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    Authors: Šukutis, Nerijus;

    The influence of abiotic factors on fish distribution in Kaulakiai II water reservoir is investigated in present master thesis. Object of research – fish communities of Kaulakiai II water reservoir, situated near Raseiniai. Aim of the research – to estimate the substantial abiotic factors and to evaluate their influence on fish distribution in Kaulakiai II water reservoir. To meet an aim these tasks were set: to estimate the most abundant fish species in reservoir; to estimate and map the structure of the bottom; to evaluate sensual indicators of alive fish during the experimental fishing; to value the quality of water in Kaulakiai II reservoir and to rate it according the standards applied for water quality in carp ponds; to detect peculiarities of fish distribution in water body and to exclude the substantial abiotic factors that have hold on fish distribution in Kaulakiai II (Kybartėliai) reservoir. Methods of research – logical literary analysis, hydro acoustic surveying, written quiz of local anglers, observational studies, mathematical modeling. Results: the Cyprinid fishes (11 species) were the most abundant in Kaulakiai II reservoir fish communities with overall 15 fish species resident. The bottom structure mainly was silt - 83,2 %, sand and oozy sand, respectively 4,6 and 12,2 %. Fish injures, parasites, diseases had no influence on fish distribution in Kaulakiai II reservoir during the research. Low oxygen concentrations were estimated at the bottom of reservoir... [to full text]

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lietuvos Akademinė E...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lietuvos Akademinė E...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Dainelytė, Simona;

    Išsilaisvinus iš sovietų okupacijos, Lietuvos įstatymų leidėjai į šalies teisinę sistemą inkorporavo konvencijos Dėl kelio užkirtimo genocido nusikaltimui ir baudimo už jį nuostatas. Be to, siekiant nubausti asmenis, kaltus už okupacijos metu vykdytus nusikaltimus, į genocido apibrėžimą buvo įtrauktos taip pat politinės bei socialinės grupės. Tačiau toks Lietuvos įstatymų leidėjų žingsnis praplėtė tarptautinėje teisėje įtvirtintą genocido apibrėžimą, kuriame numatoma, jog genocidu siekiama visiškai ar iš dalies sunaikinti nacionalinę, etninę, rasinę ar religinę grupę, taigi ne politinę ar socialinę grupę. Pagal tarptautinės teisės principą nullum crimen sine lege niekas negali būti baudžiamas už nusikaltimą, kuris jo darymo metu nebuvo draudžiamas įstatymu. Šiame darbe siekiama nustatyti ar Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje įtvtirtintas išplėstinis genocido sudėties apibrėžimas nepažeidžia principo nullum crimen sine lege. Darbą sudaro trys pagrindinės dalys, kuriose atskleidžiami nagrinėjamos problemos teoriniai bei praktiniai aspektai. Pirmojoje dalyje nagrinėjamas genocido apibrėžimas, priežastys kodėl politinės ir socialinės grupės nebuvo įtrauktos į Genocido konvenciją bei analizuojama kitų šalių praktika apibrėžiant genocido veiką. Politinės ir socialinės grupės į konvenciją nebuvo įtrauktos dėl politinių priežasčių, iškilus tam tikrų šalių prieštaravimams. Tačiau Lietuva ne vienintelė įtraukė šias grupes į savo įstatymus, tai rodo, kad ne vien Lietuvai svarbi šių grupių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Genocide is described as one of the most severe crimes of the international law. After the Second World War international community decided to codify international law and the general principles of the law recognized by civilized nations. The United Nations enacted The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The convention stated that genocide crime is described as acts against national, ethnic, racial or religious group. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many countries including Lithuania got back their independence. Lithuania’s legislators incorporated the norms of the Genocide convention into the state’s legal system. Besides these norms legislators also included social and political groups into the definition of genocide crime. It was done in order to punish persons, who were responsible for the criminal offense against Lithuania’s citizen during soviet occupation. The decision that states legislators made extended the definition of genocide crime established in international law, which defines genocide as the acts against national, ethnic, racial or religious group, but not against social or political group. Under international principle nullum crimen sine lege a person should not face criminal punishment except for an act that was criminalized by law before he performed the act. In this work it is aimed to determine whether the extended genocide structure established in Lithuanian legal system does not violate principle nullum... [to full text]

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    Authors: Katinaitė, Vida;

