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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Joël Aubin; Myriam D. Callier; Hélène Rey-Valette; Syndhia Mathé; +14 Authors

    Ecological intensification is a new concept in agriculture that addresses the double challenge of maintaining a level of production sufficient to support needs of human populations and respecting the environment in order to conserve the natural world and human quality of life. This article adapts this concept to fish farming using agroecological principles and the ecosystem services framework. The method was developed from the study of published literature and applications at four study sites chosen for their differences in production intensity: polyculture ponds in France, integrated pig and pond polyculture in Brazil, the culture of striped catfish in Indonesia and a recirculating salmon aquaculture system in France. The study of stakeholders' perceptions of ecosystem services combined with environmental assessment through Life Cycle Assessment and Emergy accounting allowed development of an assessment tool that was used as a basis for co-building evolution scenarios. From this experience, ecological intensifica-tion of aquaculture was defined as the use of ecological processes and functions to increase productivity, strengthen ecosystem services and decrease disservices. It is based on aquaecosystem and biodiversity management and the use of local and traditional knowledge. Expected consequences for farming systems consist of greater autonomy, efficiency and better integration into their surrounding territories. Ecological intensification requires territorial governance and helps improve it from a sustainable development perspective. International audience

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2019
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    Reviews in Aquaculture
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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    Agritrop
    Article . 2019
    Data sources: Agritrop
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    Authors: Fabrice Requier; Jean-François Odoux; Mickaël Henry; Vincent Bretagnolle;

    Many studies have reported honeybee colony losses in human-dominated landscapes. While bee floral food resources have been drastically reduced over past decades in human-dominated landscapes, no field study has yet been undertaken to determine whether there is a carry-over effect between seasonal disruption in floral resource availability and high colony losses. We investigated if a decline in the harvest of pollen by honeybees in spring affected managed honeybee colony dynamics (brood size, adult population and honey reserves) and health (Varroa mite loads and colony survival) throughout the beekeeping season. A decline in pollen harvest was associated with a direct reduction in brood production, leading to a negative effect on the adult population size later in the season, and lower honey reserves before the onset of winter. Furthermore, the decline in pollen harvest negatively impacted the health of the colony, resulting in higher Varroa mite loads and higher seasonal and winter colony losses. Early-warning signs of these carry-over effects were identified, showing that preferential investment in honey reserves instead of brood production early in the season increased the decline in pollen harvest and its associated carry-over effects. Synthesis and applications. The results suggest that the decline in pollen harvest may have been overlooked as a cause of pollen shortage and associated bee colony losses. Strategies to avoid such losses in intensive farmland systems include (i) limiting or avoiding honey harvests in spring, (ii) monitoring colonies for early-warning signals of colony failure and (iii) increasing the amount of floral resources available through wise land-use management. Fil: Requier, Fabrice. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Université de La Rochelle; Francia. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. UMT Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement; Francia Fil: Odoux, Jean-François. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Henry, Mickaël. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. UMT Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement; Francia Fil: Bretagnolle, Vincent. Université de La Rochelle; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia

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    CONICET Digital
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: CONICET Digital
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    Journal of Applied Ecology
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      CONICET Digital
      Article . 2017
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      Journal of Applied Ecology
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jaspers, Cornelia; Moller, Lene F.; Kiorboe, Thomas;

    The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is characterized by high growth rates and a large reproductive capacity. However, reproductive dynamics are not yet well understood. Here, we present laboratory data on food-dependent egg production in M. leidyi and egg hatching time and success. Further, we report on the reproduction of laboratory-reared and field-caught animals during starvation. Our results show that the half-saturation zooplankton prey concentration for egg production is reached at food levels of 12–23 µgC L−1, which is below the average summer food concentration encountered in invaded areas of northern Europe. Furthermore, starved animals continue to produce eggs for up to 12 days after cessation of feeding with high overall hatching success of 65–90%. These life history traits allow M. leidyi to thrive and reproduce in environments with varying food conditions and give it a competitive advantage under unfavourable conditions. This may explain why recurrent population blooms are observed and sustained in localized areas in invaded northern Europe, where water exchange is limited and zooplankton food resources are quickly depleted by M. leidyi. We suggest that these reproductive life history traits are key to its invasion success.

