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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hjalmar Thiel;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Benthos researcharrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Benthos research
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    Benthos research
    Article . 1972 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Benthos researcharrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Benthos research
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      Benthos research
      Article . 1972 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Volkmar Keuter; Sebastian Deck; Heidi Giesenkamp; Denise Gonglach; +6 Authors

    Within this paper, the authors explain their transdisciplinary vision of nutrient recovery for sustainable urban plant cultivation in Germany from different but complementary perspectives (SUSKULT vision). Nowadays, the demand for fresh, healthy, locally and sustainably produced food in German urban areas is constantly increasing. At the same time, current agricultural systems contribute significantly to exceeding the planetary boundaries. The disruption of the phosphorus and nitrogen cycles in particular stands out from the manifold effects of modern food production on the Earth system. One central issue that will have to be faced in the future is how increased yields in agriculture will be achieved with high-energy requirements in fertilizer production and pollution of water and soil by phosphorus and reactive nitrogen. City region food systems (CRFS) can be a solution to overcome these issues. Nevertheless, to ensure sustainable CRFS, innovative technologies and methods need to be developed, including nutrient and energy recovery and adapted horticultural cultivation methods that fit complex urban dynamics. Such new strategies need to be integrated in long-term social and political transformation processes to enhance acceptance of food produced by recyclates. The joint contribution of experts from the wastewater, horticultural, and political sciences, together with industrial and societal sector actors, is critical to reach these objectives. The overarching goal of SUSKULT’s vision is the establishment of the field of urban circular agricultural production as an innovative sector of the bio-based economy in Germany.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    Sustainability
    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainability
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2021
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    Fraunhofer-ePrints
    Other literature type . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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      Sustainability
      Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2021
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      Fraunhofer-ePrints
      Other literature type . 2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tania Patiño; Rafael Mestre; Samuel Sanchez;

    Soft robotics is an emerging discipline that employs soft flexible materials such as fluids, gels and elastomers in order to enhance the use of robotics in healthcare applications. Compared to their rigid counterparts, soft robotic systems have flexible and rheological properties that are closely related to biological systems, thus allowing the development of adaptive and flexible interactions with complex dynamic environments. With new technologies arising in bioengineering, the integration of living cells into soft robotic systems offers the possibility of accomplishing multiple complex functions such as sensing and actuating upon external stimuli. These emerging bio-hybrid systems are showing promising outcomes and opening up new avenues in the field of soft robotics for applications in healthcare and other fields.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Lab on a Chip
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    Lab on a Chip
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Lab on a Chip
    Article . 2016
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Lab on a Chip
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      Lab on a Chip
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2016
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Weik, Jan; Lask, Jan; Petig, Eckart; Seeger, Stefan; +6 Authors

    AbstractTwo major global challenges related to agriculture are climate change and the unbalanced nitrogen cycle. For both, national and international reduction targets have been defined to catalyse policy support for more sustainable farming systems. Miscanthus cultivation in water protection areas has been proposed as a contribution to achieving these targets. However, a thorough understanding of the underlying system dynamics at various spatial levels is required before recommendations for policy development can be provided. In this study, a model framework was established to provide economic and environmental indicator results at regional and sub‐regional levels. It presents a consequential Life Cycle Assessment coupled with an agro‐economic supply model (Economic Farm Emission Model) that simulates crop and livestock production, and an agricultural hydrology model (DAISY) that assesses effects on the nitrogen cycle. The framework is applied to Baden‐Württemberg, a federal state in southwest Germany with eight agro‐ecological regions. Scenarios investigating the differences between mandatory and voluntary miscanthus cultivation were also explored. While the results show the high potential of miscanthus cultivation for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (−16% to −724%), the potential to reduce nitrate leaching (−4% to −44%) is compromised in some sub‐regions and scenarios (+4% to +13%) by substantial effects on the crop rotation. Furthermore, the cultivation of miscanthus reduces gross margins in most sub‐regions (−0.1% to −9.6%) and decreases domestic food production (−1% to −50%). However, in regions with low livestock density and high yields, miscanthus cultivation can maintain or increase farmers' income (0.1%–5.8%) and improve environmental protection. The study shows that the heterogeneity of arable land requires a flexible promotion programme for miscanthus. Voluntary cultivation schemes were identified as most suitable to capture sub‐regional differences. Policies should address the demand for miscanthus, for example, support the development of regional value chains, including farmers, water suppliers and the biobased industry.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ GCB Bioenergyarrow_drop_down
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    GCB Bioenergy
    Other literature type . Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ GCB Bioenergyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      GCB Bioenergy
      Other literature type . Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Georgios Deligiannakis; Aggelos Pallikarakis; Ioannis Papanikolaou; Simoni Alexiou; +1 Authors

    Fire 4(4), 87 (2021). doi:10.3390/fire4040087 special issue: "Special Issue "Advances in the Assessment of Fire Impacts on Hydrology" / Special Issue Editors: Dr. Emmanouil Psomiadis, Guest Editor; Dr. Konstantinos X. Soulis, Guest Editor; Dr. Michalis Diakakis, Guest Editor r" Published by MDPI, Basel

