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  • Authors: Harvey, Francis;

    GIS has been successful beyond measure around the world. Following Donald Norman, successful technologies disappear; they become infrastructure. Now almost 50 years after its inception and successful disappearance to become an integral foundation for life in the information age, it's time to think of issues in the Post-GIS era. This presentation specifically considers how the growing ubiquity of computing infrastructures around the world open potentials for a new era of discovery in global science and geographic information technologies. Because of the shifts in access and abilities to use digital information, the potential of geographic information is bursting the limits of GIS, which originated at the end of industrial era and still reflects those origins. Research challenges abound. Post-GIS science and technologies hold key importance in facilitating connections between the physical and virtual worlds, melding them into productive arrangements and raising important questions about changing social and cultural arrangements. Regarding science, networked digital infrastructures hold the potential to alter research in fundamental ways. Known as the Fourth Paradigm of science, data intensive science goes hand-in-hand with intensely collaborative large group research that considers location in fascinating new ways. Recent scientific activities show how changes in the geographical organization of our work and conduct of science have already begun to take place. The presentation closes with considerations of central issues for this new age and recent activities that highlight the importance of educating future professionals and scientists for the post-GIS era.

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    Authors: Kruppa, Jochen; Jo, Wendy K; van der Vries, Erhard; Ludlow, Martin; +6 Authors

    Discovery of novel viruses in host samples is a multidisciplinary process which relies increasingly on next-generation sequencing (NGS) followed by computational analysis. A crucial step in this analysis is to separate host sequence reads from the sequence reads of the virus to be discovered. This becomes especially difficult if no reference genome of the host is available. Furthermore, if the total number of viral reads in a sample is low, de novo assembly of a virus which is a requirement for most existing pipelines is hard to realize. We present a new modular, computational pipeline for discovery of novel viruses in host samples. While existing pipelines rely on the availability of the hosts reference genome for filtering sequence reads, our new pipeline can also cope with cases for which no reference genome is available. As a further novelty of our method a decoy module is used to assess false classification rates in the discovery process. Additionally, viruses with a low read coverage can be identified and visually reviewed. We validate our pipeline on simulated data as well as two experimental samples with known virus content. For the experimental samples, we were able to reproduce the laboratory findings. Our newly developed pipeline is applicable for virus detection in a wide range of host species. The three modules we present can either be incorporated individually in other pipelines or be used as a stand-alone pipeline. We are the first to present a decoy approach within a virus detection pipeline that can be used to assess error rates so that the quality of the final result can be judged. We provide an implementation of our modules via Github. However, the principle of the modules can easily be re-implemented by other researchers.

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    Infection, Genetics and Evolution
    Other literature type . Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Infection, Genetics and Evolution
      Other literature type . Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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  • Authors: Kallimanis, Athanasios S.; Marangi, Carmela; Honrado, Joao; Blonda, Palma; +3 Authors

    One of the core European Union environmental policies is the creation and monitoring of the Natura 2000 network of protected areas. This network has been explicitly established for the preservation of conservation priority habitat types and species. Still the concept of habitat is a key concept for ecologists that remains ill defined and is notoriously hard to quantify and measure. Several classification schemes have been put forward, but their relative strengths and weaknesses remain less well examined. In this study we analyzed 8 different Natura 2000 sites (3 Greek, 2 Italian, 2 Portuguese, 1 British). Our study sites reflect a variety of ecosystems, most of them are Mediterranean (7 of the 8) and most of them are wetlands (6 of the 8). In each site, we classified habitats according to 4 different classification schemes (Annex I of the Habitats Directive, Corine Biotopes, EUNIS and General Habitat categories). Also, we used three other widely used land cover classification schemes (namely Corine Land Cover, FAO Land Cover Classification System and IGBP DIS scheme). We found that the different schemes produced considerably different values of landscape diversity leading even to different ranking of the sites according to their diversity. Furthermore, when comparing the landscape composition among sites according to the different schemes, they led to different inferences. Our results imply that the classification scheme used for estimating habitat composition plays an important role for the monitoring of protected areas, perhaps more important than previously assumed.

