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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Matthew P. Humphreys; Eric P. Achterberg; Alex M. Griffiths; Alison McDonald; +1 Authors

    The stable carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in seawater was measured in a batch process for 552 samples collected during two cruises in the northeastern Atlantic and Nordic Seas from June to August 2012. One cruise was part of the UK Ocean Acidification research programme, and the other was a repeat hydrographic transect of the Extended Ellett Line. In combination with measurements made of other variables on these and other cruises, these data can be used to constrain the anthropogenic component of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the interior ocean, and to help to determine the influence of biological carbon uptake on surface ocean carbonate chemistry. The measurements have been processed, quality-controlled and submitted to an in-preparation global compilation of seawater δ13CDIC data, and are available from the British Oceanographic Data Centre. The observed δ13CDIC values fall in a range from −0.58 to +2.37 ‰, relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite standard. The mean of the absolute differences between samples collected in duplicate in the same container type during both cruises and measured consecutively is 0.10 ‰, which corresponds to a 1σ uncertainty of 0.09 ‰, and which is within the range reported by other published studies of this kind. A crossover analysis was performed with nearby historical δ13CDIC data, indicating that any systematic offsets between our measurements and previously published results are negligible. Data doi:10.5285/09760a3a-c2b5-250b-e053-6c86abc037c0 (northeastern Atlantic), doi:10.5285/09511dd0-51db-0e21-e053-6c86abc09b95 (Nordic Seas).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ University of East A...arrow_drop_down
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    OceanRep
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: OceanRep
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.5194/essdd-...
    Preprint . 2015
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
    Article . Preprint
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
    Other literature type . 2018
    DOAJ
    Article . 2015
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ University of East A...arrow_drop_down
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      OceanRep
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: OceanRep
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.5194/essdd-...
      Preprint . 2015
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
      Article . Preprint
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
      Other literature type . 2018
      DOAJ
      Article . 2015
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Eimear M. Dunne; Hamish Gordon; Andreas Kürten; Joao Almeida; +55 Authors

    New particle formation in the atmosphere produces around half of the cloud condensation nuclei that seed cloud droplets. Such particles have a pivotal role in determining the properties of clouds and the global radiation balance. Dunne et al. used the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber at CERN to construct a model of aerosol formation based on laboratory measured nucleation rates. They found that nearly all nucleation involves either ammonia or biogenic organic compounds. Furthermore in the present day atmosphere cosmic ray intensity cannot meaningfully affect climate via nucleation.Science this issue p. 1119Fundamental questions remain about the origin of newly formed atmospheric aerosol particles because data from laboratory measurements have been insufficient to build global models. In contrast gas phase chemistry models have been based on laboratory kinetics measurements for decades. We built a global model of aerosol formation by using extensive laboratory measurements of rates of nucleation involving sulfuric acid ammonia ions and organic compounds conducted in the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber. The simulations and a comparison with atmospheric observations show that nearly all nucleation throughout the present day atmosphere involves ammonia or biogenic organic compounds in addition to sulfuric acid. A considerable fraction of nucleation involves ions but the relatively weak dependence on ion concentrations indicates that for the processes studied variations in cosmic ray intensity do not appreciably affect climate through nucleation in the present day atmosphere.U http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/354/6316/1119.full.pdf

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sciencearrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Science
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1126/scienc...
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: SNSF P3 Database
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2016
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    Science
    Article . 2016
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sciencearrow_drop_down
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      Science
      Article
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.1126/scienc...
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: SNSF P3 Database
      Hal-Diderot
      Article . 2016
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      Science
      Article . 2016
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Anja Schwarz; Falko Turner; Stefan Lauterbach; Birgit Plessen; +7 Authors