    Darbe nagrinėjama Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos aplinkos apsaugos politika, jos vystymosi raida nuo pirmosios ES aplinkos programos priėmimo iki darnaus vystymosi principų įgyvendinimo. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas aplinkos apsaugos politikos formavimui, panaudojant įvairių ES fondų, programų, kitų finansinių instrumentų paramą galutiniams aplinkos apsaugos tikslams pasiekti. Lietuvos aplinkos apsaugos politikos vystymui nuo praėjusio amžiaus paskutinio dešimtmečio didelė įtaką turėjo vykdoma ES aplinkos apsaugos politika. Lietuva, derėdamasi dėl narystės ES, prisiėmė įsipareigojimus suderinti savo teisyną su ES aplinkos apsaugos teisine baze. ES teisės normų perkėlimas pareikalavo papildomų asignavimų į daugumą aplinkos apsaugos sričių: vandens, oro apsaugos, atliekų tvarkymo, biologinės įvairovės ir kraštovaizdžio išsaugojimo ir kt. Priešderybiniu ir derybų laikotarpiu Lietuva sėkmingai pasinaudojo ES finansine PHARE, SAPARD ir ISPA fondų parama aplinkos apsaugos politikos vystymui. Tapus ES nare, atsirado galimybės aplinkos apsaugos politiką įgyvendinti naudojant Struktūrinių, Sanglaudos fondų ir LIFE programos, skirtos išimtinai gamtos apsaugai, finansine parama. The work deals with the environmental policy of the European Union and Lithuania, its development from the adoption of the first EU environmental programme to the application of the principles of sustainable development. The major focus is on the formation of the environmental policy using the support of various EU funds, programmes and other financial instruments to achieve the final environmental objectives. The development of the environmental policy in Lithuania has been largely influenced by the EU environmental policy being implemented since the last decade. In its negotiations over the EU membership, Lithuania undertook to harmonize its acquis with the EU environmental protection framework legislation. The transposition demanded additional appropriations to the majority of the environmental areas: protection of water and air, waste management, preservation of biological diversity and landscape, etc. Pre-negotiation and negotiation period saw the successful use of the PHARE, SAPARD and ISPA financial support by Lithuania for the development of the environmental policy. The EU membership offered the possibilities to enlarge the environmental policy using the financial support of the Structural and Cohesion Funds and LIFE programme designed exceptionally for the protection of nature. The work analyses the particularities of EU supporting and uptake and explains, through the expert contribution, the principle problems and impediments predetermining a rather unfavourable... [to full text]

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lietuvos Akademinė E...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lietuvos Akademinė E...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Čepanko, Violeta; Idzelis, Raimondas Leopoldas; Kesminas, Vytautas; Ladygienė, Rima;

    From the point of view of biological toxicity the most toxic radionuclides are man‐made 90Sr and 137Cs because the behavoir of both of them is similar to stable calcium and potassium in the body. Fish is the last part of the hydrosystem chain which accumulates pollutants. The aim of this study was to analyse the distribution of these two radionuclides in the muscle and other organs of perch and roach that differ by age and living conditions. Measurements were performed for 137Cs and 90Sr activity concentrations in fishes from the lakes of Drūkšiai, Lūkstas and Dusia. Radioecological investigation was carried out for different age groups of roach and perch analysing samples of muscle and spine bones (including the head of fish). Radioecological investigation of fishes from the lakes of Drūkšiai, Lūkstas and Dusia show that the activity concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr are low. Anyway, the accumulated radioactivity by food chain reaches the human body. Nowadays a lot of investigations are related to the lakes in the vicinity of Ignalina NPP. The investigation shows that the activity concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr in fishes from the Drūkšiai lake are the same as in fishes from other lakes in other locations of Lithuania. Kuojų ir ešerių kai kuriuose Lietuvos ežeruose radiologiniai tyrimai Santrauka. Iš technogeninių radionuklidų 90Sr ir 137Cs priklauso biologiškai toksiškiausių radionuklidų grupei, nes santykinai mažos jų koncentracijos gali sukelti organizmų pagrindinių funkcijų sutrikimus. Žuvys – galutinė hidrosistemų trofinė grandis ir galutinė vandenų biologinė produkcija, kuri labiausiai akumuliuoja teršalus. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – nustatyti minėtųjų radionuklidų pasiskirstymo amžinius ir mitybinius dėsningumus kuojų ir ešerių audiniuose bei organuose. Tyrimų metu nustatyta 137Cs, 90Sr savitasis aktyvumas žuvyse, sugautose Drūkšių, Lūksto ir Dusios ežeruose. Radioekologiškai tirta skirtingų amžiaus grupių kuojų ir ešerių raumenys bei stuburo kaulai, galva. Drūkšių, Lūksto ir Dusios ežerų žuvų radioekologiniai tyrimai rodo, kad tirtų radionuklidų kiekis žuvyse nėra didesnis už sanitariniuose reikalavimuose nustatytas leidžiamąsias normas, tačiau nevertėtų užmiršti, kad, apdorojant žuvis, 137Cs ir 90Sr radionuklidai, susikaupę žuvų audiniuose ir organuose, pereina į žmogaus vartojamą maistą. Pastaruoju metu daugiausia dėmesio skiriama Ignalinos atominės elektrinės zonoje esančioms ekosistemoms tirti. Tyrimų rezultatai rodo, kad šiandien žuvų užtarša radionuklidais Drūkšių ežere yra viena iš didžiausių. Nuolatinė radioekologinė stebėsena (monitoringas) būtina visuose Lietuvos regionuose. Reikšminiai žodžiai: žuvys, Lietuva, radiologija, radionuklidai, toksiškumas, mitybinė grandis. Радиологические исследования окуня и плотвы в некоторых озерах Литвы Резюме. Техногенные радионуклиды 90Sr и 137Cs относятся к биологически самой токсичной группе радионуклидов. Относительно небольшая их концентрация может привести к нарушению основных функций организма. Рыбы составляют заключительное трофическое звено в гидросистеме и в океано-биологической продукции, которая в наибольшей степени аккумулирует отходы хозяйственной деятельности, в том числе и радионуклиды. Целью работы было установить закономерность распределения этих радионуклидов в тканях и органах окуня и плотвы в зависимости от возраста и способа питания рыб. Во время исследований рыб из озер Друкшяй, Лукстас и Дуся были установлены концентрации радионуклидов 90Sr и 137Cs, содержащихся в них. Радиологическим исследованиям подвергались мышцы, кости позвоночника и головы окуня и плотвы различных возрастных групп. Исследования рыб из озер Друкшяй, Лукстас и Дуся показали, что концентрации названных радионуклидов в рыбе не превышают установленных допустимых санитарных норм. Однако следует помнить, что во время приготовления кулинарных изделий из рыбы радионуклиды 90Sr и 137Cs, накопленные в еë тканях и органах, попадают в пищу человека. В последнее время большое внимание уделяется исследованиям экосистем, которые находятся в зоне Игналинской АЕ. Проведенные исследования показали, что рыба в Друкшяйском озере загрязнена техногенными радионуклидами не больше, чем и в других озерах (Лукстас и Дуся). Постоянные радиологические наблюдения обязательны для всех регионов Литвы. Ключевые слова: Литва, рыба, радиология, радионуклиды, пищевая цепь, токсичность. Firstd Published Online: 14 Oct 2010