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    Authors: Isabelle Weindl; Hermann Lotze-Campen; Alexander Popp; Christoph Müller; +4 Authors

    Livestock farming is the world’s largest land use sector and utilizes around 60% of the global biomass harvest. Over the coming decades, climate change will affect the natural resource base of livestock production, especially the productivity of rangeland and feed crops. Based on a comprehensive impact modeling chain, we assess implications of different climate projections for agricultural production costs and land use change and explore the effectiveness of livestock system transitions as an adaptation strategy. Simulated climate impacts on crop yields and rangeland productivity generate adaptation costs amounting to 3% of total agricultural production costs in 2045 (i.e. 145 billion US$). Shifts in livestock production towards mixed crop-livestock systems represent a resource- and cost-efficient adaptation option, reducing agricultural adaptation costs to 0.3% of total production costs and simultaneously abating deforestation by about 76 million ha globally. The relatively positive climate impacts on grass yields compared with crop yields favor grazing systems inter alia in South Asia and North America. Incomplete transitions in production systems already have a strong adaptive and cost reducing effect: a 50% shift to mixed systems lowers agricultural adaptation costs to 0.8%. General responses of production costs to system transitions are robust across different global climate and crop models as well as regarding assumptions on CO2 fertilization, but simulated values show a large variation. In the face of these uncertainties, public policy support for transforming livestock production systems provides an important lever to improve agricultural resource management and lower adaptation costs, possibly even contributing to emission reduction. European Union BMBF CGIAR Peer Reviewed

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    Research . 2015
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    Environmental Research Letters
    Other literature type . Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2015
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      Research . 2015
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      Environmental Research Letters
      Other literature type . Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Madritsch, Christoph; Eckl-Dorna, Julia; Blatt, Katharina; Ellinger, Isabella; +5 Authors
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    Authors: Gerard van der Schrier;
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  • Authors: Car, Adrijana; Herrmann, Marius;

    This paper presents a way of designing and populating a spatial database for tourism research in the Sultanate of Oman. The recent rapid development of tourism in the Sultanate of Oman has created a strong need for research in this field to which GIS can contribute through analysis, modelling and forecasting (MCADAM 1999). Tourism is a multidisciplinary field for which a database allows integration of quantitative and qualitative data. Here the database is populated from data sources that are freely available on the internet and provide a good quality of geodata for the Sultanate of Oman. A key aspect of this paper presents a spatial model of a Tourism Product. This model is explained, implemented and exemplified for Tourism Products in south Oman. An online metadatabase helps to document all data and related sources and provides an interface for communicating and sharing various kinds of data within the research project team. With the results from this pilot project tourism-related questions can be answered using GIS and structures of tourism in the Sultanate of Oman can further be analysed and visualized in an ongoing research project.

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    Authors: Bainschab, Markus; Martikainen, Sampsa; Keskinen, Jorma; Bergmann, Alexander; +1 Authors

    AbstractAn aerosol gas exchange system (AGES) for nanoparticle sampling at elevated temperatures was developed, modeled, and further characterized with laboratory tests with respect to gas exchange efficiency and particle losses. The model describing the gas exchange was first verified with oxygen and later studied with several inert gases having molecular masses between 18 and 135 u. The exchange rate of the lightest compounds exceeds 90% efficiency at the flow rates used. In order to reach similarly high removal efficiencies for larger molecules, the residence time in the AGES has to be increased. The removal of sticky gases was studied with gaseous sulfuric acid. Results agreed with the model where the boundary condition is zero concentration on the wall. The AGES exhibits very limited particle losses (<5%) for mono-disperse 6 nm particles. Furthermore, diffusional losses for particles down to 1.2 nm were measured utilizing polydisperse aerosol. The experimental findings are in good agreement with the model derived. As both, gas exchange rate and particle losses, rely on the physical effect of diffusion, an optimization for enhanced gas exchange efficiency will come at the cost of increased diffusional particle losses. The presented model can be used as a tool to redesign and optimize the AGES for a desired application. With an application targeted design, particle dilution can be avoided, which can lead to improved results in many fields of aerosol measurement.

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    Scientific Reports
    Other literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Braun, Andreas; Dirnberger, Daniel; Rogenhofer, Edith; Robl, Jörg; +5 Authors

    Supplying the population of a refugee or internally displaced persons (IDP) camp with sufficient drinking water is a key concern of humanitarian organisations. This requires information on the geological and hydrogeological situation at the camp site, which is often missing or not available within a reasonable timeframe. Depending on outcrop situation and geological complexity, remote sensing can contribute to a rapid hydrogeological assessment, and greatly reduce the required fieldwork. In the context of the project EO4HumEn (Earth Observation based services to support humanitarian operations: monitoring population and natural resources in refugee/IDP camps, funded by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG, ASAP 9, Nr. 840081), a team of hydrogeologists and GIS experts supported by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Austria developed a workflow to extract hydrogeological information from easily accessible remote sensing data in a series of short-term desk studies. This paper provides a condensed, structured protocol on how to produce hydrogeological reconnaissance maps for humanitarian purposes using remote sensing data and GIS. In simple geological settings, these maps can be sufficient to plan and conduct drillings. In more complex situations, fieldwork remains indispensable, but can be guided towards the most suitable locations.