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    Journal of Plankton Research
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Journal of Plankton Research
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Werner von Bloh; Sibyll Schaphoff; Christoph Müller; Susanne Rolinski; +2 Authors

    The well-established dynamical global vegetation, hydrology, and crop growth model LPJmL is extended with a terrestrial nitrogen cycle to account for nutrient limitations. In particular, processes of soil nitrogen dynamics, plant uptake, nitrogen allocation, response of photosynthesis and maintenance respiration to varying nitrogen concentrations in plant organs, and agricultural nitrogen management are included in the model. All new model features are described in full detail and the results of a global simulation of the historic past (1901–2009) are presented for evaluation of the model performance. We find that the implementation of nitrogen limitation significantly improves the simulation of global patterns of crop productivity. Regional differences in crop productivity, which had to be calibrated via a scaling of the maximum leaf area index, can now largely be reproduced by the model, except for regions where fertilizer inputs and climate conditions are not the yield-limiting factors. Furthermore, it can be shown that land use has a strong influence on nitrogen losses, increasing leaching by 93%.

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-20...
    Preprint . 2017
    License: CC BY
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    https://www.geosci-model-dev.n...
    Preprint
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      OceanRep
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-20...
      Preprint . 2017
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      https://www.geosci-model-dev.n...
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    Authors: Tsuyoshi Tanaka; Yoshiaki Maeda; Alaguraj Veluchamy; Michihiro Tanaka; +14 Authors

    Oleaginous photosynthetic organisms such as microalgae are promising sources for biofuel production through the generation of carbon-neutral sustainable energy. However, the metabolic mechanisms driving high-rate lipid production in these oleaginous organisms remain unclear, thus impeding efforts to improve productivity through genetic modifications. We analyzed the genome and transcriptome of the oleaginous diatom Fistulifera solaris JPCC DA0580. Next-generation sequencing technology provided evidence of an allodiploid genome structure, suggesting unorthodox molecular evolutionary and genetic regulatory systems for reinforcing metabolic efficiencies. Although major metabolic pathways were shared with nonoleaginous diatoms, transcriptome analysis revealed unique expression patterns, such as concomitant upregulation of fatty acid/triacylglycerol biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation (β-oxidation) in concert with ATP production. This peculiar pattern of gene expression may account for the simultaneous growth and oil accumulation phenotype and may inspire novel biofuel production technology based on this oleaginous microalga. International audience Supplemental Data

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    The Plant Cell
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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2015
    Data sources: PubMed Central
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    JAIRO
    Article . 2015
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      The Plant Cell
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2015
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      JAIRO
      Article . 2015
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    Authors: Zhengpei Ye; Ines M.G. Vollhardt; Nadia Parth; Oskar Rennstam Rubbmark; +1 Authors

    Abstract Facultative bacterial endosymbionts can protect their aphid hosts from natural enemies such as hymenopteran parasitoids. As such, they have the capability to modulate interactions between aphids, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. However, the magnitude of these effects in natural aphid populations and their associated parasitoid communities is currently unknown. Moreover, environmental factors such as plant fertilization and landscape complexity are known to affect aphid–parasitoid interactions but it remains unclear how such environmental factors affect the interplay between aphids, parasitoids and endosymbionts. Here, we tested whether facultative endosymbionts confer protection to parasitoids in natural populations of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, and if this is affected by plant fertilization and landscape complexity. Furthermore, we examined whether the effects of facultative endosymbionts can cascade up to the hyperparasitoid level and increase primary‐hyperparasitoid food web specialization. Living aphids and mummies were collected in fertilized and unfertilized plots within 13 wheat fields in Central Germany. We assessed the occurrence of primary parasitoid, hyperparasitoid and endosymbiont species in aphids and mummies using a newly established molecular approach. Facultative endosymbiont infection rates were high across fields (~80%), independent of whether aphids were parasitized or unparasitized. Aphid mummies exhibited a significantly lower share of facultative endosymbiont infection (~38%). These findings suggest that facultative endosymbionts do not affect parasitoid oviposition behaviour, but decrease parasitoid survival in the host. Facultative endosymbiont infection rates were lower in mummies collected from fertilized compared to unfertilized plants, indicating that plant fertilization boosts the facultative endosymbiont protective effect. Furthermore, we found strong evidence for species‐specific and negative cascading effects of facultative endosymbionts on primary and hyperparasitoids, respectively. Facultative endosymbionts impacted parasitoid assemblages and increased the specialization of primary‐hyperparasitoid food webs: these effects were independent from and much stronger than other environmental factors. The current findings strongly suggest that facultative endosymbionts act as a driving force in aphid–parasitoid–hyperparasitoid networks: they shape insect community composition at different trophic levels and modulate, directly and indirectly, the interactions between aphids, parasitoids and their environment.

