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    Authors: Binkenstein, Julia; Klein, Alexandra‐Maria; Assmann, Thorsten; Buscot, François; +9 Authors

    Negative relationships between species richness and elevation are common and attributed to changes in single environmental properties associated to elevation, such as temperature and habitat area. However, research has lacked taxonomic breadth and comprehensive elevation studies that consider multiple groups from different trophic levels are rare. We thus analysed 24 groups of plants, arthropods, and microorganisms grouped into six trophic guilds (predators, detritivores, herbivores, plants, bacteria and fungi) along a relatively short elevational gradient (~600 m) in a subtropical forest in south‐east China. The total species richness of all organisms was not related to elevation, nor was the richness of plants, herbivores or microorganisms. However, species richness and abundance in two major trophic guilds of arthropods changed with elevation, which was mediated by changes in elevation‐associated habitat properties. Specifically, deadwood mass increased with elevation, which increased detritivore richness indirectly via detritivore abundance, thus supporting the ‘more individuals hypothesis’. In contrast, lower predator richness at higher elevations was directly related to lower mean temperatures, which had no effect on abundance. Our study demonstrates that even along relatively short gradients, elevation can have strong direct and abundance‐mediated effects on species richness, but with effects varying from positive to negative signs depending on local resource availability and the characteristics of groups or trophic guilds. If elevation positively influences local environmental properties that benefit a given group, richness can increase towards higher elevations. Thus, the effect of global change in mountainous regions should be evaluated within the local environmental context using multi‐taxon approaches.

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    Authors: Dengler, Jürgen; Becker, Thomas; Conradi, Timo; Dolnik, Christian; +12 Authors

    Der Bericht stellt die neue kollaborative Vegetationsdatenbank GrassVeg.DE (EU-DE-020; http://bit.ly/2qgX208) vor, die Vegetationsaufnahmen von Grasländern und anderen nicht-aquatischen Offenlandhabitaten Deutschlands sammelt, um sie national und international für die vegetationsökologische Forschung zur Verfügung zu stellen. GrassVeg.DE trägt die Daten zum European Vegetation Archive (EVA) und künftig auch zur globalen Vegetationsdatenbank „sPlot“ bei. Datenlieferanten von GrassVeg.DE behalten volle Verfügungsgewalt über ihre Daten und werden Mitglied des Grass-Veg.DE-Konsortiums. Dadurch profitieren sie durch Co-Autorenschaften und Zitate von ihren Beiträgen und erlangen zugleich die Möglichkeit, selbst Projekte zu beantragen, die GrassVeg.DE- oder EVA-Daten nutzen. Die schnell wachsende GrassVeg.DE-Datenbank umfasste im Juli 2017 3.181 Vegetationsaufnahmen aus acht deutschen Bundesländern. Perspektivisch kann GrassVeg.DE dazu beitragen, eine konsistente Neuklassifikation der Graslandvegetationstypen Deutschlands im Rahmen der Synopsis der Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands zu ermöglichen. Wir schließen den Beitrag mit einem Aufruf, eigene und aus der Literatur digitalisierte Vegetationsaufnahmen zu GrassVeg.DE beizutragen This report presents the new collaborative vegetation-plot database GrassVeg.DE (EU-DE-020; http://bitly/2qgX208) which collects vegetation-plot records (releves) from grasslands and other non woodland and non-aquatic habitats from Germany to make them accessible for ecological research nationally and internationally. Data from GrassVeg.DE are provided to the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and, in the future, also to the global database "sPlot". Data providers of GrassVeg.DE retain full copyright of their data and becomd members of the GrassVeg.DE Consortium. Thereby, they profit from their contribution via co-authorships and citations as well as the option to propose own projects using the full GrassVeg.DE or EVA data. In July 2017, the fast-growing GrassVeg.DE database contained 3,181 vegetation plots, originating from eight federal states of Germany. In the future, GrassVeg.DE could facilitate the consistent re-Classification of the grassland types within the series Synopsis der Pflanzengesellschaflen Deutschlands. We conclude the report with a call to contribute own releves and releves digitised from the literature to GrassVeg.DE.

