océanique par un cordon dunaire continu. L’étude de son comblement au cours des 6 000 dernières années montre d’abord une invasion marine sur un substrat très accidenté d’âge cénomanien. Ensuite, se déposent probablement rapidement des sédiments sableux, témoins à la fois de l’établissement et du démantèlement de cordons dunaires et de l’érosion de l’arrière pays. Puis, la sédimentation devient plus fine et de type laguno-lacustre ainsi que le montrent les faunes d’ostracodes souvent associées aux sédiments. La distribution des dépôts dans le marais apparaît dés le début dissymétrique avec la présence d’épais niveaux sablo-graveleux à l’est et des successions de sables, d’argiles et de dépôts organiques à l’ouest. Les communications avec la mer sont épisodiques et le dépôt des sédiments est commandé par une chenalisation très active. Celle-ci est soulignée par la présence à proximité immédiate du chenal de faunes de type marin, le plus souvent déplacées et amenées en suspension. Vers 5000 ans BP s’installe un marais côtier, très riche en matière organique le plus souvent dépourvu de faune. Lorsque la faune est présente, elle indique des milieux laguno-saumâtres ou lacustres, confirmant ainsi l’isolation progressive du système. Des dépôts tourbeux trouvés sur la plage sont contemporains de ceux du marais actuel, ce qui implique une continuité sédimentaire entre ces deux sites et donc une situation des cordons dunaires plus au large qu’actuellement. Une seconde phase de sédimentation apparaît à la suite d’un événement transgressif vers 2800–2500 ans BP mais les communications avec le milieu marin sont très réduites comme le montrent les faunes majoritairement d’eaux douces. Cet épisode transgressif apparaît synchrone avec une tendance positive générale du niveau des eaux enregistrée entre 3000 et 2000 ans BP le long des côtes de l’Europe du nord-ouest. La fermeture définitive du marais intervient plus tard, après une seconde phase de développement de marécages vers 2100 ans BP. The La Perroche marsh is a small Holocene marsh on the south-western coast of the Oleron island (Bay of Biscay, France) presently occupied by a freshwater swamp and separated from the ocean by a continuous sand dune ridge. The study of its infill shows first basal conglomeratic deposits with calcareous pebbles on a Cenomanian rough substrate. The Holocene infill since 6000 years BP begins with a very fast sedimentation of sands. Then, the sedimentation becomes finer, with lagoonal to freshwater influences recorded by ostracods. The distribution of these deposits inside the marsh is asymmetric, with a thick sandy-gravely layer in the eastern part and a succession of sands, clays and organic layers in the western part. Communication with the sea is episodic, and the sedimentation is controlled by an active channel, as shown by the presence of displaced coastal-marine faunas at some sites. Around 5000 years BP, a coastal marsh began to develop with high organic matter contents. These organic deposits presently outcrop on the beach, suggesting a more seaward location of the shoreline at that time. Generally, these sediments are azoic. When fauna is present, it indicates brackish to freshwater environments showing a progressive isolation of the system. A second phase of terrigenous sedimentation occurred after a transgressive event around 2800-2500 years BP, but the communication with the sea was then very reduced, as indicated by mainly freshwater faunas. This transgressive event appears to be synchronous with a positive sea-level tendency recorded, throughout north-western European coasts, between 3000 and 2000 years BP. The definitive closing of the marsh occurred around 2100 years BP, after a second phase of freshwater marsh. (

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      Oceanologica Acta
      Article . 2001 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Cimmaruta, R; Scialanca, F; Luccioli, F; Nascetti, G;