    Abstract Arid Central Asia represents a key region for understanding climate variability and interactions in the Northern Hemisphere. Patterns and mechanisms of Holocene climate change in arid Central Asia are, however, only partially understood. Multi-proxy data combining diatom, ostracod, sedimentological, geochemical and stable isotope analyses from a ca. 6000-year-old lake sediment core from Son Kol (Central Kyrgyzstan) show distinct and repeated changes in species assemblages. Diatom- and ostracod-inferred conductivity shifts between meso-euhaline and freshwater conditions suggest water balance and regime shifts. Organism-derived data are corroborated by stable isotope, mineralogical and geochemical records, underlining that Son Kol was affected by strong lake level fluctuations of several meters. The δ13Ccarb/δ18Ocarb correlation shows repeated switchovers from a closed to an open lake system. From 6000 to 3800 and 3250 to 1950 cal. yr BP, Son Kol was a closed basin lake with higher conductivities, increased nutrient availability and a water level located below the modern outflow. Son Kol became again a hydrologically open lake at 3800 and 1950 cal. yr BP. Comparisons to other local and regional paleoclimate records indicate that these regime shifts were largely controlled by changing intensity and position of the Westerlies and the Siberian Anticyclone that triggered changes in the amount of winter precipitation. A strong influence of the Westerlies ca. 5000–4400, 3800–3250 and since 1950 cal. yr BP enhanced the amount of precipitation during spring, autumn and winter, whereas cold and dry winters prevailed during phases with a strong Siberian Anticyclone and southward shifted Westerlies at ca. 6000–5000, 4400–3800 and 3250–1950 cal. yr BP. Similarities between variations in winter precipitation at Son Kol and records of the predominant NAO-mode further suggest a teleconnection between wet (dry) winter climate in Central Asia and a positive (negative) NAO-mode. Thus, this study identifies climate fluctuations as the main driver for hydrological regime shifts in Son Kol controlling physicochemical conditions and consequently causing abrupt species assemblage changes. This emphasizes the importance of multi-proxy approaches to identify triggers, thresholds and cascades of aquatic ecosystem transformations.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ GFZ German Research ...arrow_drop_down
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    Quaternary Science Reviews
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ GFZ German Research ...arrow_drop_down
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      Quaternary Science Reviews
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: CIVETTA, LUCIA; D'ANTONIO, MASSIMO; ORSI, GIOVANNI; TILTON G. R.;

    Major and trace element, Sr–Nd–Pb isotope and mineral chemical data are presented for mafic and felsic volcanic rocks from the island of Pantelleria. The mafic rocks, mostly basalts, range from hy-normative transitional basalts, through alkali basalts, to basanites. Clinopyroxene in the mafic rocks varies in composition from Al, Ti-poor diopside to Al, Ti-rich augite. These two populations can be present simultaneously in the same sample and even in the same crystal, suggesting polybaric fractionation in the pressure range 0–4 kbar, or mixing between basaltic magmas with different degrees of alkalinity. On the basis of their major and trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope composition and age of eruption, two groups of basalts are distinguished: a high TiO2–P2O5 group, erupted before 50 ka BP, and a low TiO2–P2O5 group, erupted after 50 ka BP, separated by a caldera collapse. The felsic volcanic rocks have compositions ranging from comenditic trachyte to comendite and pantelleritic trachyte to pantellerite, with progressively increasing peralkalinity. The Sr–Nd isotope compositions of most of the felsic volcanic rocks are similar to those of the mafic volcanic rocks, except for some very Sr-poor pantellerites, which show post-depositional exchange with seawater strontium. On the basis of their petrographic and geochemical characteristics, Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data, computer modelling and geological observations, it is suggested that the mafic volcanic rocks represent a number of different alkaline parental magmas from which the felsic volcanic rocks were derived via prolonged, closed-system fractional crystallization. The source region for the parental magmas was heterogeneous, and may have involved at least two distinct geochemical components: a mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) source, relatively depleted component, and a HIMU-like enriched component. A further enriched component, similar to the Enriched Mantle 1 (EM 1) component, could also have been involved. According to geophysical data, the lithosphere is thinned beneath the island, and the asthenospheric mantle rises to a depth of 60 km. Rare earth element data require residual garnet in the source and constrain the melting process to a depth of 70–80 km. The petrological and geochemical data suggest that the mafic magmas are generated within the asthenospheric mantle, from a deep plume bringing the HIMU–EM 1 isotopic and trace element signatures. Interaction of these OIB-like magmas with the shallower asthenospheric mantle, providing a depleted MORB signature, gives rise to magmas with the observed isotopic and geochemical characteristics.