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    Authors: Jan-Claas Dajka; Anna J. Woodhead; Albert V. Norström; Nicholas A. J. Graham; +2 Authors

    Abstract Social–ecological systems (SES) exhibit complex cause‐and‐effect relationships. Capturing, interpreting, and responding to signals that indicate changes in ecosystems is key for sustainable management in SES. Breaks in this signal–response chain, when feedbacks are missing, will allow change to continue until a point when abrupt ecological surprises may occur. In these situations, societies and local ecosystems can often become uncoupled. In this paper, we demonstrate how the red loop–green loop (RL–GL) concept can be used to uncover missing feedbacks and to better understand past social–ecological dynamics. Reinstating these feedbacks in order to recouple the SES may ultimately create more sustainable systems on local scales. The RL–GL concept can uncover missing feedbacks through the characterization of SES dynamics along a spectrum of human resource dependence. Drawing on diverse qualitative and quantitative data sources, we classify SES dynamics throughout the history of Jamaican coral reefs along the RL–GL spectrum. We uncover missing feedbacks in red‐loop and red‐trap scenarios from around the year 600 until now. The Jamaican coral reef SES dynamics have moved between all four dynamic states described in the RL–GL concept: green loop, green trap, red loop and red trap. We then propose mechanisms to guide the current unsustainable red traps back to more sustainable green loops, involving mechanisms of seafood trade and ecological monitoring. By gradually moving away from seafood exports, Jamaica may be able to return to green‐loop dynamics between the local society and their locally sourced seafood. We discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of this proposed intervention and give indications of why an export ban may insure against future missing feedbacks and could prolong the sustainability of the Jamaican coral reef ecosystem. Our approach demonstrates how the RL–GL approach can uncover missing feedbacks in a coral reef SES, a way the concept has not been used before. We advocate for how the RL–GL concept in a feedback setting can be used to synthesize various types of data and to gain an understanding of past, present and future sustainability that can be applied in diverse social–ecological settings. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

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    People and Nature
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    People and Nature
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Roberts, Thomas; Upham, Paul;

    Competing demand for land is driving biofuel and bioenergy research in various directions including macro-algae (seaweed). This paper reviews the main issues for the marine environment of cultivating and harvesting UK and Irish seaweed for biofuels/bioenergy, informed by stakeholder interviews. These showed stakeholders were sceptical of an offshore cultivation industry developing but generally considered inshore cultivation possible, while noting various practical obstacles and conditions. Views on expansion of seaweed harvesting were more divided, with research scientists being relatively cautious.

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    Authors: Ian J. Bateman; Amii R. Harwood; Georgina M. Mace; Robert T. Watson; +21 Authors

    C. Obst et al. provide a welcome opportunity to clarify the difference between environmental-economic cost-benefit analyses (such as ours) and environmental accounting exercises [such as the UN-SEEA ([ 1 ][1], [ 2 ][2]) initiative]. Accounting studies attempt to assess the total value of goods related to ecosystem services in a manner comparable to that used for market-priced goods in national accounts. A decline in the ecosystem services account over time signals a potential need to invest in underlying natural capital. However, such accounts do not indicate the most cost-effective form of that investment. Environmental economic analyses such as ours typically consider changes in value from the status quo that alternative investments provide, and identify those that yield higher value for money. The two approaches are complements rather than substitutes and serve differing but highly compatible elements of the decision-making process. A. Graham et al. criticize our use of “the value of nonmarket goods such as biodiversity.” Although we valued nonmarket greenhouse gas emissions and recreation, we explicitly did not attempt to define biodiversity in terms of economic values; instead, we applied a quantitative constraint prohibiting the degradation of biodiversity within our scenario analyses and examined the costs this would entail, finding them to be minor relative to other values. Graham et al. 's critique that we should not compare nonmarket values for ecosystem services with the market price of agricultural output ignores the fact that, as stated, we are conducting an economic analysis of marginal changes from the status quo and not attempting to assess the total value of food. In such assessments of changes, the use of market prices is standard ([ 3 ][3]). Indeed, there is an argument ([ 3 ][3]) that such analyses should subtract subsidies (including income support), which would reduce agricultural values ([ 4 ][4]). Graham et al. also question the possible increase in yields attributable to climate change. We do believe that UK farming will generally benefit from warmer temperatures but caution that [as detailed in ([ 5 ][5])] within areas of lower rainfall, increased drought could potentially reduce or even reverse these gains. We agree with R. Aspinall and P. Gregory that it would be better to consider net profits rather than farm gate prices, although again this would have reduced estimates of agricultural values. The need to link land use to its ecosystem service impacts favored our use of Agricultural Census ([ 6 ][6]) data, which omits profits. We are currently addressing this through a link to the Farm Business Survey ([ 7 ][7]) database. However, we disagree with the authors' contention that we should have included the added-value of post-farm food processing. Aside from the fact that the UK food processing industry is a major importer of non-UK produce, such an approach would be analogous to valuing timber at the price of fine furniture. It is the raw material value that is relevant here. Similarly, our analysis explicitly links agricultural land use to its impacts on the ecosystem service considered. 1. [↵][8] United Nations, European Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank, “System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012: Central Framework, prepublication (white cover)” (2012); . 2. [↵][9] United Nations, European Commission, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank, “System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012: Experimental Ecosystem Accounting, pre-publication (white cover)” (2013); [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/eea\_white\_cover.pdf][10]. 3. [↵][11] 1. H. M. Treasury , The Green Book: Appraisal and Evaluation in Central Government (The Stationery Office, London, 2003). 4. [↵][12] 1. I. J. Bateman, 2. A. A. Lovett, 3. J. S. Brainard , Applied Environmental Economics: A GIS Approach to Cost-Benefit Analysis (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2003). 5. [↵][13] 1. C. Fezzi 2. et al ., Env. Res. Econ., 10.1007/s10640-013-9663-x (2013). doi:10.1007/s10640-013-9663-x [OpenUrl][14][CrossRef][15] 6. [↵][16] Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, June Agricultural Census (Edina, Manchester, UK, 2010). 7. [↵][17] Rural Business Research, “Farm Business Survey” (2013); [www.fbspartnership.co.uk][18]. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #ref-3 [4]: #ref-4 [5]: #ref-5 [6]: #ref-6 [7]: #ref-7 [8]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [9]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [10]: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/eea_white_cover.pdf [11]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [12]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" [13]: #xref-ref-5-1 "View reference 5 in text" [14]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEnv.%2BRes.%2BEcon.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1007%252Fs10640-013-9663-x%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [15]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1007/s10640-013-9663-x&link_type=DOI [16]: #xref-ref-6-1 "View reference 6 in text" [17]: #xref-ref-7-1 "View reference 7 in text" [18]: http://www.fbspartnership.co.uk