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Firearrow_drop_down
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    Fire
    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Fire
    Article . 2021
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    Fire
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    Article . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Firearrow_drop_down
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      Fire
      Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Fire
      Article . 2021
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      Fire
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    Land use is a crucial sector in delivering enhanced carbon sequestration globally. At the same time food production is a major source of global greenhouse gas emissions. As pressure mounts for all nations to increase their levels of ambition under the Paris Climate Agreement, so the pressure to radically reduce emissions from the agriculture sector and enhance carbon sequestration in the land use sector also ramps up. This trend is most clearly evident in the drive for “net zero” where unavoidable emissions, such as those from food production, are balanced by more sequestration via land use change. Here we examine some of the major risks, applicable safeguards, and potential pathways for agriculture and land use in realizing net zero. Using the UK as an example we highlight the importance of governance, finance, skills, research and technology, and society in this transition. We conclude that successful land use policy for net zero will require extremely demanding levels of integration and spatial resolution, and that the research community has a vital role to play in providing a robust evidence base for this. We also invoke the Cancun safeguards as a basis on which a more sustainable and just transition to net zero might be based. Finally, we warn of unintended distortions to policy and markets if the drive for net zero is too blinkered.

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    Frontiers in Climate
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Frontiers in Climate
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    Frontiers in Climate
    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Edinburgh Research E...arrow_drop_down
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      Frontiers in Climate
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      Frontiers in Climate
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      Frontiers in Climate
      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Omaira García; Matthias Schneider; Benjamin Ertl; Eliezer Sepúlveda; +11 Authors

    Abstract. This work presents the methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) products as generated by the IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) processor developed during the project MUSICA (MUlti-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water). The processor retrieves CH4 and N2O with different water vapour and water vapour isotopologues (as well as HNO3) and uses a single a priori data set for all the retrievals (no variation in space and time). Firstly, the characteristics and errors of the products are analytically described. Secondly, the products are comprehensively evaluated by comparisons to the following reference data measured by different techniques and from different platforms as follows: (1) aircraft CH4 and N2O profiles from the five HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observation (HIPPO) missions; (2) continuous in situ CH4 and N2O observations performed between 2007 and 2017 at subtropical and mid-latitude high-mountain observatories (Izaña Atmospheric Observatory and Jungfraujoch, respectively) in the framework of the WMO–GAW (World Meteorological Organization–Global Atmosphere Watch) programme; (3) ground-based FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer) measurements made between 2007 and 2017 in the framework of the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) at the subtropical Izaña Atmospheric Observatory, the mid-latitude station of Karlsruhe and the Kiruna polar site.The theoretical estimations and the comparison studies suggest a precision for the N2O and CH4 retrieval products of about 1.5–3 % and systematic errors due to spectroscopic parameters of about 2 %. The MUSICA IASI CH4 data offer a better sensitivity than N2O data. While for the latter the sensitivity is mainly limited to the UTLS (upper troposphere–lower stratosphere) region, for CH4 we are able to prove that at low latitudes the MUSICA IASI processor can detect variations that take place in the free troposphere independently from the variations in the UTLS region. We demonstrate that the MUSICA IASI data qualitatively capture the CH4 gradients between low and high latitudes and between the Southern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere; however, we also find an inconsistency between low- and high-latitude CH4 data of up to 5 %. The N2O latitudinal gradients are very weak and cannot be detected. We make comparisons over a 10-year time period and analyse the agreement with the reference data on different timescales. The MUSICA IASI data can detect day-to-day signals (only in the UTLS), seasonal cycles and long-term evolution (in the UTLS and for CH4 also in the free troposphere) similar to the reference data; however, there are also inconsistencies in the long-term evolution connected to inconsistencies in the used atmospheric temperature a priori data.Moreover, we present a method for analytically describing the a posteriori-calculated logarithmic-scale difference of the CH4 and N2O retrieval estimates. By correcting errors that are common in the CH4 and N2O retrieval products, the a posteriori-calculated difference can be used for generating an a posteriori-corrected CH4 product with a theoretically better precision than the original CH4 retrieval products. We discuss and evaluate two different approaches for such a posteriori corrections. It is shown that the correction removes the inconsistencies between low and high latitudes and enables the detection of day-to-day signals also in the free troposphere. Furthermore, they reduce the impact of short-term atmospheric dynamics, which is an advantage, because respective signals are presumably hardly comparable to model data. The approach that affects the correction solely on the scales on which the errors dominate is identified as the most efficient, because it reduces the inconsistencies and errors without removing measurable real atmospheric signals. We give a brief outlook on a possible usage of this a posteriori-corrected MUSICA IASI CH4 product in combination with inverse modelling.

