• European Marine Science

Dans le cadre d’OBSLAG (Observatoire des Lagunes), les résultats des diagnostics de l’état des compartiments physico-chimique et phytoplanctonique au regard de la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (DCE) sont complétés d’évaluations de tendance des indicateurs sur les 10 masses d’eau lagunaires de l’observatoire. Ces éléments rendent compte de manière visuelle et synthétique : i) des évolutions, au sein d’une période de diagnostic (6 étés), de l’état des lagunes vis-à-vis de l’eutrophisation, et ii) de l’incertitude des diagnostics tel qu’exigé par la DCE. A l’issue des trois premières périodes de diagnostic OBSLAG-eutrophisation menées depuis 2016 sur les lagunes méditerranéennes d’Occitanie, PACA et Corse, l’objectif de cette note technique est d’évaluer la robustesse des indicateurs en termes de : 1) sensibilité de l’indicateur de tendance ; 2) potentiel communicatif des indicateurs de confiance. A partir des diagnostics de l’état physico-chimique de l’eau et de l’état du phytoplancton recueillies de 2009 à 2021 (8 périodes de diagnostic de 6 années), une analyse de la concordance des tests de tendance vis-à-vis des observations des périodes suivantes est effectuée. Les résultats montrent que les tests ont une relativement bonne spécificité pour les deux éléments de qualité et une sensibilité relativement bonne pour l’eau, mais faible pour le phytoplancton. A l’issue de cette synthèse, des perspectives sont identifiées pour : i) davantage valoriser les indicateurs de confiance dans les rapports OBSLAG, afin d’apporter plus de finesse aux diagnostics et d’alerter les gestionnaires sur des phénomènes de dégradation ; ii) produire régulièrement des traitements des données à échelle temporelle longue ; iii) enrichir les observations (échantillonnage estival bi-mensuel voire saisonnier, ajout d’une métrique de composition du phytoplancton ; iv) davantage confronter les résultats des indicateurs aux pressions subies par les lagunes (pollution anthropique et fluctuations hydro-météorologiques).

MAF1 is a global suppressor of RNA polymerase III-dependent transcription, and is conserved from yeast to human. Growing evidence supports the involvement of MAF1 in the immune response of mammals, but its biological functions in fish are unknown. We isolated and characterized Maf1 from the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (PoMaf1). The coding region of PoMaf1 comprised 738 bp encoding a 245-amino-acid protein. The deduced PoMAF1 amino acid sequence shared features with those of MAF1 orthologues from vertebrates. PoMaf1 mRNA was detected in all tissues examined, and the levels were highest in eye and muscle tissue. The PoMaf1 mRNA level increased during early development. In addition, the PoMaf1 transcript level decreased during viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection of flounder hirame natural embryo (HINAE) cells. To investigate the role of PoMaf1 in VHSV infection, single-cell-derived PoMaf1 knockout HINAE cells were generated using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated-9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system, and cell clones with complete disruption of PoMaf1 were selected. PoMaf1 disruption increased the VHSV glycoprotein (G) mRNA levels during VHSV infection of HINAE cells, implicating PoMAF1 in the immune response to VSHV infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize fish Maf1, which may play a role in the response to viral infection.

Ce rapport présente les résultats de l'étude de la qualité microbiologique et chimique de la zone n°34.02 "Bande littorale de l'embouchure de l'Aude au Grau d'Agde"menée par l'Ifremer. Les prélèvements de tellines ont été réalisés entre le 06/02/2006 au 06/11/2007 avec le concours du Comité Local des Pêches de Valras. Les résultats permettent d’estimer en B la qualité microbiologique de cette zone pour le groupe 2 selon les seuils microbiologiques définis par l’arrêté du 21 mai 1999 et par le règlement 854/2004ii. Les résultats des analyses chimiques sont compatibles avec cette estimation en B de la qualité.

Subglacial meltwater drainage can enhance localized melting along grounding zones and beneath the ice shelves of marine-terminating glaciers. Efforts to constrain the evolution of subglacial hydrology and the resulting influence on ice stability in space and on decadal to millennial timescales are lacking. Here, we apply sedimentological, geochemical, and statistical methods to analyze sediment cores recovered offshore Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica to reconstruct meltwater drainage activity through the pre-satellite era. We find evidence for a long-lived subglacial hydrologic system beneath Thwaites Glacier and indications that meltwater plumes are the primary mechanism of sedimentation seaward of the glacier today. Detailed core stratigraphy revealed through computed tomography scanning captures variability in drainage styles and suggests greater magnitudes of sediment-laden meltwater have been delivered to the ocean in recent centuries compared to the past several thousand years. Fundamental similarities between meltwater plume deposits offshore Thwaites Glacier and those described in association with other Antarctic glacial systems imply widespread and similar subglacial hydrologic processes that occur independently of subglacial geology. In the context of Holocene changes to the Thwaites Glacier margin, it is likely that subglacial drainage enhanced submarine melt along the grounding zone and amplified ice-shelf melt driven by oceanic processes, consistent with observations of other West Antarctic glaciers today. This study highlights the necessity of accounting for the influence of subglacial hydrology on grounding-zone and ice-shelf melt in projections of future behavior of the Thwaites Glacier ice margin and marine-based glaciers around the Antarctic continent. Frontiers in Earth Science, 10 ISSN:2296-6463

This study aimed to analyze the role river floods play in triggering gravity flows and to investigate the role of submarine canyon systems as a conduit for terrigenous material to the deep sea. Two years of measurements in the Var canyon at depths ranging from 1200 m to 2350 m indicate that six floods of the Var River triggered hyperpycnal flows, an important mechanism for transporting particulate matter to the deep-sea floor. These sediment gravity flows were characterized by a sudden increase of current velocity that lasted 8 to 22 h and by downward particle fluxes that reached up to 600 g m(-2)d(-1) of particles and 3.1 g m(-2)d(-1) in terms of organic carbon. These large inputs of sediment and organic carbon may have a significant impact on deep-sea ecosystems and carbon storage in the Mediterranean Sea.

International audience; As we move towards shipboard-underway and automated systems for monitoring water quality and assessing ecological status, there is a need to evaluate how effective the existing monitoring systems are, and how we could improve them. Considering the existing limitations for processing numerous and complex data series generated from automated systems, and because of processes involved in phytoplankton blooms, this paper proposes a data-driven evaluation of an unsupervised classifier to optimize the way we track phytoplankton, including harmful algal blooms (HABs), and to identify the main associated hydrological conditions. We used in situ data from a portable flow-through automatic measuring system coupled with a multi-fixed-wavelength fluorometer implemented in the eastern English Channel during a bloom of Phaeocystis globosa (high biomass, non-toxic HAB species). This combination of technologies allowed high resolution online hydrographical and biological measurements, including spectral fluorescence as a means of quantifying phytoplankton biomass and simplifying the phytoplankton community structure inference. An unsupervised spectral clustering method was applied to this multi-parameter high-resolution time series, which allowed discrimination under near real-time of 6 to 33 contrasting water masses based on their abiotic and biotic characteristics. In addition, areas subject to extreme events such as HABs could be precisely identified, so controlling factors or their direct and indirect effects could be hierarchized. Considering the benefits and limitations of such a strategy, future applications of such methods will be important in the context of implementing the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.