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    Authors: Eufemia, Luca; Wawrzynowicz, Ingrid; Bonatti, Michelle; Partelow, Stefan; +2 Authors

    In this article, we propose an agenda promoting the development of a new integrated assessment toolkit (theory-based toolkit) of environmental governance in overlooked ecosystems of grasslands and savannahs in the Global South. To explore the complexity of social-ecological and governance systems, a growing number of systems-thinking approaches provide academics/practitioners with numerous analytical frameworks, theories, and methodologies that are potentially useful for unveiling institutional aspects along with their causal variables for the access, use and management of natural resources. Yet, we argue that achieving a comprehensive understanding of environmental governance systems only by using one single framework or theory is limiting. Further, there is a growing need of more social science knowledge and grassland and savannah context-specific frameworks that are tailored and applicable to policy settings. Therefore, by building on the five approaches of the political ecological framework of community-based governance (CBG) relating to key environmental governance frameworks, such as the community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) and the institutional and development framework (IAD), we propose a theory-based toolkit that would review, synthesize, connect, relate and test multiple core principles in a way that more fully accounts for social-ecological interactions in focal ecosystems. We are convinced that future empirical analysis/research following our agenda and the toolkit approach can generate hypotheses that are testable in real-life contexts. To this end, we suggest guiding research questions, research methods, as well as comparable cases and their rationales.

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    Frontiers in Sustainable Resource Management
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Sustainable Resource Management
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    Authors: M. Nakhavali; P. Friedlingstein; R. Lauerwald; J. Tang; +9 Authors

    textcopyright Author(s) 2018. Current global models of the carbon (C) cycle consider only vertical gas exchanges between terrestrial or oceanic reservoirs and the atmosphere, thus not considering the lateral transport of carbon from the continents to the oceans. Therefore, those models implicitly consider all of the C which is not respired to the atmosphere to be stored on land and hence overestimate the land C sink capability. A model that represents the whole continuum from atmosphere to land and into the ocean would provide a better understanding of the Earth's C cycle and hence more reliable historical or future projections. A first and critical step in that direction is to include processes representing the production and export of dissolved organic carbon in soils. Here we present an original representation of dissolved organic C (DOC) processes in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES-DOCM) that integrates a representation of DOC production in terrestrial ecosystems based on the incomplete decomposition of organic matter, DOC decomposition within the soil column, and DOC export to the river network via leaching. The model performance is evaluated in five specific sites for which observations of soil DOC concentration are available. Results show that the model is able to reproduce the DOC concentration and controlling processes, including leaching to the riverine system, which is fundamental for integrating terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Future work should include the fate of exported DOC in the river system as well as DIC and POC export from soil. info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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    DI-fusion
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    Geoscientific Model Development
    Article . Preprint . 2018
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-20...
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/GMD-11...
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    Authors: Rodrigues, Patrícia; Manlosa, Aisa O.; Fischer, Joern; Schultner, Jannik; +5 Authors