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    Authors: Kastantinavičiūtė, Rūta;

    Baltijos jūros pakrantėje gyvenantys baltai jau nuo I a. palaikė mainų ir prekybos ryšius su kitais kraštais. Krašto geografinė padėtis skatino laivybos plėtotę, todėl jau XII-XIII a. Baltijos jūroje suklestėjo jūrininkystė. Jūrų transportas apima keleivių ir krovinių vežimą. Lietuvoje jūrų transportu pervežama daugiau kaip 30% krovinių. Šis transportas reikalauja didžiausių krovos ir mažiausių gabenimo išlaidų. Klaipėdos uostas tarp rytinės Baltijos jūros uostų yra 3 vietoje (pagal 2008 m. krovą). Lietuvos mokyklose per mažai nagrinėjami uostai bei problemos, su kuriomis jie susiduria. Uostų svarba šalies ekonomikai yra labai didelė, tačiau atlikus tyrimą mokykloje buvo padarytos išvados, jog mokiniai neturi bendro suvokimo apie šiuos ekonomiškai svarbius punktus. Lietuvos visuomenė per daug atitrūkus nuo jūros, o galbūt niekada ir nebuvo tokia artima jūrai kaip mūsų kaimyninės šalys. Todėl šis darbas buvo skirtas atlikti Rytų Baltijos jūros uostų analizei (pagal krovą ir keleivių srautus) bei pabandyti ją pritaikyti edukologijoje. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, jog mokiniai labai mažai žino apie kaimyninių šalių uostus, taip pat negali pasakyti kuo Klaipėda išsiskiria iš kitų Baltijos jūros uostų. Teoriškai šį darbą galima suskirstyti į dvi stambias dalis. Darbo tema pirmoje dalyje analizuojama iš gamtinės - ekonominės pusės, o antra dalis – iš edukologinės. Smulkiau skirstant darbą sudaro 11 dalių. 8 – 10 dalyse išanalizuoti atskirų Rytų Baltijos jūros šalių uostai, tokie... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] The Baltic tribes inhabiting the shores of the Baltic Sea had trade and business relations with other countries since the first century. The countries geographical position encouraged the navigation development that is why the prosperity of the Baltic seamanship was inevitable in XII-XIII centuries. The sea transportation involves both people and cargo transportation. In Lithuania more than 30% of cargo is transported by sea. This means of transportation requires the biggest amount of loading capability but the cheapest expenses. Klaipeda seaport is in the third place according 2008 loading among Baltic Seaports. In Lithuania’s schools there is too little attention to studies of the seaports’ problems. The importance of the seaports to country’s economy is high, though after the research at schools the conclusion was drawn that pupils are not aware of these important economical issues. The Lithuanian society has little knowledge about the sea, or they have never been so close to the sea as people in other neighboring countries. The purpose of this work is to analyze the Eastern Baltic seaports according loading capability and the number of travelers, and also try to apply the work in education. The research cleared out that pupils know little about the neighboring country sea ports, also they can not say what is the difference among Klaipeda seaport and other Baltic seaports. Theoretically this work could be divided into two big parts. The issue is analyzed according... [to full text]

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    Authors: Grikštaitė, Ramunė;