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    Journal of Animal Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Journal of Animal Ecology
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      Journal of Animal Ecology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Animal Ecology
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    Authors: Pablo Homet; Mario González; Luis Matías; Oscar Godoy; +3 Authors

    Climate change and exotic pests and pathogens are causing alarming forest declines worldwide. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how damage caused by exotic pests and pathogens might vary under the different scenarios of water availability imposed by a changing climate, particularly in water-limited forests as those that occupy Mediterranean areas. In this paper we aimed to experimentally analyse the interactive effects of the aggressive exotic pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi and climate change-related reductions in soil moisture on seedling performance of the Mediterranean host Quercus suber. We conducted a full-factorial greenhouse experiment where the physiology and growth of Q. suber seedlings was measured in soils with different combinations of P. cinnamomi inoculum density (0, 30, 60 and 120 colony forming units per gram of dry soil) and soil moisture (15%, 40%, 50% and 100% soil water holding capacity) simulating different invasion and climate change scenarios. We found additive effects of P. cinnamomi and drought on Q. suber performance aboveground, although these effects were not always negative. In fact, seedlings showed a compensatory physiological response to P. cinnamomi infection by increasing their net photosynthetic rates. Our results also supported important interactive effects of pathogens and soil moisture on belowground performance. Thus, the inoculum density in the soil required to cause significant root damage in experimental seedlings decreased as soil moisture increased. From a climate change perspective, these results suggest that an average drier climate might imply sub-optimal conditions for P. cinnamomi infections allowing for a slower advance of the disease in invaded areas. However, this effect will be modulated by the also predicted more frequent extreme climatic events. A higher frequency of extreme rain events that saturate the soil might be particularly beneficial for P. cinnamomi, boosting its soil density beyond any possible response capacity of susceptible hosts. © 2019 This study was funded by the MICINN project INTERCAPA ( CGL2014-56739-R ). P.H. was supported by a FPI-MICINN grant, L.M. by an “Acción 6 UJA” fellowship (EI_RNM4_2017), O.G. by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement ( No 661118-BioFUNC ), and I.M.P.R by a “Ramón & Cajal” contract ( RYC-2013-13937 ). 8 páginas.- 5 figuras.- 2 tablas.- 60 referencias Peer reviewed

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    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    Authors: Mathieu Besson; Marc Vandeputte; J.A.M. van Arendonk; Joël Aubin; +3 Authors

    Abstract In sea cage farming, fish are exposed to seasonal variations of water temperature, and these variations can differ from one location to another. A small increase in water temperature does not only stimulate growth of the fish (until an optimal level) but also lowers dissolved oxygen concentration in water. Dissolved oxygen may then become a rearing constraint during the production cycle if the oxygen requirement of fish is higher than the supply. The impact of this constraint on production parameters (stocking density of cages and/or batch rotation) and thus on economic profit of a farm will depend on both local thermal regime and growth potential of the fish. Increased growth is one of the most important traits in a breeding objective to increase production capacity and profitability. We used a bioeconomic model of seabass reared in cages to calculate the economic value (EV) of increasing thermal growth coefficient (TGC) by selection in different conditions of average temperature (Tm) and amplitude of temperature variation (Ta). Tm and Ta values were taken from different locations in the eastern and western Mediterranean. Results show that increasing TGC has two consequences: (i) fast growing fish reach harvest weight earlier, which increases the number of batches that can be produced per year, and (ii) fast growing fish have higher daily feed intake and, consequently, higher daily oxygen consumption. To balance the oxygen demand and availability in a cage, a farmer might have to reduce the average stocking density, resulting in fewer fish produced per batch. Consequently, EV of TGC is positive when Tm is 19.5 °C or 21 °C, when an increase in number of batches produced compensates for the decrease in stocking density. EV of TGC is negative or null in areas where Tm is closer to 18 °C because the increase in number of batches produced cannot compensate for the decrease in stocking density. Our results show, for the first time, the importance of variation in ambient temperatures for breeding programs in fish. Statement of relevance The economic impact of improving growth rate in sea cage farming system depends on temperature. This result is important for the development of breeding objectives maximizing economic return in fish breeding programs.