    AbstractThe population–environment–food nexus is a sustainability challenge for the Global South, and for Africa in particular, where rapid human population growth typically overlaps with high levels of food insecurity and environmental degradation. In this context, it is important to understand the reasons driving high fertility in these regions. Here, we examined possible determinants of women’s fertility preferences in rural southwestern Ethiopia. Using a survey tool (n = 120), we assessed women’s perceptions of four key environmental stressors, namely food insecurity, environmental degradation, human population growth, and land scarcity. Through statistical modelling we tested whether there was a relationship between perceptions of future trends in these stressors and women’s fertility preferences; expressed as their desired number of children and use of family planning methods. This analysis was complemented by a qualitative content analysis of the survey’s open-ended questions, to contextualize and interpret the quantitative data. Our quantitative results indicated that perceptions of future trends in key stressors had little effect on fertility preferences of respondents, with the exception of perceptions of human population growth. Our qualitative data suggested that this may be due to the influence of social-cultural norms and religion, decision-making with the husband, as well as a perceived utilitarian value of children. These findings have important implications for the development of interventions to slow down human population growth. Our findings suggest the need to look beyond improved physical access to family planning, and develop a new suite of deliberative approaches that engage with social norms, religion, and gender equity.

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    Authors: Jérôme Fort; Børge Moe; Hallvard Strøm; David Grémillet; +6 Authors

    Aim. Extensive development of human activities in combination with ocean warming are rapidly modifying marine habitats in the Arctic and North Atlantic regions. In order to understand the potential impacts on marine biodiversity, there is an urgent need to determine distributions and habitat preferences of potentially vulnerable species, and to identify sensitive hotspots that might require particular protection. Our aims were to track one of the most abundant seabirds of the world, the little auk (Alle alle) to provide a large, meta-population scale overview of its non-breeding distribution, and to document potential threats to this species from human activities and other environmental changes.Location. Arctic North Atlantic.Methods. Using light-level geolocators, we investigated the 2010/11 non-breeding distribution of 65 little auks from four major colonies distributed throughout the Arctic North Atlantic. Bird distribution during the moulting, wintering and pre-breeding periods was compared with (1) the extent of the marginal ice zone and (2) the areas covered by the main shipping lanes, and oil and gas activity licences.Results. We identify several hotspots for this species, including two key areas located in the Greenland Sea and off Newfoundland. Crucially, we show that some of these hotspots overlap extensively with areas of intensive human activities, including oil and gas extraction and shipping. As little auks, which spend the major part of their time on the sea surface, are extremely vulnerable to marine pollution, our results emphasize the risk associated with the projected expansion of these activities. Main conclusions. We conclude that management of further human enterprises in the Arctic needs to be based on more thorough risk assessment, requiring a substantial improvement in our knowledge of the distribution of sensitive species. International audience

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    Research@WUR; NERC Open Research Archive
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jonathan M. Chase; Mario Liebergesell; Alban Sagouis; Felix May; +38 Authors

    Habitat destruction is the single greatest anthropogenic threat to biodiversity. Decades of research on this issue have led to the accumulation of hundreds of data sets comparing species assemblages in larger, intact, habitats to smaller, more fragmented, habitats. Despite this, little synthesis or consensus has been achieved, primarily because of non-standardized sampling methodology and analyses of notoriously scale-dependent response variables (i.e., species richness). To be able to compare and contrast the results of habitat fragmentation on species' assemblages, it is necessary to have the underlying data on species abundances and sampling intensity, so that standardization can be achieved. To accomplish this, we systematically searched the literature for studies where abundances of species in assemblages (of any taxa) were sampled from many habitat patches that varied in size. From these, we extracted data from several studies, and contacted authors of studies where appropriate data were collected but not published, giving us 117 studies that compared species assemblages among habitat fragments that varied in area. Less than one-half (41) of studies came from tropical forests of Central and South America, but there were many studies from temperate forests and grasslands from all continents except Antarctica. Fifty-four of the studies were on invertebrates (mostly insects), but there were several studies on plants (15), birds (16), mammals (19), and reptiles and amphibians (13). We also collected qualitative information on the length of time since fragmentation. With data on total and relative abundances (and identities) of species, sampling effort, and affiliated meta-data about the study sites, these data can be used to more definitively test hypotheses about the role of habitat fragmentation in altering patterns of biodiversity. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper and the associated Dryad data set if the data are used in publications. Peer reviewed

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    St Andrews Research Repository
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Ecology
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    Ecology
    Article . 2019
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      Ecology
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    Authors: Binkenstein, Julia; Klein, Alexandra‐Maria; Assmann, Thorsten; Buscot, François; +9 Authors