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    Journal of Petrology
    Article . 1998 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Petrology
      Article . 1998 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: M. Lizotte; B. Juhls; B. Juhls; B. Juhls; +52 Authors

    Climate warming and related drivers of soil thermal change in the Arctic are expected to modify the distribution and dynamics of carbon contained in perennially frozen grounds. Thawing of permafrost in the Mackenzie Delta region of northwestern Canada, coupled with increases in river discharge and coastal erosion, trigger the release of terrestrial organic matter (OMt) from the largest Arctic drainage basin in North America into the Arctic Ocean. While this process is ongoing, well-established, and its rate is accelerating, the fate of the newly-mobilized organic matter, as it transits from the watershed through the delta and into the marine system, remains poorly understood. In the framework of the European Horizon 2020 Nunataryuk programme, and as part of the Work Package 4 (WP4) Coastal Waters theme, four field expeditions were conducted in the Mackenzie Delta region and southern Beaufort Sea from April to September 2019. The temporal sampling design allowed the survey of ambient conditions in the coastal waters under full ice cover prior to the spring freshet, during ice break-up in summer, as well as anterior to the freeze-up period in fall. To capture the fluvial-marine transition zone, and with distinct challenges related to shallow waters and changing seasonal and meteorological conditions, the field sampling was conducted in close partnership with members of the communities of Aklavik, Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk, using several platforms: helicopters, snowmobiles and small boats. Water column profiles of physical and optical variables were measured in situ, while surface water, groundwater and sediment samples were collected and preserved for the determination of the composition and sources of OMt, including particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC, DOC), and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), as well as a suite of physical, chemical and biological variables. Here we present an overview of the standardized datasets, including hydrographic profiles, remote sensing reflectance, temperature and salinity, particle absorption, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, particulate organic nitrogen, colored dissolved organic matter absorption, fluorescent dissolved organic matter intensity, suspended particulate matter, total particulate carbon, total particulate nitrogen, stable water isotopes, radon in water, bacterial abundance, and a string of phytoplankton pigments including total chlorophyll. Datasets and related metadata can be found in Juhls et al. 2021. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.937587.

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    Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
    Other literature type . 2023
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2...
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    Earth System Science Data
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    ZENODO; Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2...
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      ZENODO; Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
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    Authors: Zhiwei Xu; Huayu Lu; Shuangwen Yi; Jef Vandenberghe; +3 Authors

    One significant change of terrestrial landscapes in response to past climate change has been the transformation between activity and stability of extensively distributed wind-blown sand dunes. The relations between the dynamics of the aeolian landscape and its drivers are not yet completely understood, however. Evidence of aeolian sand deposition during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is scarce in many mid-latitude dune fields, whereas abundant evidence exists for aeolian sand accumulation during the deglaciation, i.e. after about 15 ka. Whether this contrast actually reflects changes in dune activity is still unclear, making paleoclimatic interpretation uncertain. Comprehensive field investigation and luminescence dating in the Mu Us dune field, north-central China, demonstrates that aeolian sands deposited during the LGM are preserved as fills in periglacial sand wedges and beneath loess deposits near the downwind dune field margin. The scarcity of LGM dune sand elsewhere in the dune field is interpreted as the result of intensive aeolian activity without substantial net sand accumulation. Increasing sand accumulation after 15 ka, reflected by much more extensive preservation, signals a change in sand supply relative to sand transportation through the dune field. Reduced wind strength and other environmental changes including regional permafrost degradation after 15 ka transformed the dune field state from net erosion to net accumulation; the dunes, however, remained largely mobile as they were in the LGM. Similar diverging patterns of dune sand accumulation and preservation before and after 15 ka in many mid-latitude dune fields imply broad climatic controls linked to the changes in high-northern-latitude forcing.