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  • Authors: Harvey, Francis;

    GIS has been successful beyond measure around the world. Following Donald Norman, successful technologies disappear; they become infrastructure. Now almost 50 years after its inception and successful disappearance to become an integral foundation for life in the information age, it's time to think of issues in the Post-GIS era. This presentation specifically considers how the growing ubiquity of computing infrastructures around the world open potentials for a new era of discovery in global science and geographic information technologies. Because of the shifts in access and abilities to use digital information, the potential of geographic information is bursting the limits of GIS, which originated at the end of industrial era and still reflects those origins. Research challenges abound. Post-GIS science and technologies hold key importance in facilitating connections between the physical and virtual worlds, melding them into productive arrangements and raising important questions about changing social and cultural arrangements. Regarding science, networked digital infrastructures hold the potential to alter research in fundamental ways. Known as the Fourth Paradigm of science, data intensive science goes hand-in-hand with intensely collaborative large group research that considers location in fascinating new ways. Recent scientific activities show how changes in the geographical organization of our work and conduct of science have already begun to take place. The presentation closes with considerations of central issues for this new age and recent activities that highlight the importance of educating future professionals and scientists for the post-GIS era.

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    Authors: Kruppa, Jochen; Jo, Wendy K; van der Vries, Erhard; Ludlow, Martin; +6 Authors

    Discovery of novel viruses in host samples is a multidisciplinary process which relies increasingly on next-generation sequencing (NGS) followed by computational analysis. A crucial step in this analysis is to separate host sequence reads from the sequence reads of the virus to be discovered. This becomes especially difficult if no reference genome of the host is available. Furthermore, if the total number of viral reads in a sample is low, de novo assembly of a virus which is a requirement for most existing pipelines is hard to realize. We present a new modular, computational pipeline for discovery of novel viruses in host samples. While existing pipelines rely on the availability of the hosts reference genome for filtering sequence reads, our new pipeline can also cope with cases for which no reference genome is available. As a further novelty of our method a decoy module is used to assess false classification rates in the discovery process. Additionally, viruses with a low read coverage can be identified and visually reviewed. We validate our pipeline on simulated data as well as two experimental samples with known virus content. For the experimental samples, we were able to reproduce the laboratory findings. Our newly developed pipeline is applicable for virus detection in a wide range of host species. The three modules we present can either be incorporated individually in other pipelines or be used as a stand-alone pipeline. We are the first to present a decoy approach within a virus detection pipeline that can be used to assess error rates so that the quality of the final result can be judged. We provide an implementation of our modules via Github. However, the principle of the modules can easily be re-implemented by other researchers.

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    Infection, Genetics and Evolution
    Other literature type . Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Infection, Genetics and Evolution
      Other literature type . Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Kallimanis, Athanasios S.; Marangi, Carmela; Honrado, Joao; Blonda, Palma; +3 Authors

    One of the core European Union environmental policies is the creation and monitoring of the Natura 2000 network of protected areas. This network has been explicitly established for the preservation of conservation priority habitat types and species. Still the concept of habitat is a key concept for ecologists that remains ill defined and is notoriously hard to quantify and measure. Several classification schemes have been put forward, but their relative strengths and weaknesses remain less well examined. In this study we analyzed 8 different Natura 2000 sites (3 Greek, 2 Italian, 2 Portuguese, 1 British). Our study sites reflect a variety of ecosystems, most of them are Mediterranean (7 of the 8) and most of them are wetlands (6 of the 8). In each site, we classified habitats according to 4 different classification schemes (Annex I of the Habitats Directive, Corine Biotopes, EUNIS and General Habitat categories). Also, we used three other widely used land cover classification schemes (namely Corine Land Cover, FAO Land Cover Classification System and IGBP DIS scheme). We found that the different schemes produced considerably different values of landscape diversity leading even to different ranking of the sites according to their diversity. Furthermore, when comparing the landscape composition among sites according to the different schemes, they led to different inferences. Our results imply that the classification scheme used for estimating habitat composition plays an important role for the monitoring of protected areas, perhaps more important than previously assumed.