    Negative relationships between species richness and elevation are common and attributed to changes in single environmental properties associated to elevation, such as temperature and habitat area. However, research has lacked taxonomic breadth and comprehensive elevation studies that consider multiple groups from different trophic levels are rare. We thus analysed 24 groups of plants, arthropods, and microorganisms grouped into six trophic guilds (predators, detritivores, herbivores, plants, bacteria and fungi) along a relatively short elevational gradient (~600 m) in a subtropical forest in south‐east China. The total species richness of all organisms was not related to elevation, nor was the richness of plants, herbivores or microorganisms. However, species richness and abundance in two major trophic guilds of arthropods changed with elevation, which was mediated by changes in elevation‐associated habitat properties. Specifically, deadwood mass increased with elevation, which increased detritivore richness indirectly via detritivore abundance, thus supporting the ‘more individuals hypothesis’. In contrast, lower predator richness at higher elevations was directly related to lower mean temperatures, which had no effect on abundance. Our study demonstrates that even along relatively short gradients, elevation can have strong direct and abundance‐mediated effects on species richness, but with effects varying from positive to negative signs depending on local resource availability and the characteristics of groups or trophic guilds. If elevation positively influences local environmental properties that benefit a given group, richness can increase towards higher elevations. Thus, the effect of global change in mountainous regions should be evaluated within the local environmental context using multi‐taxon approaches.

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    Authors: Dengler, Jürgen; Becker, Thomas; Conradi, Timo; Dolnik, Christian; +12 Authors

    Der Bericht stellt die neue kollaborative Vegetationsdatenbank GrassVeg.DE (EU-DE-020; http://bit.ly/2qgX208) vor, die Vegetationsaufnahmen von Grasländern und anderen nicht-aquatischen Offenlandhabitaten Deutschlands sammelt, um sie national und international für die vegetationsökologische Forschung zur Verfügung zu stellen. GrassVeg.DE trägt die Daten zum European Vegetation Archive (EVA) und künftig auch zur globalen Vegetationsdatenbank „sPlot“ bei. Datenlieferanten von GrassVeg.DE behalten volle Verfügungsgewalt über ihre Daten und werden Mitglied des Grass-Veg.DE-Konsortiums. Dadurch profitieren sie durch Co-Autorenschaften und Zitate von ihren Beiträgen und erlangen zugleich die Möglichkeit, selbst Projekte zu beantragen, die GrassVeg.DE- oder EVA-Daten nutzen. Die schnell wachsende GrassVeg.DE-Datenbank umfasste im Juli 2017 3.181 Vegetationsaufnahmen aus acht deutschen Bundesländern. Perspektivisch kann GrassVeg.DE dazu beitragen, eine konsistente Neuklassifikation der Graslandvegetationstypen Deutschlands im Rahmen der Synopsis der Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands zu ermöglichen. Wir schließen den Beitrag mit einem Aufruf, eigene und aus der Literatur digitalisierte Vegetationsaufnahmen zu GrassVeg.DE beizutragen This report presents the new collaborative vegetation-plot database GrassVeg.DE (EU-DE-020; http://bitly/2qgX208) which collects vegetation-plot records (releves) from grasslands and other non woodland and non-aquatic habitats from Germany to make them accessible for ecological research nationally and internationally. Data from GrassVeg.DE are provided to the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and, in the future, also to the global database "sPlot". Data providers of GrassVeg.DE retain full copyright of their data and becomd members of the GrassVeg.DE Consortium. Thereby, they profit from their contribution via co-authorships and citations as well as the option to propose own projects using the full GrassVeg.DE or EVA data. In July 2017, the fast-growing GrassVeg.DE database contained 3,181 vegetation plots, originating from eight federal states of Germany. In the future, GrassVeg.DE could facilitate the consistent re-Classification of the grassland types within the series Synopsis der Pflanzengesellschaflen Deutschlands. We conclude the report with a call to contribute own releves and releves digitised from the literature to GrassVeg.DE.

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    Authors: Jan-Claas Dajka; Anna J. Woodhead; Albert V. Norström; Nicholas A. J. Graham; +2 Authors