    Iš tiesų, menas žmonijos raidai padarė neginčijamai teigiamą įtaką ir mano gyvenime jis ir užima vieną iš svarbiausių vietų. Juk žmogus yra ir kūrėjas, ir menininkas, ir konstruktorius, ir meistras, ir darbininkas. Kuriant kažką svarbaus, mano nuomone, reikalinga idėja, o paskui jos įgyvendinimas. Kaip kiti pasakytų, gera pradžia - pusė darbo. Nesvarbu ar vaizduojamas mažas, ar didelis daiktas, svarbu, kad jis pasakytų tai, ką nori pasakyti. Kiekvienas eksponatas turi atskleisti žiūrovui tam tikrą informaciją. Toks kūrinys gali būti laikomas tikru meno kūriniu. Šiais laikais meno kūrinys yra istorijos ir kultūros dalis. Svarbu jam turėti išorinę ir vidinę formą. Išorinė būna susijusi su reikšme - gamtos ir žmogaus gyvenimo pokyčiais, o vidinė – su spalvų santykiais. Menininkas gal tik per formą įtvirtina harmoniją ir pusiausvyrą mene bei gyvenime. Mano kaip menininkės noras pateikti sustojusį laiką planetoje, kuris tarsi užhipnotizuoja savyje praeitu laiku. Mes atsiduriame kitoje planetoje, kitame laike, kitokio kraštovaizdžio mieste. Susiduriame su ženklais, kurie yra tarsi tos planetos kodai. Mes klajojame…žvilgsniu, mintimis, ieškome atsakymo, bet tai liks mums tik didžiulė paslaptis Tikiuosi, kad mano kolekcija jus nunešė, į mikro ir makro planetą... In fact, the art has made undeniable positive impact on human development, and it is one of the most important positions in my life. After all, the man is the creator and artist, and the constructor, and the master, and the worker. In my view, the creation of something important first demands the idea and then the implementation. As others say, a good start for half the work. Whether displaying a small or large object, it is important that it tells what you want to tell. Each exhibit must reveal certain information to the spectator. Such creation can be a real piece of art. Nowadays a piece of art is a part of history and culture. It must have outward and inward form. Outside is related to the value - with the nature and evolution of human life, and the inner - the relationship of colors. The artist can only through form establish the harmony and a balance between art and life. My desire as an artist is to express stopped time of the planet, which hypnotize in itself in the past. We appear on another planet in other time with different city landscape. We face signs of that planet as if codes. We stroll around sighting, thinking, looking for the answer, but everything remains a black secret for us.I hope that my collection will take you to the micro and macro planet...

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    Authors: Salys, Mindaugas;

    Darbo aktualumas: Mokslinėje literatūroje pateikiama daug duomenų ir informacijos apie žuvų auginimo ypatumus žuvininkystės ūkiuose auginat žuvis pramoniniu būdu. Sodybiniai vandens telkiniai savo ruožtu įrengiami ir žuvys jose auginamos bei veisiamos šių telkinių savininkų nuožiūra. Trūksta mokslinių tyrimų ir metodinės literatūros analizuojančios sodybinių vandens telkinių įrengimo bei jų pritaikymo mėgėjiškos akvakultūros vystymui, problematiką, todėl ši sritis nusipelno išsamesnės mokslinės analizės. Darbo tikslas: Išanalizuoti sodybinių vandens telkinių įrengimo, jų priežiūros bei žuvų auginimo sodybiniuose vandens telkiniuose ypatumus. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Apibrėžti dirbtinių vandens telkinių įrengimo teisinį reglamentavimą, atlikti sodybinių vandens telkinių įrengimo projektų vertinimą. 2. Aprašyti sodybiniuose vandens telkiniuose auginamas žuvų rūšis ir aptarti jų auginimo sodybiniuose vandens telkiniuose specifiką. 3. Atlikti vandens telkinių vandens fizinių savybių, cheminės sudėties ir mikrobiologinius tyrimus bei pateikti sodybinių vandens telkinių vandens kokybės vertinimą. 3. Nustatyti su sodybinių vandens telkinių priežiūra, žuvų veisimu ir auginimu susijusias problemas bei pateikti rekomendacijas problemų sprendimui. Išvados: 1. Tiriami sodybiniai vandens telkiniai įrengti pagal suderintus nesudėtingus vandens telkinių įrengimo projektus prisilaikant LR Aplinkos apsaugos įstatyto ir kitų teisės aktų reikalavimų. Sodybinių vandens telkinių įrengimo metu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] It is hard to imagine a Lithuanian country district with no pond. Recently the owners of the ponds more and more often select the homestead ponds which are well adapted to the amateurish fish breeding, growing and recreation. It is important, while setting such homestead ponds, to understand the biology of separate fish breeds and to realize the pond as individual and complex ecosystem. Homestead ponds and the water quality need to satisfy biological features of fish and to secure their wellness and nutritional quality. This demands a good knowledge and appropriate competency of the owners at such spheres as pond equipment, fish breeding, fish growing, fish additional feeding, evaluation of water quality and etc. Scientific literature supplies plenty of data and information about peculiarities of fish growing at the fishery farms where the fish are cultured in an industrial way. The homestead ponds are set and the fish are grown and bred at the discretion of the owners. This sphere deserves particular scientific analysis because of the lack of scientific investigations and methodological literature which analyzes the topic of pond equipment and adjustment for the development of amateurish aquaculture. The aim of this study is to analyze the peculiarities of pond equipment, observation and fish growing in the ponds. In order to reach the goal several tasks which include definition of the juridical regulation of pond equipment and evaluation of pond equipment projects were made... [to full text]