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    Aquaculture
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    Aquaculture
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Aquaculture
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    Authors: Kavousi, Javid; Goudarzi, Forough; Izadi, Mohammad; Gardner, Charlie J.;

    The conservation of biodiversity-and the vital ecosystem services it generates-is one of the greatest challenges humanity faces, yet the field faces drastic funding cuts as society realigns its priorities in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we argue that diverting attention from conservation would, however, increase the risk of further global health crises because the emergence of novel infectious diseases is partially driven by global environmental change. As the discrepancy between conservation needs and society's willingness to pay for them grows, conservation will have to evolve to stay relevant in the age global change-induced human infectious disease. International audience

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    Authors: Deeken, R.; Ache, P.; Kajahn, Inga; Klinkenberg, J.; +2 Authors

    SummaryPhloem‐mobile signals play a major role in plant nutrition, development and communication. In the latter context, phloem‐mobile RNAs have been associated with signalling between plant tissues. In this study, we focused on the identification of transcripts in the shoot phloem of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To isolate transcripts expressed in phloem parenchyma cells and in companion cell–sieve element complexes, we used laser microdissection coupled to laser pressure catapulting (LMPC). Mobile transcripts in sieve elements were isolated from leaf phloem exudates. After optimization of sampling and fixation, RNA of high quality was isolated from both sources. The modifications to the RNA amplification procedure described here were well suited to production of RNA of sufficient yield and quality for microarray experiments. Microarrays hybridized with LMPC‐derived phloem tissue or phloem sap RNA allowed differentiation between phloem‐expressed and mobile transcript species. Using this set of phloem transcripts and comparing them with microarrays derived from databases of light, hormone and nutrient treatment experiments, we identified phloem‐derived RNAs as mobile, potential long‐distance signals. Our dataset thus provides a search criterion for phloem‐based signals hidden in the complex datasets of microarray experiments. The availability of these comprehensive phloem transcript profiles will facilitate reverse‐genetic studies and forward‐genetic screens for phloem and long‐distance RNA signalling mutants.

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    The Plant Journal
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    OceanRep
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: OceanRep
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    The Plant Journal
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      OceanRep
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Plant Journal
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    Authors: Joël Aubin; Myriam D. Callier; Hélène Rey-Valette; Syndhia Mathé; +14 Authors

    Ecological intensification is a new concept in agriculture that addresses the double challenge of maintaining a level of production sufficient to support needs of human populations and respecting the environment in order to conserve the natural world and human quality of life. This article adapts this concept to fish farming using agroecological principles and the ecosystem services framework. The method was developed from the study of published literature and applications at four study sites chosen for their differences in production intensity: polyculture ponds in France, integrated pig and pond polyculture in Brazil, the culture of striped catfish in Indonesia and a recirculating salmon aquaculture system in France. The study of stakeholders' perceptions of ecosystem services combined with environmental assessment through Life Cycle Assessment and Emergy accounting allowed development of an assessment tool that was used as a basis for co-building evolution scenarios. From this experience, ecological intensifica-tion of aquaculture was defined as the use of ecological processes and functions to increase productivity, strengthen ecosystem services and decrease disservices. It is based on aquaecosystem and biodiversity management and the use of local and traditional knowledge. Expected consequences for farming systems consist of greater autonomy, efficiency and better integration into their surrounding territories. Ecological intensification requires territorial governance and helps improve it from a sustainable development perspective. International audience

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2019
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    Reviews in Aquaculture
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agritrop
    Article . 2019
    Data sources: Agritrop
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    Authors: Fabrice Requier; Jean-François Odoux; Mickaël Henry; Vincent Bretagnolle;