    Abstract Social–ecological systems (SES) exhibit complex cause‐and‐effect relationships. Capturing, interpreting, and responding to signals that indicate changes in ecosystems is key for sustainable management in SES. Breaks in this signal–response chain, when feedbacks are missing, will allow change to continue until a point when abrupt ecological surprises may occur. In these situations, societies and local ecosystems can often become uncoupled. In this paper, we demonstrate how the red loop–green loop (RL–GL) concept can be used to uncover missing feedbacks and to better understand past social–ecological dynamics. Reinstating these feedbacks in order to recouple the SES may ultimately create more sustainable systems on local scales. The RL–GL concept can uncover missing feedbacks through the characterization of SES dynamics along a spectrum of human resource dependence. Drawing on diverse qualitative and quantitative data sources, we classify SES dynamics throughout the history of Jamaican coral reefs along the RL–GL spectrum. We uncover missing feedbacks in red‐loop and red‐trap scenarios from around the year 600 until now. The Jamaican coral reef SES dynamics have moved between all four dynamic states described in the RL–GL concept: green loop, green trap, red loop and red trap. We then propose mechanisms to guide the current unsustainable red traps back to more sustainable green loops, involving mechanisms of seafood trade and ecological monitoring. By gradually moving away from seafood exports, Jamaica may be able to return to green‐loop dynamics between the local society and their locally sourced seafood. We discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of this proposed intervention and give indications of why an export ban may insure against future missing feedbacks and could prolong the sustainability of the Jamaican coral reef ecosystem. Our approach demonstrates how the RL–GL approach can uncover missing feedbacks in a coral reef SES, a way the concept has not been used before. We advocate for how the RL–GL concept in a feedback setting can be used to synthesize various types of data and to gain an understanding of past, present and future sustainability that can be applied in diverse social–ecological settings. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

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    Authors: Roberts, Thomas; Upham, Paul;

    Competing demand for land is driving biofuel and bioenergy research in various directions including macro-algae (seaweed). This paper reviews the main issues for the marine environment of cultivating and harvesting UK and Irish seaweed for biofuels/bioenergy, informed by stakeholder interviews. These showed stakeholders were sceptical of an offshore cultivation industry developing but generally considered inshore cultivation possible, while noting various practical obstacles and conditions. Views on expansion of seaweed harvesting were more divided, with research scientists being relatively cautious.

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    Authors: Ian J. Bateman; Amii R. Harwood; Georgina M. Mace; Robert T. Watson; +21 Authors

    C. Obst et al. provide a welcome opportunity to clarify the difference between environmental-economic cost-benefit analyses (such as ours) and environmental accounting exercises [such as the UN-SEEA ([ 1 ][1], [ 2 ][2]) initiative]. Accounting studies attempt to assess the total value of goods related to ecosystem services in a manner comparable to that used for market-priced goods in national accounts. A decline in the ecosystem services account over time signals a potential need to invest in underlying natural capital. However, such accounts do not indicate the most cost-effective form of that investment. Environmental economic analyses such as ours typically consider changes in value from the status quo that alternative investments provide, and identify those that yield higher value for money. The two approaches are complements rather than substitutes and serve differing but highly compatible elements of the decision-making process. A. Graham et al. criticize our use of “the value of nonmarket goods such as biodiversity.” Although we valued nonmarket greenhouse gas emissions and recreation, we explicitly did not attempt to define biodiversity in terms of economic values; instead, we applied a quantitative constraint prohibiting the degradation of biodiversity within our scenario analyses and examined the costs this would entail, finding them to be minor relative to other values. Graham et al. 's critique that we should not compare nonmarket values for ecosystem services with the market price of agricultural output ignores the fact that, as stated, we are conducting an economic analysis of marginal changes from the status quo and not attempting to assess the total value of food. In such assessments of changes, the use of market prices is standard ([ 3 ][3]). Indeed, there is an argument ([ 3 ][3]) that such analyses should subtract subsidies (including income support), which would reduce agricultural values ([ 4 ][4]). Graham et al. also question the possible increase in yields attributable to climate change. We do believe that UK farming will generally benefit from warmer temperatures but caution that [as detailed in ([ 5 ][5])] within areas of lower rainfall, increased drought could potentially reduce or even reverse these gains. We agree with R. Aspinall and P. Gregory that it would be better to consider net profits rather than farm gate prices, although again this would have reduced estimates of agricultural values. The need to link land use to its ecosystem service impacts favored our use of Agricultural Census ([ 6 ][6]) data, which omits profits. We are currently addressing this through a link to the Farm Business Survey ([ 7 ][7]) database. However, we disagree with the authors' contention that we should have included the added-value of post-farm food processing. Aside from the fact that the UK food processing industry is a major importer of non-UK produce, such an approach would be analogous to valuing timber at the price of fine furniture. It is the raw material value that is relevant here. Similarly, our analysis explicitly links agricultural land use to its impacts on the ecosystem service considered. 1. [↵][8] United Nations, European Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank, “System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012: Central Framework, prepublication (white cover)” (2012); . 2. [↵][9] United Nations, European Commission, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank, “System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012: Experimental Ecosystem Accounting, pre-publication (white cover)” (2013); [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/eea\_white\_cover.pdf][10]. 3. [↵][11] 1. H. M. Treasury , The Green Book: Appraisal and Evaluation in Central Government (The Stationery Office, London, 2003). 4. [↵][12] 1. I. J. Bateman, 2. A. A. Lovett, 3. J. S. Brainard , Applied Environmental Economics: A GIS Approach to Cost-Benefit Analysis (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2003). 5. [↵][13] 1. C. Fezzi 2. et al ., Env. Res. Econ., 10.1007/s10640-013-9663-x (2013). doi:10.1007/s10640-013-9663-x [OpenUrl][14][CrossRef][15] 6. [↵][16] Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, June Agricultural Census (Edina, Manchester, UK, 2010). 7. [↵][17] Rural Business Research, “Farm Business Survey” (2013); [www.fbspartnership.co.uk][18]. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #ref-3 [4]: #ref-4 [5]: #ref-5 [6]: #ref-6 [7]: #ref-7 [8]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [9]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [10]: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/eea_white_cover.pdf [11]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [12]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" [13]: #xref-ref-5-1 "View reference 5 in text" [14]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEnv.%2BRes.%2BEcon.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1007%252Fs10640-013-9663-x%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [15]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1007/s10640-013-9663-x&link_type=DOI [16]: #xref-ref-6-1 "View reference 6 in text" [17]: #xref-ref-7-1 "View reference 7 in text" [18]: http://www.fbspartnership.co.uk