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
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    Article . 2015
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
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    Authors: Liedl A.; Buono G.; Lanzafame G.; Dabagov S. B.; +5 Authors

    Abstract The explosive volcanic event of the 1538 AD Monte Nuovo eruption (Volcanic Explosivity Index, VEI = 2) in the Campi Flegrei high-risk caldera (Italy) has a strategic significance in the framework of volcanology and volcanic hazard of caldera-forming magmatic systems. In fact, it represents the last and unique historical eruption of the highly populated Phlegraean restless-caldera, and its precursory and eruptive phenomena are well-known because they were described in detail by contemporaneous eyewitnesses. In this study, a set of samples representative of the complete stratigraphic sequence of the Monte Nuovo eruption was characterized using phase-contrast synchrotron radiation computed microtomography and quantitatively investigated through the development of a new protocol for 3D textural analysis of highly-vesiculated volcanic rocks. Previous studies of products from this eruption are available in the literature, mostly based on 2D imaging techniques, and thus provide a useful data set for comparison. The 3D textural measurements allow us to investigate the subvolcanic processes (mechanisms and timing of magma degassing) that occurred during magma ascent in the conduit for each stage of the eruption and their relationship with the variations in the eruptive style described in the contemporaneous accounts of the eruption. This information is fundamental for the definition of a volcanic eruption scenario for such low-VEI events, often recurrent in the history of the caldera, and is useful both for hazard assessment and emergency planning.

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    Lithos
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Martin Mössner; Michael Hasler; Werner Nachbauer;

    Abstract Gliding friction depends on the contact area between ski and snow. Therefore, we computed the contact area of a single grain with the ski base by solving the static contact problem. The calculations were done at randomly selected positions on two ski bases, various snow grain radii, and various loadings. The relative single grain contact area with the ski base was 0.03-6.0% of the snow grain’s cross section. Contact area and pressure increased with decreasing snow grain radius and increasing load. The contact pressure exceeds the strength of ice, presumably causing fracture of parts of snow grains. Resulting debris may partly remain in the interface between ski and snow and thus reduce friction.

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    Tribology International
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Tribology International
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: B. Haddadi; Olgeir Sigmarsson; Gudrún Larsen;

    AbstractBasalt eruptions at Grímsvötn volcano, Iceland, are generally of low intensity; however, occasionally, an order of magnitude larger eruptions occur. In order to discuss the reasons for this difference, the degassing budget of S and Cl and crystallization conditions of the eruptive magma were determined from volatile concentration measured in melt inclusion (MI) and groundmass glass and thermobarometry, respectively. Tephra of two of the largest historical eruptions (2011 and 1873) and two much smaller eruptions (2004 and 1823) were investigated. Sulfur and Cl concentrations are higher in groundmass glass of the smaller eruptions due to incomplete outgassing caused by melt quenching in contact with glacial water. Sulfur concentration and degassing budget correlate with erupted magma volumes. Higher volatile concentrations of MI from the larger eruptions reflect important recharge of gas‐rich magma from depth. The recharge causes a high‐magnitude eruption followed by increased eruption frequency over the following decades. Pressure and temperature estimates of crystallization are obtained through equilibrium clinopyroxene‐glass pairs, where crystals adjacent to, and in textural equilibrium with, both groundmass glass and that of MI were measured. An average crystallization pressure of 4 ± 1 kbar corresponding to approximately 15 ± 5 km depth was obtained together with a considerable temperature range, 1065–1175°C. Similar crystallization depths are obtained for the basalt of the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga rifting event and to a low resistivity layer revealed by magnetotelluric surveys. Therefore, an important magma storage depth is inferred at lower crustal depth above the center of the Iceland mantle plume.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Benedikt G. Ófeigsson; Andrew Hooper; Freysteinn Sigmundsson; Erik Sturkell; +1 Authors

    [1] Hekla volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Iceland. The most recent eruption occurred from 26 February to 8 March 2000 when about 0.19 km3 of magma was erupted. We present deformation data from multitemporal analyses of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired between 1993 and 2008, focusing on pixels with low-phase variance (using persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches). Prior to and after the 2000 eruption, we find a broad area of inflation around the volcano (radius about 20 km), with satellite line-of-sight (LOS) shortening of up to 5 mm/yr. We interpret this signal as the result of pressure increase in a deep-seated magma chamber, which we model as a spherical source at 14–20 km depth increasing in volume by 0.003–0.02 km3/yr. Within a ∼6 km radius of the summit of the volcano, a LOS lengthening is superimposed on the broad inflation signal, which correlates partly with recent lava flows. We interpret this signal as the result of thermally contracting lava flows, combined with viscoelastic yielding due to the load of the volcano and its lavas. Coeruptive deflation during the 2000 eruption was similar to the cumulative inflation from 1993 to 2000 and is consistent with a spherical magma chamber at 14–18 km depth that decreases in volume by 0.04–0.08 km3. Interferograms spanning the 2000 eruption show a local coeruptive deformation signal near the eruptive fissure. This is consistent with a dike opening from the surface to depths up to 5.8 km with a volume of 0.005–0.006 km3.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Matthew P. Humphreys; Eric P. Achterberg; Alex M. Griffiths; Alison McDonald; +1 Authors