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    Authors: Šukutis, Nerijus;

    The influence of abiotic factors on fish distribution in Kaulakiai II water reservoir is investigated in present master thesis. Object of research – fish communities of Kaulakiai II water reservoir, situated near Raseiniai. Aim of the research – to estimate the substantial abiotic factors and to evaluate their influence on fish distribution in Kaulakiai II water reservoir. To meet an aim these tasks were set: to estimate the most abundant fish species in reservoir; to estimate and map the structure of the bottom; to evaluate sensual indicators of alive fish during the experimental fishing; to value the quality of water in Kaulakiai II reservoir and to rate it according the standards applied for water quality in carp ponds; to detect peculiarities of fish distribution in water body and to exclude the substantial abiotic factors that have hold on fish distribution in Kaulakiai II (Kybartėliai) reservoir. Methods of research – logical literary analysis, hydro acoustic surveying, written quiz of local anglers, observational studies, mathematical modeling. Results: the Cyprinid fishes (11 species) were the most abundant in Kaulakiai II reservoir fish communities with overall 15 fish species resident. The bottom structure mainly was silt - 83,2 %, sand and oozy sand, respectively 4,6 and 12,2 %. Fish injures, parasites, diseases had no influence on fish distribution in Kaulakiai II reservoir during the research. Low oxygen concentrations were estimated at the bottom of reservoir... [to full text]

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    Authors: Dainelytė, Simona;

    Išsilaisvinus iš sovietų okupacijos, Lietuvos įstatymų leidėjai į šalies teisinę sistemą inkorporavo konvencijos Dėl kelio užkirtimo genocido nusikaltimui ir baudimo už jį nuostatas. Be to, siekiant nubausti asmenis, kaltus už okupacijos metu vykdytus nusikaltimus, į genocido apibrėžimą buvo įtrauktos taip pat politinės bei socialinės grupės. Tačiau toks Lietuvos įstatymų leidėjų žingsnis praplėtė tarptautinėje teisėje įtvirtintą genocido apibrėžimą, kuriame numatoma, jog genocidu siekiama visiškai ar iš dalies sunaikinti nacionalinę, etninę, rasinę ar religinę grupę, taigi ne politinę ar socialinę grupę. Pagal tarptautinės teisės principą nullum crimen sine lege niekas negali būti baudžiamas už nusikaltimą, kuris jo darymo metu nebuvo draudžiamas įstatymu. Šiame darbe siekiama nustatyti ar Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje įtvtirtintas išplėstinis genocido sudėties apibrėžimas nepažeidžia principo nullum crimen sine lege. Darbą sudaro trys pagrindinės dalys, kuriose atskleidžiami nagrinėjamos problemos teoriniai bei praktiniai aspektai. Pirmojoje dalyje nagrinėjamas genocido apibrėžimas, priežastys kodėl politinės ir socialinės grupės nebuvo įtrauktos į Genocido konvenciją bei analizuojama kitų šalių praktika apibrėžiant genocido veiką. Politinės ir socialinės grupės į konvenciją nebuvo įtrauktos dėl politinių priežasčių, iškilus tam tikrų šalių prieštaravimams. Tačiau Lietuva ne vienintelė įtraukė šias grupes į savo įstatymus, tai rodo, kad ne vien Lietuvai svarbi šių grupių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Genocide is described as one of the most severe crimes of the international law. After the Second World War international community decided to codify international law and the general principles of the law recognized by civilized nations. The United Nations enacted The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The convention stated that genocide crime is described as acts against national, ethnic, racial or religious group. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many countries including Lithuania got back their independence. Lithuania’s legislators incorporated the norms of the Genocide convention into the state’s legal system. Besides these norms legislators also included social and political groups into the definition of genocide crime. It was done in order to punish persons, who were responsible for the criminal offense against Lithuania’s citizen during soviet occupation. The decision that states legislators made extended the definition of genocide crime established in international law, which defines genocide as the acts against national, ethnic, racial or religious group, but not against social or political group. Under international principle nullum crimen sine lege a person should not face criminal punishment except for an act that was criminalized by law before he performed the act. In this work it is aimed to determine whether the extended genocide structure established in Lithuanian legal system does not violate principle nullum... [to full text]

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    Authors: Katinaitė, Vida;