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    Authors: Eufemia, Luca; Wawrzynowicz, Ingrid; Bonatti, Michelle; Partelow, Stefan; +2 Authors

    In this article, we propose an agenda promoting the development of a new integrated assessment toolkit (theory-based toolkit) of environmental governance in overlooked ecosystems of grasslands and savannahs in the Global South. To explore the complexity of social-ecological and governance systems, a growing number of systems-thinking approaches provide academics/practitioners with numerous analytical frameworks, theories, and methodologies that are potentially useful for unveiling institutional aspects along with their causal variables for the access, use and management of natural resources. Yet, we argue that achieving a comprehensive understanding of environmental governance systems only by using one single framework or theory is limiting. Further, there is a growing need of more social science knowledge and grassland and savannah context-specific frameworks that are tailored and applicable to policy settings. Therefore, by building on the five approaches of the political ecological framework of community-based governance (CBG) relating to key environmental governance frameworks, such as the community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) and the institutional and development framework (IAD), we propose a theory-based toolkit that would review, synthesize, connect, relate and test multiple core principles in a way that more fully accounts for social-ecological interactions in focal ecosystems. We are convinced that future empirical analysis/research following our agenda and the toolkit approach can generate hypotheses that are testable in real-life contexts. To this end, we suggest guiding research questions, research methods, as well as comparable cases and their rationales.

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    Frontiers in Sustainable Resource Management
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Frontiers in Sustainable Resource Management
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: M. Nakhavali; P. Friedlingstein; R. Lauerwald; J. Tang; +9 Authors

    textcopyright Author(s) 2018. Current global models of the carbon (C) cycle consider only vertical gas exchanges between terrestrial or oceanic reservoirs and the atmosphere, thus not considering the lateral transport of carbon from the continents to the oceans. Therefore, those models implicitly consider all of the C which is not respired to the atmosphere to be stored on land and hence overestimate the land C sink capability. A model that represents the whole continuum from atmosphere to land and into the ocean would provide a better understanding of the Earth's C cycle and hence more reliable historical or future projections. A first and critical step in that direction is to include processes representing the production and export of dissolved organic carbon in soils. Here we present an original representation of dissolved organic C (DOC) processes in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES-DOCM) that integrates a representation of DOC production in terrestrial ecosystems based on the incomplete decomposition of organic matter, DOC decomposition within the soil column, and DOC export to the river network via leaching. The model performance is evaluated in five specific sites for which observations of soil DOC concentration are available. Results show that the model is able to reproduce the DOC concentration and controlling processes, including leaching to the riverine system, which is fundamental for integrating terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Future work should include the fate of exported DOC in the river system as well as DIC and POC export from soil. info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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    DI-fusion
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: DI-fusion
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Geoscientific Model Development
    Article . Preprint . 2018
    License: CC BY
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-20...
    Preprint . 2017
    License: CC BY
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    Copernicus Publications
    Other literature type . 2018
    https://doi.org/10.5194/GMD-11...
    Other literature type . Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Rodrigues, Patrícia; Manlosa, Aisa O.; Fischer, Joern; Schultner, Jannik; +5 Authors