    The stable carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in seawater was measured in a batch process for 552 samples collected during two cruises in the northeastern Atlantic and Nordic Seas from June to August 2012. One cruise was part of the UK Ocean Acidification research programme, and the other was a repeat hydrographic transect of the Extended Ellett Line. In combination with measurements made of other variables on these and other cruises, these data can be used to constrain the anthropogenic component of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the interior ocean, and to help to determine the influence of biological carbon uptake on surface ocean carbonate chemistry. The measurements have been processed, quality-controlled and submitted to an in-preparation global compilation of seawater δ13CDIC data, and are available from the British Oceanographic Data Centre. The observed δ13CDIC values fall in a range from −0.58 to +2.37 ‰, relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite standard. The mean of the absolute differences between samples collected in duplicate in the same container type during both cruises and measured consecutively is 0.10 ‰, which corresponds to a 1σ uncertainty of 0.09 ‰, and which is within the range reported by other published studies of this kind. A crossover analysis was performed with nearby historical δ13CDIC data, indicating that any systematic offsets between our measurements and previously published results are negligible. Data doi:10.5285/09760a3a-c2b5-250b-e053-6c86abc037c0 (northeastern Atlantic), doi:10.5285/09511dd0-51db-0e21-e053-6c86abc09b95 (Nordic Seas).

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: OceanRep
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    Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/essdd-...
    Preprint . 2015
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    Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
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    Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
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    Article . 2015
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      OceanRep
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/essdd-...
      Preprint . 2015
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      Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
      Article . Preprint
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      Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
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      Article . 2015
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Eimear M. Dunne; Hamish Gordon; Andreas Kürten; Joao Almeida; +55 Authors

    New particle formation in the atmosphere produces around half of the cloud condensation nuclei that seed cloud droplets. Such particles have a pivotal role in determining the properties of clouds and the global radiation balance. Dunne et al. used the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber at CERN to construct a model of aerosol formation based on laboratory measured nucleation rates. They found that nearly all nucleation involves either ammonia or biogenic organic compounds. Furthermore in the present day atmosphere cosmic ray intensity cannot meaningfully affect climate via nucleation.Science this issue p. 1119Fundamental questions remain about the origin of newly formed atmospheric aerosol particles because data from laboratory measurements have been insufficient to build global models. In contrast gas phase chemistry models have been based on laboratory kinetics measurements for decades. We built a global model of aerosol formation by using extensive laboratory measurements of rates of nucleation involving sulfuric acid ammonia ions and organic compounds conducted in the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber. The simulations and a comparison with atmospheric observations show that nearly all nucleation throughout the present day atmosphere involves ammonia or biogenic organic compounds in addition to sulfuric acid. A considerable fraction of nucleation involves ions but the relatively weak dependence on ion concentrations indicates that for the processes studied variations in cosmic ray intensity do not appreciably affect climate through nucleation in the present day atmosphere.U http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/354/6316/1119.full.pdf

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      https://doi.org/10.1126/scienc...
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    Authors: Anja Schwarz; Falko Turner; Stefan Lauterbach; Birgit Plessen; +7 Authors