    Dix populations d'Aphanius fasciatus provenant de lagunes côtières et d'étangs saumâtres italiens ont été génétiquement caractérisées grâce à l'électrophorèse multilocus. L'étude confronte la structure génétique de populations venant d'habitats caractérisés par différents types de stress du milieu pour améliorer la connaissance des relations entre le degré de variabilité génétique des populations naturelles et la perturbation du milieu, qu'elle soit naturelle ou anthropogénique. Aussi, l'échantillonnage a-t-il été planifié pour obtenir des populations naturellement perturbées (avec de grandes variations des paramètres physiques et chimiques) ou bien subissant une perturbation due à la pêche, à la pollution, à l'aquaculture. Plusieurs couples d'échantillons de ces deux types ont été prélevés sur des sites géographiquement proches pour faciliter la comparaison entre les populations qui supportent les deux types de stress. Trois groupes génétiquement différents ont été identifiés : le premier est constitué par les populations de la haute et moyenne Tyrrhénienne et des côtes septentrionales de la Sardaigne, le second par celles de la basse Tyrrhénienne et de la Sardaigne méridionale et le troisième par celles de la côte Adriatique. Pour les deux groupes de populations de la Tyrrhénienne, une tendance à une moindre variabilité génétique concernant les populations soumises à un habitat troublé par l'activité humaine apparaît. C'est particulièrement le cas pour les échantillons de lagunes côtières polluées ou qui ont été victimes de crises dystrophiques (par exemple Orbetello et Cagliari-Santa Gilla) ; la variabilité génétique est inférieure comparée aux populations géographiquement proches mais qui vivent dans un habitat pratiquement inaltéré (saline de Tarquinia et lagune de Sant'Antioco). En général, les populations de la zone Adriatique montrent une faible variabilité génétique, peut-être à cause du déficit persistant d'oxygène du bassin ou à cause de la récente histoire paléographique de cet emplacement. Allozyme electrophoresis has been used to analyse the genetic structure of ten populations of the killifish, Aphanius fasciatus, sampled from Italian coastal brackish lagoons or salterns. The goal of the study was to compare the genetic structure of samples obtained from habitats characterised by environmental stress of different kinds, with the aim of gaining a better understanding of the relationships between the genetic variation of natural populations and environmental disturbance, either natural or man-made. Therefore, the sampling scheme has been planned to provide samples from both brackish habitats, characterised by natural stress with seasonal marked fluctuations of chemical and physical parameters, and from coastal lagoons suffering from a high human impact due to fishing, pollution, aquaculture, etc. Many sample pairs from the two sets were also geographically very close, allowing a better comparison of the genetic variation of populations tolerating different kinds of environmental stress (i.e., natural vs. anthropogenic). The obtained data evidence three main genetically distinct population groups, including samples from: (1) central-northern Tyrrhenian and northern Sardinian coasts; (2) southern Tyrrhenian and southern Sardinian coasts; (3) Adriatic Sea. Within the two Tyrrhenian groups, a general trend indicates a lower genetic variability for the samples obtained from highly human disturbed brackish waters. In particular, samples characterised by well documented pollution and dystrophic crises (i.e., Orbetello and Cagliari-Santa Gilla lagoons) have a lower genetic variability with respect to nearby scarcely disturbed populations (Tarquinia saltern and Sant' Antioco lagoon). The Adriatic populations exhibit a low level of genetic variation, which may be due to the persistent hypoxic condition of the sea basin combined with the paleogeographic history of the area.

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    Oceanologica Acta
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    Oceanologica Acta
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      Oceanologica Acta
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      Oceanologica Acta
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    Authors: Prego, R; Varela, M;