    Darbe nagrinėjama Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos aplinkos apsaugos politika, jos vystymosi raida nuo pirmosios ES aplinkos programos priėmimo iki darnaus vystymosi principų įgyvendinimo. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas aplinkos apsaugos politikos formavimui, panaudojant įvairių ES fondų, programų, kitų finansinių instrumentų paramą galutiniams aplinkos apsaugos tikslams pasiekti. Lietuvos aplinkos apsaugos politikos vystymui nuo praėjusio amžiaus paskutinio dešimtmečio didelė įtaką turėjo vykdoma ES aplinkos apsaugos politika. Lietuva, derėdamasi dėl narystės ES, prisiėmė įsipareigojimus suderinti savo teisyną su ES aplinkos apsaugos teisine baze. ES teisės normų perkėlimas pareikalavo papildomų asignavimų į daugumą aplinkos apsaugos sričių: vandens, oro apsaugos, atliekų tvarkymo, biologinės įvairovės ir kraštovaizdžio išsaugojimo ir kt. Priešderybiniu ir derybų laikotarpiu Lietuva sėkmingai pasinaudojo ES finansine PHARE, SAPARD ir ISPA fondų parama aplinkos apsaugos politikos vystymui. Tapus ES nare, atsirado galimybės aplinkos apsaugos politiką įgyvendinti naudojant Struktūrinių, Sanglaudos fondų ir LIFE programos, skirtos išimtinai gamtos apsaugai, finansine parama. The work deals with the environmental policy of the European Union and Lithuania, its development from the adoption of the first EU environmental programme to the application of the principles of sustainable development. The major focus is on the formation of the environmental policy using the support of various EU funds, programmes and other financial instruments to achieve the final environmental objectives. The development of the environmental policy in Lithuania has been largely influenced by the EU environmental policy being implemented since the last decade. In its negotiations over the EU membership, Lithuania undertook to harmonize its acquis with the EU environmental protection framework legislation. The transposition demanded additional appropriations to the majority of the environmental areas: protection of water and air, waste management, preservation of biological diversity and landscape, etc. Pre-negotiation and negotiation period saw the successful use of the PHARE, SAPARD and ISPA financial support by Lithuania for the development of the environmental policy. The EU membership offered the possibilities to enlarge the environmental policy using the financial support of the Structural and Cohesion Funds and LIFE programme designed exceptionally for the protection of nature. The work analyses the particularities of EU supporting and uptake and explains, through the expert contribution, the principle problems and impediments predetermining a rather unfavourable... [to full text]

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    Authors: Čepanko, Violeta; Idzelis, Raimondas Leopoldas; Kesminas, Vytautas; Ladygienė, Rima;

    From the point of view of biological toxicity the most toxic radionuclides are man‐made 90Sr and 137Cs because the behavoir of both of them is similar to stable calcium and potassium in the body. Fish is the last part of the hydrosystem chain which accumulates pollutants. The aim of this study was to analyse the distribution of these two radionuclides in the muscle and other organs of perch and roach that differ by age and living conditions. Measurements were performed for 137Cs and 90Sr activity concentrations in fishes from the lakes of Drūkšiai, Lūkstas and Dusia. Radioecological investigation was carried out for different age groups of roach and perch analysing samples of muscle and spine bones (including the head of fish). Radioecological investigation of fishes from the lakes of Drūkšiai, Lūkstas and Dusia show that the activity concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr are low. Anyway, the accumulated radioactivity by food chain reaches the human body. Nowadays a lot of investigations are related to the lakes in the vicinity of Ignalina NPP. The investigation shows that the activity concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr in fishes from the Drūkšiai lake are the same as in fishes from other lakes in other locations of Lithuania. Kuojų ir ešerių kai kuriuose Lietuvos ežeruose radiologiniai tyrimai Santrauka. Iš technogeninių radionuklidų 90Sr ir 137Cs priklauso biologiškai toksiškiausių radionuklidų grupei, nes santykinai mažos jų koncentracijos gali sukelti organizmų pagrindinių funkcijų sutrikimus. Žuvys – galutinė hidrosistemų trofinė grandis ir galutinė vandenų biologinė produkcija, kuri labiausiai akumuliuoja teršalus. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – nustatyti minėtųjų radionuklidų pasiskirstymo amžinius ir mitybinius dėsningumus kuojų ir ešerių audiniuose bei organuose. Tyrimų metu nustatyta 137Cs, 90Sr savitasis aktyvumas žuvyse, sugautose Drūkšių, Lūksto ir Dusios ežeruose. Radioekologiškai tirta skirtingų amžiaus grupių kuojų ir ešerių raumenys bei stuburo kaulai, galva. Drūkšių, Lūksto ir Dusios ežerų žuvų radioekologiniai tyrimai rodo, kad tirtų radionuklidų kiekis žuvyse nėra didesnis už sanitariniuose reikalavimuose nustatytas leidžiamąsias normas, tačiau nevertėtų užmiršti, kad, apdorojant žuvis, 137Cs ir 90Sr radionuklidai, susikaupę žuvų audiniuose ir organuose, pereina į žmogaus vartojamą maistą. Pastaruoju metu daugiausia dėmesio skiriama Ignalinos atominės elektrinės zonoje esančioms ekosistemoms tirti. Tyrimų rezultatai rodo, kad šiandien žuvų užtarša radionuklidais Drūkšių ežere yra viena iš didžiausių. Nuolatinė radioekologinė stebėsena (monitoringas) būtina visuose Lietuvos regionuose. Reikšminiai žodžiai: žuvys, Lietuva, radiologija, radionuklidai, toksiškumas, mitybinė grandis. Радиологические исследования окуня и плотвы в некоторых озерах Литвы Резюме. Техногенные радионуклиды 90Sr и 137Cs относятся к биологически самой токсичной группе радионуклидов. Относительно небольшая их концентрация может привести к нарушению основных функций организма. Рыбы составляют заключительное трофическое звено в гидросистеме и в океано-биологической продукции, которая в наибольшей степени аккумулирует отходы хозяйственной деятельности, в том числе и радионуклиды. Целью работы было установить закономерность распределения этих радионуклидов в тканях и органах окуня и плотвы в зависимости от возраста и способа питания рыб. Во время исследований рыб из озер Друкшяй, Лукстас и Дуся были установлены концентрации радионуклидов 90Sr и 137Cs, содержащихся в них. Радиологическим исследованиям подвергались мышцы, кости позвоночника и головы окуня и плотвы различных возрастных групп. Исследования рыб из озер Друкшяй, Лукстас и Дуся показали, что концентрации названных радионуклидов в рыбе не превышают установленных допустимых санитарных норм. Однако следует помнить, что во время приготовления кулинарных изделий из рыбы радионуклиды 90Sr и 137Cs, накопленные в еë тканях и органах, попадают в пищу человека. В последнее время большое внимание уделяется исследованиям экосистем, которые находятся в зоне Игналинской АЕ. Проведенные исследования показали, что рыба в Друкшяйском озере загрязнена техногенными радионуклидами не больше, чем и в других озерах (Лукстас и Дуся). Постоянные радиологические наблюдения обязательны для всех регионов Литвы. Ключевые слова: Литва, рыба, радиология, радионуклиды, пищевая цепь, токсичность. Firstd Published Online: 14 Oct 2010