    Abstract Arid Central Asia represents a key region for understanding climate variability and interactions in the Northern Hemisphere. Patterns and mechanisms of Holocene climate change in arid Central Asia are, however, only partially understood. Multi-proxy data combining diatom, ostracod, sedimentological, geochemical and stable isotope analyses from a ca. 6000-year-old lake sediment core from Son Kol (Central Kyrgyzstan) show distinct and repeated changes in species assemblages. Diatom- and ostracod-inferred conductivity shifts between meso-euhaline and freshwater conditions suggest water balance and regime shifts. Organism-derived data are corroborated by stable isotope, mineralogical and geochemical records, underlining that Son Kol was affected by strong lake level fluctuations of several meters. The δ13Ccarb/δ18Ocarb correlation shows repeated switchovers from a closed to an open lake system. From 6000 to 3800 and 3250 to 1950 cal. yr BP, Son Kol was a closed basin lake with higher conductivities, increased nutrient availability and a water level located below the modern outflow. Son Kol became again a hydrologically open lake at 3800 and 1950 cal. yr BP. Comparisons to other local and regional paleoclimate records indicate that these regime shifts were largely controlled by changing intensity and position of the Westerlies and the Siberian Anticyclone that triggered changes in the amount of winter precipitation. A strong influence of the Westerlies ca. 5000–4400, 3800–3250 and since 1950 cal. yr BP enhanced the amount of precipitation during spring, autumn and winter, whereas cold and dry winters prevailed during phases with a strong Siberian Anticyclone and southward shifted Westerlies at ca. 6000–5000, 4400–3800 and 3250–1950 cal. yr BP. Similarities between variations in winter precipitation at Son Kol and records of the predominant NAO-mode further suggest a teleconnection between wet (dry) winter climate in Central Asia and a positive (negative) NAO-mode. Thus, this study identifies climate fluctuations as the main driver for hydrological regime shifts in Son Kol controlling physicochemical conditions and consequently causing abrupt species assemblage changes. This emphasizes the importance of multi-proxy approaches to identify triggers, thresholds and cascades of aquatic ecosystem transformations.

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    Quaternary Science Reviews
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Quaternary Science Reviews
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    Authors: CIVETTA, LUCIA; D'ANTONIO, MASSIMO; ORSI, GIOVANNI; TILTON G. R.;

    Major and trace element, Sr–Nd–Pb isotope and mineral chemical data are presented for mafic and felsic volcanic rocks from the island of Pantelleria. The mafic rocks, mostly basalts, range from hy-normative transitional basalts, through alkali basalts, to basanites. Clinopyroxene in the mafic rocks varies in composition from Al, Ti-poor diopside to Al, Ti-rich augite. These two populations can be present simultaneously in the same sample and even in the same crystal, suggesting polybaric fractionation in the pressure range 0–4 kbar, or mixing between basaltic magmas with different degrees of alkalinity. On the basis of their major and trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope composition and age of eruption, two groups of basalts are distinguished: a high TiO2–P2O5 group, erupted before 50 ka BP, and a low TiO2–P2O5 group, erupted after 50 ka BP, separated by a caldera collapse. The felsic volcanic rocks have compositions ranging from comenditic trachyte to comendite and pantelleritic trachyte to pantellerite, with progressively increasing peralkalinity. The Sr–Nd isotope compositions of most of the felsic volcanic rocks are similar to those of the mafic volcanic rocks, except for some very Sr-poor pantellerites, which show post-depositional exchange with seawater strontium. On the basis of their petrographic and geochemical characteristics, Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data, computer modelling and geological observations, it is suggested that the mafic volcanic rocks represent a number of different alkaline parental magmas from which the felsic volcanic rocks were derived via prolonged, closed-system fractional crystallization. The source region for the parental magmas was heterogeneous, and may have involved at least two distinct geochemical components: a mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) source, relatively depleted component, and a HIMU-like enriched component. A further enriched component, similar to the Enriched Mantle 1 (EM 1) component, could also have been involved. According to geophysical data, the lithosphere is thinned beneath the island, and the asthenospheric mantle rises to a depth of 60 km. Rare earth element data require residual garnet in the source and constrain the melting process to a depth of 70–80 km. The petrological and geochemical data suggest that the mafic magmas are generated within the asthenospheric mantle, from a deep plume bringing the HIMU–EM 1 isotopic and trace element signatures. Interaction of these OIB-like magmas with the shallower asthenospheric mantle, providing a depleted MORB signature, gives rise to magmas with the observed isotopic and geochemical characteristics.