    [EN] The Arta.bro Gulf (1 500 km2 north-west of the Iberian Peninsula) has been studied based on data obtained in August 1993, under Itypical summer meteorological conditions (COPLA 893 cruise). This is the first study on the summer hydrography of the ,4rtabro Gulf. During this season, the hydrography of this area is quite complex and must be understood in terms of three factors: 1) upwelling, 2) two different eastern North Atlantic Cientral Water (ENACW) water masses and 3) rias water exchange. A local wind-induced upwelling of ENACW, (subpolar> occurs off Prior Cape. The plume is located off the gulf coastline, but inside the continental shelf. The frontal zone, rich in nutrients and chlorophyll, is parallel to the gulf line, starting in the Prior region and ending at the convergence of ENACW, and ENACW, (subtropical), giving it an arched shape. The Artabro Gulf is the place off the Galicia coast where ENACW, and ENACW, are observed and the gulf is the western limit of coastal Cantabrian Sea influence. The upwelling is strongly influenced by the topographic presence of the gulf which generates an ‘upwelling shadow’ where the rias water exchange is confined near the coast and the ENACW, does not penetrate into the rias. The opposite occurs at the southernmost Rias Bajas, where ENACW, upwells inside the rias [FR] L’hydr’ographie du golfe Artabre (1500 km2), situ& au nord-ouest de la peninsule IbCrique, a CtC CtudiCe dans des conditions meteorologiques estivales, pour la premiere fois, a l’aide de donn6es collect&es en aont 1993 au tours de la campagne COPLA 893. Pour comprendre cette hydrographie t&s complexe, il faut considerer trois facteurs : l’upwelling, les deux cornposantes de l’eau centrale nord-est atlantique (ENACW) et l’tchange d’eau avec la ria. Une remontee locale d’eau sub-polaire (ENACW,) est induite par le vent p&s du cap Prior. Le panache est a l’exdrieur du golfe mais reste sur le plateau continental. La zone frontale, riche en nutriments et en chlorophylle, suit la ligne de tote en formant un arc qui s’etend du cap Prior jusqu’a la convergence des eaux sub-polaire (ENACW,) et sub-tropicale (ENACW,). Ces deux masses d’eaux se rencontrent dans le golfe Artabre qui constitue la limite c&i&e occidentale d’influence de la mer Cantabrique. L’upwelling est t&s marque par la topographie du golfe qui engendre une >o ti l’echange d’eau avec les rias est confine pres de la c&e, empechant l’ENACW, de penetrer dans les rias. La situation inverse est observte plus au sud (rias Bajas) oti l’ENACW, remonte a l’interieur des rias Project ‘Seguimiento de la contamination de1 Aegean Sea’ financed by the ‘Ministerio de Medio Ambiente’, ‘Series Historicas’ (ref. 1007) and to E.U. ‘OMEX’ Project (ref. MAS2-CT93-0069). 11 páginas, 8 figuras Peer reviewed

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    Oceanologica Acta
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    Oceanologica Acta
    Article . 1998 . Peer-reviewed
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      Oceanologica Acta
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      Oceanologica Acta
      Article . 1998 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Palanques, Albert; Díaz, José Ignacio; Farran, Marcel-lí;

    [FR] Le Golfe de Cadix a été contaminé par les activités minières (cuivre et pyrites) dès l'époque des Tartésiens et des Romains. Cette activité a crû considérable-ment durant le siècle dernier. Les industries établies pendant les dernières décennies ont apporté de nouveaux contaminants au système marin. La plupart sont déchargés dans les fleuves et les rivières ou dans la zone littorale. Cepen-dant, les déchets contaminés de certaines industries ont été déversés par des bateaux sur le talus continental jusqu'en 1990. Les sédiments de la marge continentale ont été échantillonnés afin d'étudier la contamination en métaux lourds du fond de la mer. Les plus fortes anomalies en métaux lourds ont été détectées sur le plateau continental près de l'embouchure des fleuves Guadiana et Tinto-Odiel ainsi que sur le talus continental près de certains canyons sous-marins. Les anomalies du plateau continental sont associées aux processus de flocculation de l'interface eau de mer - eau douce. Les particules contaminées des fleuves qui restent en suspension dans la colonne d'eau sont transportées par advection et diffusion, puis transférées vers le talus et entraînées par le courant de sortie méditerranéen. Elles peuvent s'accumuler dans la zone vasière du talus, là où le courant de fond diminue, ou bien elle peuvent suivre le courant de sortie de la Méditerranée et atteindre des zones atlantiques plus profondes [EN] The Gulf of Cadiz has been affected by contamination from terrestrial mining activities (copper and pyrites) since the times of the Tartesians and Romans. This activity has drastically increased during the past century. Industries implanted during recent decades have supplied another input of contaminants to the marine system. Most of the contaminants are discharged into rivers or in the littoral area, but some contaminated industrial waste was dumped on the continental slope from ships until 1990. Sediment from the continental margin has been sampled to study the heavy metal contamination on the sea bed. The strongest heavy metal anomalies were detected on the continental shelf near the mouths of the Guadiana and Tinto-Odiel Rivers and on the continental slope near the head of some submarine canyons. Continental shelf anomalies are associated with flocculation processes in the marine water-freshwater interface. The contaminated river particles that remain suspended in the water column are transported by advective or diffusive processes, transferred to the slope, and reoriented by the Mediterranean outflow. They can accumulate in the slope mud patch, where bottom currents decrease, or can follow the Mediterranean outflow and reach deeper Atlantic areas 9 pages, 5 figures, 7 tables