    Many studies have reported honeybee colony losses in human-dominated landscapes. While bee floral food resources have been drastically reduced over past decades in human-dominated landscapes, no field study has yet been undertaken to determine whether there is a carry-over effect between seasonal disruption in floral resource availability and high colony losses. We investigated if a decline in the harvest of pollen by honeybees in spring affected managed honeybee colony dynamics (brood size, adult population and honey reserves) and health (Varroa mite loads and colony survival) throughout the beekeeping season. A decline in pollen harvest was associated with a direct reduction in brood production, leading to a negative effect on the adult population size later in the season, and lower honey reserves before the onset of winter. Furthermore, the decline in pollen harvest negatively impacted the health of the colony, resulting in higher Varroa mite loads and higher seasonal and winter colony losses. Early-warning signs of these carry-over effects were identified, showing that preferential investment in honey reserves instead of brood production early in the season increased the decline in pollen harvest and its associated carry-over effects. Synthesis and applications. The results suggest that the decline in pollen harvest may have been overlooked as a cause of pollen shortage and associated bee colony losses. Strategies to avoid such losses in intensive farmland systems include (i) limiting or avoiding honey harvests in spring, (ii) monitoring colonies for early-warning signals of colony failure and (iii) increasing the amount of floral resources available through wise land-use management. Fil: Requier, Fabrice. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Université de La Rochelle; Francia. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. UMT Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement; Francia Fil: Odoux, Jean-François. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Henry, Mickaël. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. UMT Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement; Francia Fil: Bretagnolle, Vincent. Université de La Rochelle; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia

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    CONICET Digital
    Article . 2017
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    Journal of Applied Ecology
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      CONICET Digital
      Article . 2017
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      Journal of Applied Ecology
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    Authors: Jaspers, Cornelia; Moller, Lene F.; Kiorboe, Thomas;

    The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is characterized by high growth rates and a large reproductive capacity. However, reproductive dynamics are not yet well understood. Here, we present laboratory data on food-dependent egg production in M. leidyi and egg hatching time and success. Further, we report on the reproduction of laboratory-reared and field-caught animals during starvation. Our results show that the half-saturation zooplankton prey concentration for egg production is reached at food levels of 12–23 µgC L−1, which is below the average summer food concentration encountered in invaded areas of northern Europe. Furthermore, starved animals continue to produce eggs for up to 12 days after cessation of feeding with high overall hatching success of 65–90%. These life history traits allow M. leidyi to thrive and reproduce in environments with varying food conditions and give it a competitive advantage under unfavourable conditions. This may explain why recurrent population blooms are observed and sustained in localized areas in invaded northern Europe, where water exchange is limited and zooplankton food resources are quickly depleted by M. leidyi. We suggest that these reproductive life history traits are key to its invasion success.

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    Journal of Plankton Research
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Plankton Research
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    Authors: Werner von Bloh; Sibyll Schaphoff; Christoph Müller; Susanne Rolinski; +2 Authors

    The well-established dynamical global vegetation, hydrology, and crop growth model LPJmL is extended with a terrestrial nitrogen cycle to account for nutrient limitations. In particular, processes of soil nitrogen dynamics, plant uptake, nitrogen allocation, response of photosynthesis and maintenance respiration to varying nitrogen concentrations in plant organs, and agricultural nitrogen management are included in the model. All new model features are described in full detail and the results of a global simulation of the historic past (1901–2009) are presented for evaluation of the model performance. We find that the implementation of nitrogen limitation significantly improves the simulation of global patterns of crop productivity. Regional differences in crop productivity, which had to be calibrated via a scaling of the maximum leaf area index, can now largely be reproduced by the model, except for regions where fertilizer inputs and climate conditions are not the yield-limiting factors. Furthermore, it can be shown that land use has a strong influence on nitrogen losses, increasing leaching by 93%.

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-20...
    Preprint . 2017
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-20...
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    Authors: Tsuyoshi Tanaka; Yoshiaki Maeda; Alaguraj Veluchamy; Michihiro Tanaka; +14 Authors

    Oleaginous photosynthetic organisms such as microalgae are promising sources for biofuel production through the generation of carbon-neutral sustainable energy. However, the metabolic mechanisms driving high-rate lipid production in these oleaginous organisms remain unclear, thus impeding efforts to improve productivity through genetic modifications. We analyzed the genome and transcriptome of the oleaginous diatom Fistulifera solaris JPCC DA0580. Next-generation sequencing technology provided evidence of an allodiploid genome structure, suggesting unorthodox molecular evolutionary and genetic regulatory systems for reinforcing metabolic efficiencies. Although major metabolic pathways were shared with nonoleaginous diatoms, transcriptome analysis revealed unique expression patterns, such as concomitant upregulation of fatty acid/triacylglycerol biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation (β-oxidation) in concert with ATP production. This peculiar pattern of gene expression may account for the simultaneous growth and oil accumulation phenotype and may inspire novel biofuel production technology based on this oleaginous microalga. International audience Supplemental Data