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    Journal of Petrology
    Article . 1998 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Petrology
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    Authors: M. Lizotte; B. Juhls; B. Juhls; B. Juhls; +52 Authors

    Climate warming and related drivers of soil thermal change in the Arctic are expected to modify the distribution and dynamics of carbon contained in perennially frozen grounds. Thawing of permafrost in the Mackenzie Delta region of northwestern Canada, coupled with increases in river discharge and coastal erosion, trigger the release of terrestrial organic matter (OMt) from the largest Arctic drainage basin in North America into the Arctic Ocean. While this process is ongoing, well-established, and its rate is accelerating, the fate of the newly-mobilized organic matter, as it transits from the watershed through the delta and into the marine system, remains poorly understood. In the framework of the European Horizon 2020 Nunataryuk programme, and as part of the Work Package 4 (WP4) Coastal Waters theme, four field expeditions were conducted in the Mackenzie Delta region and southern Beaufort Sea from April to September 2019. The temporal sampling design allowed the survey of ambient conditions in the coastal waters under full ice cover prior to the spring freshet, during ice break-up in summer, as well as anterior to the freeze-up period in fall. To capture the fluvial-marine transition zone, and with distinct challenges related to shallow waters and changing seasonal and meteorological conditions, the field sampling was conducted in close partnership with members of the communities of Aklavik, Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk, using several platforms: helicopters, snowmobiles and small boats. Water column profiles of physical and optical variables were measured in situ, while surface water, groundwater and sediment samples were collected and preserved for the determination of the composition and sources of OMt, including particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC, DOC), and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), as well as a suite of physical, chemical and biological variables. Here we present an overview of the standardized datasets, including hydrographic profiles, remote sensing reflectance, temperature and salinity, particle absorption, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, particulate organic nitrogen, colored dissolved organic matter absorption, fluorescent dissolved organic matter intensity, suspended particulate matter, total particulate carbon, total particulate nitrogen, stable water isotopes, radon in water, bacterial abundance, and a string of phytoplankton pigments including total chlorophyll. Datasets and related metadata can be found in Juhls et al. 2021. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.937587.

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    Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2...
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    Authors: Zhiwei Xu; Huayu Lu; Shuangwen Yi; Jef Vandenberghe; +3 Authors

    One significant change of terrestrial landscapes in response to past climate change has been the transformation between activity and stability of extensively distributed wind-blown sand dunes. The relations between the dynamics of the aeolian landscape and its drivers are not yet completely understood, however. Evidence of aeolian sand deposition during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is scarce in many mid-latitude dune fields, whereas abundant evidence exists for aeolian sand accumulation during the deglaciation, i.e. after about 15 ka. Whether this contrast actually reflects changes in dune activity is still unclear, making paleoclimatic interpretation uncertain. Comprehensive field investigation and luminescence dating in the Mu Us dune field, north-central China, demonstrates that aeolian sands deposited during the LGM are preserved as fills in periglacial sand wedges and beneath loess deposits near the downwind dune field margin. The scarcity of LGM dune sand elsewhere in the dune field is interpreted as the result of intensive aeolian activity without substantial net sand accumulation. Increasing sand accumulation after 15 ka, reflected by much more extensive preservation, signals a change in sand supply relative to sand transportation through the dune field. Reduced wind strength and other environmental changes including regional permafrost degradation after 15 ka transformed the dune field state from net erosion to net accumulation; the dunes, however, remained largely mobile as they were in the LGM. Similar diverging patterns of dune sand accumulation and preservation before and after 15 ka in many mid-latitude dune fields imply broad climatic controls linked to the changes in high-northern-latitude forcing.

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article
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    Article . 2015
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
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      Article . 2015
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    Authors: Liedl A.; Buono G.; Lanzafame G.; Dabagov S. B.; +5 Authors

    Abstract The explosive volcanic event of the 1538 AD Monte Nuovo eruption (Volcanic Explosivity Index, VEI = 2) in the Campi Flegrei high-risk caldera (Italy) has a strategic significance in the framework of volcanology and volcanic hazard of caldera-forming magmatic systems. In fact, it represents the last and unique historical eruption of the highly populated Phlegraean restless-caldera, and its precursory and eruptive phenomena are well-known because they were described in detail by contemporaneous eyewitnesses. In this study, a set of samples representative of the complete stratigraphic sequence of the Monte Nuovo eruption was characterized using phase-contrast synchrotron radiation computed microtomography and quantitatively investigated through the development of a new protocol for 3D textural analysis of highly-vesiculated volcanic rocks. Previous studies of products from this eruption are available in the literature, mostly based on 2D imaging techniques, and thus provide a useful data set for comparison. The 3D textural measurements allow us to investigate the subvolcanic processes (mechanisms and timing of magma degassing) that occurred during magma ascent in the conduit for each stage of the eruption and their relationship with the variations in the eruptive style described in the contemporaneous accounts of the eruption. This information is fundamental for the definition of a volcanic eruption scenario for such low-VEI events, often recurrent in the history of the caldera, and is useful both for hazard assessment and emergency planning.