    AbstractThe population–environment–food nexus is a sustainability challenge for the Global South, and for Africa in particular, where rapid human population growth typically overlaps with high levels of food insecurity and environmental degradation. In this context, it is important to understand the reasons driving high fertility in these regions. Here, we examined possible determinants of women’s fertility preferences in rural southwestern Ethiopia. Using a survey tool (n = 120), we assessed women’s perceptions of four key environmental stressors, namely food insecurity, environmental degradation, human population growth, and land scarcity. Through statistical modelling we tested whether there was a relationship between perceptions of future trends in these stressors and women’s fertility preferences; expressed as their desired number of children and use of family planning methods. This analysis was complemented by a qualitative content analysis of the survey’s open-ended questions, to contextualize and interpret the quantitative data. Our quantitative results indicated that perceptions of future trends in key stressors had little effect on fertility preferences of respondents, with the exception of perceptions of human population growth. Our qualitative data suggested that this may be due to the influence of social-cultural norms and religion, decision-making with the husband, as well as a perceived utilitarian value of children. These findings have important implications for the development of interventions to slow down human population growth. Our findings suggest the need to look beyond improved physical access to family planning, and develop a new suite of deliberative approaches that engage with social norms, religion, and gender equity.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NARCIS; Utrecht Univ...arrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2022
    License: CC BY
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      NARCIS; Research@WUR
      Article . 2022
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Jérôme Fort; Børge Moe; Hallvard Strøm; David Grémillet; +6 Authors

    Aim. Extensive development of human activities in combination with ocean warming are rapidly modifying marine habitats in the Arctic and North Atlantic regions. In order to understand the potential impacts on marine biodiversity, there is an urgent need to determine distributions and habitat preferences of potentially vulnerable species, and to identify sensitive hotspots that might require particular protection. Our aims were to track one of the most abundant seabirds of the world, the little auk (Alle alle) to provide a large, meta-population scale overview of its non-breeding distribution, and to document potential threats to this species from human activities and other environmental changes.Location. Arctic North Atlantic.Methods. Using light-level geolocators, we investigated the 2010/11 non-breeding distribution of 65 little auks from four major colonies distributed throughout the Arctic North Atlantic. Bird distribution during the moulting, wintering and pre-breeding periods was compared with (1) the extent of the marginal ice zone and (2) the areas covered by the main shipping lanes, and oil and gas activity licences.Results. We identify several hotspots for this species, including two key areas located in the Greenland Sea and off Newfoundland. Crucially, we show that some of these hotspots overlap extensively with areas of intensive human activities, including oil and gas extraction and shipping. As little auks, which spend the major part of their time on the sea surface, are extremely vulnerable to marine pollution, our results emphasize the risk associated with the projected expansion of these activities. Main conclusions. We conclude that management of further human enterprises in the Arctic needs to be based on more thorough risk assessment, requiring a substantial improvement in our knowledge of the distribution of sensitive species. International audience

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    NTNU Open
    Article . 2013
    Data sources: NTNU Open
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    Research@WUR; NERC Open Research Archive
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Mémoires en Sciences...arrow_drop_down
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      NTNU Open
      Article . 2013
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      Research@WUR; NERC Open Research Archive
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jonathan M. Chase; Mario Liebergesell; Alban Sagouis; Felix May; +38 Authors

    Habitat destruction is the single greatest anthropogenic threat to biodiversity. Decades of research on this issue have led to the accumulation of hundreds of data sets comparing species assemblages in larger, intact, habitats to smaller, more fragmented, habitats. Despite this, little synthesis or consensus has been achieved, primarily because of non-standardized sampling methodology and analyses of notoriously scale-dependent response variables (i.e., species richness). To be able to compare and contrast the results of habitat fragmentation on species' assemblages, it is necessary to have the underlying data on species abundances and sampling intensity, so that standardization can be achieved. To accomplish this, we systematically searched the literature for studies where abundances of species in assemblages (of any taxa) were sampled from many habitat patches that varied in size. From these, we extracted data from several studies, and contacted authors of studies where appropriate data were collected but not published, giving us 117 studies that compared species assemblages among habitat fragments that varied in area. Less than one-half (41) of studies came from tropical forests of Central and South America, but there were many studies from temperate forests and grasslands from all continents except Antarctica. Fifty-four of the studies were on invertebrates (mostly insects), but there were several studies on plants (15), birds (16), mammals (19), and reptiles and amphibians (13). We also collected qualitative information on the length of time since fragmentation. With data on total and relative abundances (and identities) of species, sampling effort, and affiliated meta-data about the study sites, these data can be used to more definitively test hypotheses about the role of habitat fragmentation in altering patterns of biodiversity. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper and the associated Dryad data set if the data are used in publications. Peer reviewed

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    St Andrews Research Repository
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Ecology
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    Ecology
    Article . 2019
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      St Andrews Research Repository
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      Ecology
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      Ecology
      Article . 2019
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