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    The Plant Cell
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    Europe PubMed Central
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    JAIRO
    Article . 2015
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      The Plant Cell
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      Europe PubMed Central
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      JAIRO
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    Authors: Zhengpei Ye; Ines M.G. Vollhardt; Nadia Parth; Oskar Rennstam Rubbmark; +1 Authors

    Abstract Facultative bacterial endosymbionts can protect their aphid hosts from natural enemies such as hymenopteran parasitoids. As such, they have the capability to modulate interactions between aphids, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. However, the magnitude of these effects in natural aphid populations and their associated parasitoid communities is currently unknown. Moreover, environmental factors such as plant fertilization and landscape complexity are known to affect aphid–parasitoid interactions but it remains unclear how such environmental factors affect the interplay between aphids, parasitoids and endosymbionts. Here, we tested whether facultative endosymbionts confer protection to parasitoids in natural populations of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, and if this is affected by plant fertilization and landscape complexity. Furthermore, we examined whether the effects of facultative endosymbionts can cascade up to the hyperparasitoid level and increase primary‐hyperparasitoid food web specialization. Living aphids and mummies were collected in fertilized and unfertilized plots within 13 wheat fields in Central Germany. We assessed the occurrence of primary parasitoid, hyperparasitoid and endosymbiont species in aphids and mummies using a newly established molecular approach. Facultative endosymbiont infection rates were high across fields (~80%), independent of whether aphids were parasitized or unparasitized. Aphid mummies exhibited a significantly lower share of facultative endosymbiont infection (~38%). These findings suggest that facultative endosymbionts do not affect parasitoid oviposition behaviour, but decrease parasitoid survival in the host. Facultative endosymbiont infection rates were lower in mummies collected from fertilized compared to unfertilized plants, indicating that plant fertilization boosts the facultative endosymbiont protective effect. Furthermore, we found strong evidence for species‐specific and negative cascading effects of facultative endosymbionts on primary and hyperparasitoids, respectively. Facultative endosymbionts impacted parasitoid assemblages and increased the specialization of primary‐hyperparasitoid food webs: these effects were independent from and much stronger than other environmental factors. The current findings strongly suggest that facultative endosymbionts act as a driving force in aphid–parasitoid–hyperparasitoid networks: they shape insect community composition at different trophic levels and modulate, directly and indirectly, the interactions between aphids, parasitoids and their environment.

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    Journal of Animal Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Journal of Animal Ecology
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      Journal of Animal Ecology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Animal Ecology
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    Authors: Pablo Homet; Mario González; Luis Matías; Oscar Godoy; +3 Authors

    Climate change and exotic pests and pathogens are causing alarming forest declines worldwide. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how damage caused by exotic pests and pathogens might vary under the different scenarios of water availability imposed by a changing climate, particularly in water-limited forests as those that occupy Mediterranean areas. In this paper we aimed to experimentally analyse the interactive effects of the aggressive exotic pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi and climate change-related reductions in soil moisture on seedling performance of the Mediterranean host Quercus suber. We conducted a full-factorial greenhouse experiment where the physiology and growth of Q. suber seedlings was measured in soils with different combinations of P. cinnamomi inoculum density (0, 30, 60 and 120 colony forming units per gram of dry soil) and soil moisture (15%, 40%, 50% and 100% soil water holding capacity) simulating different invasion and climate change scenarios. We found additive effects of P. cinnamomi and drought on Q. suber performance aboveground, although these effects were not always negative. In fact, seedlings showed a compensatory physiological response to P. cinnamomi infection by increasing their net photosynthetic rates. Our results also supported important interactive effects of pathogens and soil moisture on belowground performance. Thus, the inoculum density in the soil required to cause significant root damage in experimental seedlings decreased as soil moisture increased. From a climate change perspective, these results suggest that an average drier climate might imply sub-optimal conditions for P. cinnamomi infections allowing for a slower advance of the disease in invaded areas. However, this effect will be modulated by the also predicted more frequent extreme climatic events. A higher frequency of extreme rain events that saturate the soil might be particularly beneficial for P. cinnamomi, boosting its soil density beyond any possible response capacity of susceptible hosts. © 2019 This study was funded by the MICINN project INTERCAPA ( CGL2014-56739-R ). P.H. was supported by a FPI-MICINN grant, L.M. by an “Acción 6 UJA” fellowship (EI_RNM4_2017), O.G. by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement ( No 661118-BioFUNC ), and I.M.P.R by a “Ramón & Cajal” contract ( RYC-2013-13937 ). 8 páginas.- 5 figuras.- 2 tablas.- 60 referencias Peer reviewed