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    Lithos
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Lithos
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Martin Mössner; Michael Hasler; Werner Nachbauer;

    Abstract Gliding friction depends on the contact area between ski and snow. Therefore, we computed the contact area of a single grain with the ski base by solving the static contact problem. The calculations were done at randomly selected positions on two ski bases, various snow grain radii, and various loadings. The relative single grain contact area with the ski base was 0.03-6.0% of the snow grain’s cross section. Contact area and pressure increased with decreasing snow grain radius and increasing load. The contact pressure exceeds the strength of ice, presumably causing fracture of parts of snow grains. Resulting debris may partly remain in the interface between ski and snow and thus reduce friction.

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    Tribology International
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Tribology International
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: B. Haddadi; Olgeir Sigmarsson; Gudrún Larsen;

    AbstractBasalt eruptions at Grímsvötn volcano, Iceland, are generally of low intensity; however, occasionally, an order of magnitude larger eruptions occur. In order to discuss the reasons for this difference, the degassing budget of S and Cl and crystallization conditions of the eruptive magma were determined from volatile concentration measured in melt inclusion (MI) and groundmass glass and thermobarometry, respectively. Tephra of two of the largest historical eruptions (2011 and 1873) and two much smaller eruptions (2004 and 1823) were investigated. Sulfur and Cl concentrations are higher in groundmass glass of the smaller eruptions due to incomplete outgassing caused by melt quenching in contact with glacial water. Sulfur concentration and degassing budget correlate with erupted magma volumes. Higher volatile concentrations of MI from the larger eruptions reflect important recharge of gas‐rich magma from depth. The recharge causes a high‐magnitude eruption followed by increased eruption frequency over the following decades. Pressure and temperature estimates of crystallization are obtained through equilibrium clinopyroxene‐glass pairs, where crystals adjacent to, and in textural equilibrium with, both groundmass glass and that of MI were measured. An average crystallization pressure of 4 ± 1 kbar corresponding to approximately 15 ± 5 km depth was obtained together with a considerable temperature range, 1065–1175°C. Similar crystallization depths are obtained for the basalt of the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga rifting event and to a low resistivity layer revealed by magnetotelluric surveys. Therefore, an important magma storage depth is inferred at lower crustal depth above the center of the Iceland mantle plume.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Benedikt G. Ófeigsson; Andrew Hooper; Freysteinn Sigmundsson; Erik Sturkell; +1 Authors

    [1] Hekla volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Iceland. The most recent eruption occurred from 26 February to 8 March 2000 when about 0.19 km3 of magma was erupted. We present deformation data from multitemporal analyses of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired between 1993 and 2008, focusing on pixels with low-phase variance (using persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches). Prior to and after the 2000 eruption, we find a broad area of inflation around the volcano (radius about 20 km), with satellite line-of-sight (LOS) shortening of up to 5 mm/yr. We interpret this signal as the result of pressure increase in a deep-seated magma chamber, which we model as a spherical source at 14–20 km depth increasing in volume by 0.003–0.02 km3/yr. Within a ∼6 km radius of the summit of the volcano, a LOS lengthening is superimposed on the broad inflation signal, which correlates partly with recent lava flows. We interpret this signal as the result of thermally contracting lava flows, combined with viscoelastic yielding due to the load of the volcano and its lavas. Coeruptive deflation during the 2000 eruption was similar to the cumulative inflation from 1993 to 2000 and is consistent with a spherical magma chamber at 14–18 km depth that decreases in volume by 0.04–0.08 km3. Interferograms spanning the 2000 eruption show a local coeruptive deformation signal near the eruptive fissure. This is consistent with a dike opening from the surface to depths up to 5.8 km with a volume of 0.005–0.006 km3.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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