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    Authors: John, Hc; Mittelstaedt, E; Schulz, K;

    The copepod fauna south-west of the British Isles includes a number of species which have their centre of distribution in the subtropical or tropical Atlantic. Among these, some species appear to be faunistically linked with the Iberian continental slope or slope waters even farther south along the NE Atlantic margin. It seems that these species reach their north-eastern range by means of poleward-flowing currents. For example, Calanoides carinatus has deep-living resting stages and ascends to surface waters only during its reproductive period, which is short at northern latitudes. Its main dwelling layers along the west Iberian continental slope cover the poleward-flowing undercurrent and the Mediterranean outflow water underneath. Part of the poleward flow regime tends to follow the slope bathymetry, i.e. it bends eastwards into the Bay of Biscay along northern Spain. Another part separates from the continental slope at Cape Finisterre and crosses the Bay of Biscay, approaching the continental slope at about 47 degrees N, where it joins the north-westward flowing slope currents again. Because of its preference for the deeper layers during the long resting phase it is assumed that resting C. carinatus drifts mainly with the northward branch of the Mediterranean outflow water and penetrates only slightly into the inner Bay of Biscay. In contrast, Calanus helgolandicus has, on average, a shallower vertical distribution. Reproductively active individuals occur in the surface layers off western Iberia throughout the year. Here it drifts presumably northwards during late autumn and winter, but is recirculated southwards during late spring and summer. Due to advection with both the intermediate undercurrent and the variable near-surface currents, Calanus helgolandicus occurs more commonly in the inner Bay of Biscay than C. carinatus. Au sudouest des îles Britanniques, la faune de copépodes comprend de nombreuses espèces originaires de l'Atlantique tropical ou sub-tropical. Certaines, liées à la faune de la pente continentale ibérique ou, plus au sud, à celle de la marge nord-est de l'Atlantique, arriveraient avec les courants dirigés vers le pôle. Ainsi, Calanoides carinatus se trouve en profondeur pendant ses périodes de repos et ne remonte dans les eaux de surface que pendant la période de reproduction, brève aux latitudes nord. Plongeant le long de la pente continentale à l'ouest de la péninsule ibérique, il atteint le sous-courant dirigé vers le pôle et les eaux sous-jacentes issues de la mer Méditerranée. Une partie du flux suit la bathymétrie en direction de l'est et entre dans le golfe de Gascogne au nord de l'Espagne. Une autre partie du flux quitte le talus continental au cap Finisterre et traverse le golfe de Gascogne pour retrouver, vers 47°N, la pente continentale et les courants orientés vers le nord-ouest. Par sa présence dans les eaux plus profondes pendant sa longue période de repos, C. carinatus pourrait dériver principalement avec la branche méditerranéenne orientée vers le nord et ne pénétrer que partiellement dans le golfe de Gascogne. Au contraire, Calanus helgolandicus se trouve en moyenne à la verticale des petits fonds. Les individus reproducteurs actifs restent tout au long de l'année dans les couches superficielles à l'ouest de la péninsule ibérique. Ils dérivent vers le nord à la fin de l'automne et en hiver, puis repartent vers le sud à la fin du printemps et en été. L'advection par le sous-courant intermédiaire et par les courants variables à proximité de la surface font que C. helgolandicus est plus commun à l'intérieur du golfe de Gascogne que C. carinatus.