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    Authors: Kastantinavičiūtė, Rūta;

    Baltijos jūros pakrantėje gyvenantys baltai jau nuo I a. palaikė mainų ir prekybos ryšius su kitais kraštais. Krašto geografinė padėtis skatino laivybos plėtotę, todėl jau XII-XIII a. Baltijos jūroje suklestėjo jūrininkystė. Jūrų transportas apima keleivių ir krovinių vežimą. Lietuvoje jūrų transportu pervežama daugiau kaip 30% krovinių. Šis transportas reikalauja didžiausių krovos ir mažiausių gabenimo išlaidų. Klaipėdos uostas tarp rytinės Baltijos jūros uostų yra 3 vietoje (pagal 2008 m. krovą). Lietuvos mokyklose per mažai nagrinėjami uostai bei problemos, su kuriomis jie susiduria. Uostų svarba šalies ekonomikai yra labai didelė, tačiau atlikus tyrimą mokykloje buvo padarytos išvados, jog mokiniai neturi bendro suvokimo apie šiuos ekonomiškai svarbius punktus. Lietuvos visuomenė per daug atitrūkus nuo jūros, o galbūt niekada ir nebuvo tokia artima jūrai kaip mūsų kaimyninės šalys. Todėl šis darbas buvo skirtas atlikti Rytų Baltijos jūros uostų analizei (pagal krovą ir keleivių srautus) bei pabandyti ją pritaikyti edukologijoje. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, jog mokiniai labai mažai žino apie kaimyninių šalių uostus, taip pat negali pasakyti kuo Klaipėda išsiskiria iš kitų Baltijos jūros uostų. Teoriškai šį darbą galima suskirstyti į dvi stambias dalis. Darbo tema pirmoje dalyje analizuojama iš gamtinės - ekonominės pusės, o antra dalis – iš edukologinės. Smulkiau skirstant darbą sudaro 11 dalių. 8 – 10 dalyse išanalizuoti atskirų Rytų Baltijos jūros šalių uostai, tokie... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] The Baltic tribes inhabiting the shores of the Baltic Sea had trade and business relations with other countries since the first century. The countries geographical position encouraged the navigation development that is why the prosperity of the Baltic seamanship was inevitable in XII-XIII centuries. The sea transportation involves both people and cargo transportation. In Lithuania more than 30% of cargo is transported by sea. This means of transportation requires the biggest amount of loading capability but the cheapest expenses. Klaipeda seaport is in the third place according 2008 loading among Baltic Seaports. In Lithuania’s schools there is too little attention to studies of the seaports’ problems. The importance of the seaports to country’s economy is high, though after the research at schools the conclusion was drawn that pupils are not aware of these important economical issues. The Lithuanian society has little knowledge about the sea, or they have never been so close to the sea as people in other neighboring countries. The purpose of this work is to analyze the Eastern Baltic seaports according loading capability and the number of travelers, and also try to apply the work in education. The research cleared out that pupils know little about the neighboring country sea ports, also they can not say what is the difference among Klaipeda seaport and other Baltic seaports. Theoretically this work could be divided into two big parts. The issue is analyzed according... [to full text]

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    Authors: Grikštaitė, Ramunė;