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    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mathieu Besson; Marc Vandeputte; J.A.M. van Arendonk; Joël Aubin; +3 Authors

    Abstract In sea cage farming, fish are exposed to seasonal variations of water temperature, and these variations can differ from one location to another. A small increase in water temperature does not only stimulate growth of the fish (until an optimal level) but also lowers dissolved oxygen concentration in water. Dissolved oxygen may then become a rearing constraint during the production cycle if the oxygen requirement of fish is higher than the supply. The impact of this constraint on production parameters (stocking density of cages and/or batch rotation) and thus on economic profit of a farm will depend on both local thermal regime and growth potential of the fish. Increased growth is one of the most important traits in a breeding objective to increase production capacity and profitability. We used a bioeconomic model of seabass reared in cages to calculate the economic value (EV) of increasing thermal growth coefficient (TGC) by selection in different conditions of average temperature (Tm) and amplitude of temperature variation (Ta). Tm and Ta values were taken from different locations in the eastern and western Mediterranean. Results show that increasing TGC has two consequences: (i) fast growing fish reach harvest weight earlier, which increases the number of batches that can be produced per year, and (ii) fast growing fish have higher daily feed intake and, consequently, higher daily oxygen consumption. To balance the oxygen demand and availability in a cage, a farmer might have to reduce the average stocking density, resulting in fewer fish produced per batch. Consequently, EV of TGC is positive when Tm is 19.5 °C or 21 °C, when an increase in number of batches produced compensates for the decrease in stocking density. EV of TGC is negative or null in areas where Tm is closer to 18 °C because the increase in number of batches produced cannot compensate for the decrease in stocking density. Our results show, for the first time, the importance of variation in ambient temperatures for breeding programs in fish. Statement of relevance The economic impact of improving growth rate in sea cage farming system depends on temperature. This result is important for the development of breeding objectives maximizing economic return in fish breeding programs.

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    Aquaculture
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    Aquaculture
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Aquaculture
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    Authors: Kavousi, Javid; Goudarzi, Forough; Izadi, Mohammad; Gardner, Charlie J.;

    The conservation of biodiversity-and the vital ecosystem services it generates-is one of the greatest challenges humanity faces, yet the field faces drastic funding cuts as society realigns its priorities in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we argue that diverting attention from conservation would, however, increase the risk of further global health crises because the emergence of novel infectious diseases is partially driven by global environmental change. As the discrepancy between conservation needs and society's willingness to pay for them grows, conservation will have to evolve to stay relevant in the age global change-induced human infectious disease. International audience

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    Authors: Deeken, R.; Ache, P.; Kajahn, Inga; Klinkenberg, J.; +2 Authors

    SummaryPhloem‐mobile signals play a major role in plant nutrition, development and communication. In the latter context, phloem‐mobile RNAs have been associated with signalling between plant tissues. In this study, we focused on the identification of transcripts in the shoot phloem of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To isolate transcripts expressed in phloem parenchyma cells and in companion cell–sieve element complexes, we used laser microdissection coupled to laser pressure catapulting (LMPC). Mobile transcripts in sieve elements were isolated from leaf phloem exudates. After optimization of sampling and fixation, RNA of high quality was isolated from both sources. The modifications to the RNA amplification procedure described here were well suited to production of RNA of sufficient yield and quality for microarray experiments. Microarrays hybridized with LMPC‐derived phloem tissue or phloem sap RNA allowed differentiation between phloem‐expressed and mobile transcript species. Using this set of phloem transcripts and comparing them with microarrays derived from databases of light, hormone and nutrient treatment experiments, we identified phloem‐derived RNAs as mobile, potential long‐distance signals. Our dataset thus provides a search criterion for phloem‐based signals hidden in the complex datasets of microarray experiments. The availability of these comprehensive phloem transcript profiles will facilitate reverse‐genetic studies and forward‐genetic screens for phloem and long‐distance RNA signalling mutants.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Plant Journalarrow_drop_down
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    The Plant Journal
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    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    The Plant Journal
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Plant Journalarrow_drop_down
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      The Plant Journal
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      The Plant Journal
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
      Data sources: Crossref
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