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    Authors: Isabelle Weindl; Hermann Lotze-Campen; Alexander Popp; Christoph Müller; +4 Authors

    Livestock farming is the world’s largest land use sector and utilizes around 60% of the global biomass harvest. Over the coming decades, climate change will affect the natural resource base of livestock production, especially the productivity of rangeland and feed crops. Based on a comprehensive impact modeling chain, we assess implications of different climate projections for agricultural production costs and land use change and explore the effectiveness of livestock system transitions as an adaptation strategy. Simulated climate impacts on crop yields and rangeland productivity generate adaptation costs amounting to 3% of total agricultural production costs in 2045 (i.e. 145 billion US$). Shifts in livestock production towards mixed crop-livestock systems represent a resource- and cost-efficient adaptation option, reducing agricultural adaptation costs to 0.3% of total production costs and simultaneously abating deforestation by about 76 million ha globally. The relatively positive climate impacts on grass yields compared with crop yields favor grazing systems inter alia in South Asia and North America. Incomplete transitions in production systems already have a strong adaptive and cost reducing effect: a 50% shift to mixed systems lowers agricultural adaptation costs to 0.8%. General responses of production costs to system transitions are robust across different global climate and crop models as well as regarding assumptions on CO2 fertilization, but simulated values show a large variation. In the face of these uncertainties, public policy support for transforming livestock production systems provides an important lever to improve agricultural resource management and lower adaptation costs, possibly even contributing to emission reduction. European Union BMBF CGIAR Peer Reviewed

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    Research . 2015
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    Environmental Research Letters
    Other literature type . Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Madritsch, Christoph; Eckl-Dorna, Julia; Blatt, Katharina; Ellinger, Isabella; +5 Authors
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    Authors: Gerard van der Schrier;
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  • Authors: Car, Adrijana; Herrmann, Marius;

    This paper presents a way of designing and populating a spatial database for tourism research in the Sultanate of Oman. The recent rapid development of tourism in the Sultanate of Oman has created a strong need for research in this field to which GIS can contribute through analysis, modelling and forecasting (MCADAM 1999). Tourism is a multidisciplinary field for which a database allows integration of quantitative and qualitative data. Here the database is populated from data sources that are freely available on the internet and provide a good quality of geodata for the Sultanate of Oman. A key aspect of this paper presents a spatial model of a Tourism Product. This model is explained, implemented and exemplified for Tourism Products in south Oman. An online metadatabase helps to document all data and related sources and provides an interface for communicating and sharing various kinds of data within the research project team. With the results from this pilot project tourism-related questions can be answered using GIS and structures of tourism in the Sultanate of Oman can further be analysed and visualized in an ongoing research project.

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    Authors: Bainschab, Markus; Martikainen, Sampsa; Keskinen, Jorma; Bergmann, Alexander; +1 Authors

    AbstractAn aerosol gas exchange system (AGES) for nanoparticle sampling at elevated temperatures was developed, modeled, and further characterized with laboratory tests with respect to gas exchange efficiency and particle losses. The model describing the gas exchange was first verified with oxygen and later studied with several inert gases having molecular masses between 18 and 135 u. The exchange rate of the lightest compounds exceeds 90% efficiency at the flow rates used. In order to reach similarly high removal efficiencies for larger molecules, the residence time in the AGES has to be increased. The removal of sticky gases was studied with gaseous sulfuric acid. Results agreed with the model where the boundary condition is zero concentration on the wall. The AGES exhibits very limited particle losses (<5%) for mono-disperse 6 nm particles. Furthermore, diffusional losses for particles down to 1.2 nm were measured utilizing polydisperse aerosol. The experimental findings are in good agreement with the model derived. As both, gas exchange rate and particle losses, rely on the physical effect of diffusion, an optimization for enhanced gas exchange efficiency will come at the cost of increased diffusional particle losses. The presented model can be used as a tool to redesign and optimize the AGES for a desired application. With an application targeted design, particle dilution can be avoided, which can lead to improved results in many fields of aerosol measurement.

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    Scientific Reports
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  • Authors: Braun, Andreas; Dirnberger, Daniel; Rogenhofer, Edith; Robl, Jörg; +5 Authors

    Supplying the population of a refugee or internally displaced persons (IDP) camp with sufficient drinking water is a key concern of humanitarian organisations. This requires information on the geological and hydrogeological situation at the camp site, which is often missing or not available within a reasonable timeframe. Depending on outcrop situation and geological complexity, remote sensing can contribute to a rapid hydrogeological assessment, and greatly reduce the required fieldwork. In the context of the project EO4HumEn (Earth Observation based services to support humanitarian operations: monitoring population and natural resources in refugee/IDP camps, funded by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG, ASAP 9, Nr. 840081), a team of hydrogeologists and GIS experts supported by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Austria developed a workflow to extract hydrogeological information from easily accessible remote sensing data in a series of short-term desk studies. This paper provides a condensed, structured protocol on how to produce hydrogeological reconnaissance maps for humanitarian purposes using remote sensing data and GIS. In simple geological settings, these maps can be sufficient to plan and conduct drillings. In more complex situations, fieldwork remains indispensable, but can be guided towards the most suitable locations.

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