    Iš tiesų, menas žmonijos raidai padarė neginčijamai teigiamą įtaką ir mano gyvenime jis ir užima vieną iš svarbiausių vietų. Juk žmogus yra ir kūrėjas, ir menininkas, ir konstruktorius, ir meistras, ir darbininkas. Kuriant kažką svarbaus, mano nuomone, reikalinga idėja, o paskui jos įgyvendinimas. Kaip kiti pasakytų, gera pradžia - pusė darbo. Nesvarbu ar vaizduojamas mažas, ar didelis daiktas, svarbu, kad jis pasakytų tai, ką nori pasakyti. Kiekvienas eksponatas turi atskleisti žiūrovui tam tikrą informaciją. Toks kūrinys gali būti laikomas tikru meno kūriniu. Šiais laikais meno kūrinys yra istorijos ir kultūros dalis. Svarbu jam turėti išorinę ir vidinę formą. Išorinė būna susijusi su reikšme - gamtos ir žmogaus gyvenimo pokyčiais, o vidinė – su spalvų santykiais. Menininkas gal tik per formą įtvirtina harmoniją ir pusiausvyrą mene bei gyvenime. Mano kaip menininkės noras pateikti sustojusį laiką planetoje, kuris tarsi užhipnotizuoja savyje praeitu laiku. Mes atsiduriame kitoje planetoje, kitame laike, kitokio kraštovaizdžio mieste. Susiduriame su ženklais, kurie yra tarsi tos planetos kodai. Mes klajojame…žvilgsniu, mintimis, ieškome atsakymo, bet tai liks mums tik didžiulė paslaptis Tikiuosi, kad mano kolekcija jus nunešė, į mikro ir makro planetą... In fact, the art has made undeniable positive impact on human development, and it is one of the most important positions in my life. After all, the man is the creator and artist, and the constructor, and the master, and the worker. In my view, the creation of something important first demands the idea and then the implementation. As others say, a good start for half the work. Whether displaying a small or large object, it is important that it tells what you want to tell. Each exhibit must reveal certain information to the spectator. Such creation can be a real piece of art. Nowadays a piece of art is a part of history and culture. It must have outward and inward form. Outside is related to the value - with the nature and evolution of human life, and the inner - the relationship of colors. The artist can only through form establish the harmony and a balance between art and life. My desire as an artist is to express stopped time of the planet, which hypnotize in itself in the past. We appear on another planet in other time with different city landscape. We face signs of that planet as if codes. We stroll around sighting, thinking, looking for the answer, but everything remains a black secret for us.I hope that my collection will take you to the micro and macro planet...

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    Authors: Salys, Mindaugas;

    Darbo aktualumas: Mokslinėje literatūroje pateikiama daug duomenų ir informacijos apie žuvų auginimo ypatumus žuvininkystės ūkiuose auginat žuvis pramoniniu būdu. Sodybiniai vandens telkiniai savo ruožtu įrengiami ir žuvys jose auginamos bei veisiamos šių telkinių savininkų nuožiūra. Trūksta mokslinių tyrimų ir metodinės literatūros analizuojančios sodybinių vandens telkinių įrengimo bei jų pritaikymo mėgėjiškos akvakultūros vystymui, problematiką, todėl ši sritis nusipelno išsamesnės mokslinės analizės. Darbo tikslas: Išanalizuoti sodybinių vandens telkinių įrengimo, jų priežiūros bei žuvų auginimo sodybiniuose vandens telkiniuose ypatumus. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Apibrėžti dirbtinių vandens telkinių įrengimo teisinį reglamentavimą, atlikti sodybinių vandens telkinių įrengimo projektų vertinimą. 2. Aprašyti sodybiniuose vandens telkiniuose auginamas žuvų rūšis ir aptarti jų auginimo sodybiniuose vandens telkiniuose specifiką. 3. Atlikti vandens telkinių vandens fizinių savybių, cheminės sudėties ir mikrobiologinius tyrimus bei pateikti sodybinių vandens telkinių vandens kokybės vertinimą. 3. Nustatyti su sodybinių vandens telkinių priežiūra, žuvų veisimu ir auginimu susijusias problemas bei pateikti rekomendacijas problemų sprendimui. Išvados: 1. Tiriami sodybiniai vandens telkiniai įrengti pagal suderintus nesudėtingus vandens telkinių įrengimo projektus prisilaikant LR Aplinkos apsaugos įstatyto ir kitų teisės aktų reikalavimų. Sodybinių vandens telkinių įrengimo metu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] It is hard to imagine a Lithuanian country district with no pond. Recently the owners of the ponds more and more often select the homestead ponds which are well adapted to the amateurish fish breeding, growing and recreation. It is important, while setting such homestead ponds, to understand the biology of separate fish breeds and to realize the pond as individual and complex ecosystem. Homestead ponds and the water quality need to satisfy biological features of fish and to secure their wellness and nutritional quality. This demands a good knowledge and appropriate competency of the owners at such spheres as pond equipment, fish breeding, fish growing, fish additional feeding, evaluation of water quality and etc. Scientific literature supplies plenty of data and information about peculiarities of fish growing at the fishery farms where the fish are cultured in an industrial way. The homestead ponds are set and the fish are grown and bred at the discretion of the owners. This sphere deserves particular scientific analysis because of the lack of scientific investigations and methodological literature which analyzes the topic of pond equipment and adjustment for the development of amateurish aquaculture. The aim of this study is to analyze the peculiarities of pond equipment, observation and fish growing in the ponds. In order to reach the goal several tasks which include definition of the juridical regulation of pond equipment and evaluation of pond equipment projects were made... [to full text]

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lietuvos Akademinė E...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lietuvos Akademinė E...arrow_drop_down
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