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    Oceanologica Acta
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      Oceanologica Acta
      Article . 1998 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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    Authors: Denis, Lionel; Grenz, Christian; Alliot, E; Rodier, Martine;

    Afin de décrire la variabilité temporelle des flux d’azote inorganique dissous sur le plateau continental du golfe du Lion, un suivi mensuel (novembre 1997–janvier 1999) a été effectué à deux stations. Les flux de NH4+, NO3–, NO2– ont été mesurés par incubation de carotte. Le flux de nitrate hors du sédiment représente la majeure partie des échanges (52–98%). A la station Sofi, les flux de nitrate ont doublé de la période hiver–début de printemps jusqu’au mois d’août (4 à 10 μmol m–2 h–1). Pour la station R, une forte augmentation (2 à 14 μmol m–2 h–1) a été enregistrée entre décembre 1997 et janvier 1998, après laquelle les flux ont tendance à diminuer. Les flux d’ammonium sont généralement dirigés vers la colonne d’eau, plus faibles à la station Sofi qu’à la station R. Les flux de nitrite sont toujours inférieurs à 1 μmol m–2 h–1. Une large partie de la variabilité temporelle observée à la station R a pu être attribuée à l’apport de matière organique consécutif à des débits rhodaniens maximaux. Au contraire, l’influence du Rhône à la station Sofi est limitée et la sédimentation de l’efflorescence phytoplanctonique printanière est certainement la cause majeure de la variabilité temporelle. La comparaison des flux totaux avec les flux diffusifs suggère des taux de nitrification élevés dans le centimètre superficiel du sédiment. En se basant sur l’évolution temporelle de ces deux stations, le flux d’azote inorganique dissous en provenance des sédiments, équivalent à 20–34% des apports rhodaniens, pourrait fournir de 4 à 8% de la demande annuelle pour la production primaire sur l’ensemble de l’année dans le golfe du Lion. Sediment-water dissolved inorganic nitrogen fluxes were measured monthly between November 1997 and January 1999 at two sites on the continental shelf in the Gulf of Lions. Exchanges of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite were measured using whole core incubations performed in the laboratory at in situ temperature and in the dark;. Stations were located on the shelf and near the shelf break. Nitrate release represented the major part of total dissolved inorganic nitrogen fluxes (52-98%). At station Soft, nitrate flux doubled from winter-early spring to August (4 to 10 mu mol m(-2) h(-1)). At station R, a large increase (2 to 14 mu mol m(-2) h(-1)) was recorded between December 1997 and January 1998, after which flux tended to decrease. Ammonium flux was generally directed out of the sediment, and was lower at station Sofi than at station R. Nitrite flux was always less than 1 mu mol m(-1) h(-1). A large part of the temporal variability observed at station R could be attributed to the input of organic matter associated with the discharge of the Rhone River. On the contrary, the influence of the Rhone River is limited at station Sofi, and the spring phytoplankton bloom deposition was probably the major cause of temporal variability. Comparisons of total fluxes with diffusive fluxes suggested a high nitrification rate in the upper centimetre of the sediment. Annual dissolved inorganic nitrogen release from sediments, equivalent to 20-34% of the Rhone River inputs, may contribute 4-8% of the requirements for primary production in the Gulf of Lions.

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    Oceanologica Acta
    Article
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Oceanologica Acta
    Article . 2001 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2001
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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      Oceanologica Acta
      Article
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Oceanologica Acta
      Article . 2001 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      Hal-Diderot
      Article . 2001
      Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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