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    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
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    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
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    Authors: Hinger, Michaela;

    Ziel der Arbeit war die Charakterisierung von genetischen und umweltbedingten Einflüssen auf die Paratuberkulose des Rindes. Durch molekulargenetische sowie statistische Untersuchungen sollten genetische Prädispositionen für die Infektion mit Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) beim Milchrind analysiert werden. Zunächst erfolgte die Schätzung von Heritabilitäten für die Antikörperantwort gegenüber der MAP-Infektion anhand eines erstellten Datenmaterials aus Thüringen, das 4524 Dt. Holstein Kühe aus 12 Betrieben einschließlich ihrer Pedigree- und Leistungsdaten umfasste. Zugrunde lagen den Schätzungen die serologischen Ergebnisse aus dem ersten Halbjahr 2005, wobei 14,1 % der Tiere positiv, 17,1 % verdächtig und 68,8 % negativ auf Antikörper gegen MAP getestet worden waren. Basierend auf der trichotomisierten Einstufung in positive, verdächtige und negative Tiere und die Zuteilung der verdächtigen Rinder zu jeweils einer der Gruppen bzw. auf den Messwerten des ELISA-Verfahrens lagen die geschätzten Heritabilitäten zwischen 0,05 und 0,14. Weiterhin wurde durch molekulargenetische Untersuchungen auf der Basis von Kandidatengen- und Mikrosatellitenuntersuchungen die genetische Prädisposition für die Infektion mit Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) bei Dt. Holstein analysiert. Um eine Assoziation zwischen ausgewählten Mikrosatelliten bzw. Kandidatengenen aus den verschiedenen immunologischen Kaskaden und dem MAP-Status zu ermitteln, wurde das Design einer Fall-Kontroll-Studie gewählt. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine aus n = 594 Tieren bestehende Fallgruppe erstellt. Die Kontrollgruppe bestand aus 585 Tieren, die aus demselben Betrieb stammten wie das betroffene Tier, im entsprechenden Alter (± 3 Monate) und möglichst väterliche Halbgeschwister waren. War kein gleichaltriges Tier vorhanden, wurde ein älteres Tier als Kontrolltier gewählt. Die Kandidatengene Natural Resistance associated Macrophage Protein 1 (NRAMP1), Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), Caspase Recruitment Domain Family, Member 15 (CARD15) und GATA-binding Protein 3 (GATA3) wurden zunächst durch PCR-Direktsequenzierung in verschiedenen Rinderrassen auf Polymorphismen untersucht, Typisierungsmethoden etabliert und anschließend die MAP-Test-positiven und -Test-negativen Tiere genotypisiert. Die Proben wurden weiterhin auf Polymorphismen im Kandidatengen Interleukin 2 (IL2) mit bereits etablierten Methoden analysiert. Die PCR-Amplifikation der Mikrosatelliten BB717, BB705, BB704, BMC9006, BB719, BMS1617, BB702, BOBT24, RM106 und BM1225 erfolgte mittels fluoreszenzmarkierter Primer in Multiplex-Ansätzen, danach erfolgte die Genotypisierung am ABI PRISM® 377 DNA Sequencer. Die durchgeführten Assoziationsstudien zeigten sowohl in den Mikrosatelliten als auch in den Kandidatengenen NRAMP1, TLR4, IL2 und GATA3 keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den Allelfrequenzen zwischen der Fall- und Kontrollgruppe. Beim Kandidatengen CARD15 konnte eine statistisch signifikante Assoziation (p a mit dem Infektionsstatus der untersuchten Kühe festgestellt werden. Tiere, die an dieser Position homozygot für das Allel "a" waren, traten nur in der positiven, nicht jedoch in der Kontrollgruppe auf. Dieser Unterschied war in den Genotypfrequenzen nicht statistisch abzusichern. Demnach liegt voraussichtlich eine Kopplung dieses Basenaustausches mit einem funktionellen SNP vor. Es obliegt weiteren Forschungsarbeiten, die tatsächliche funktionelle Bedeutung und eventuelle Korrelationen des SNP CARD15 E4+921 mit Merkmalen, die einer Anwendung im Sinne einer markergestützten Selektion entgegenstünden, zu prüfen. The aim of this study was to characterize genetic and environmental factors on paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in cattle. Molecular genetics and statistical analyses were applied to examine the genetic predisposition to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in dairy cattle. First, heritability estimates for antibody response to MAP infection in German Holstein were calculated. Pedigree data, performance data and blood samples from 4,524 cows originating from 12 farms were collected in Thuringia. Heritability estimates were based on serological results, ascertained in spring 2005. Of the animals tested, 14.1 % were positive, 17.1 % questionable and 68.8 % negative for serum antibodies to MAP. Based on this trichotomised classification (positive, questionable and negative) and the designation of questionable cows to either the negative or positive group, and in a second model based on ELISA OD-values, estimated heritabilities varied from 0.05 to 0.14. Furthermore, the aim of this study was to analyse possible associations of microsatellites located near or within candidate genes involved in immune response to mycobacteria and of particular candidate genes with susceptibility to MAP in cattle. A case control study was chosen to determine the association between selected microsatellites and candidate genes, respectively, and MAP status of the animals. For these purposes, a case panel of 594 MAP positive animals was composed. The control group comprised 585 animals testing negative for MAP, each of which correlated in age at the time of testing, descended from the same sire and originated from the same farm as each of the positive animals. If no matching half-sib was present in the population, preferably older animals born on the same farm and with repeated negative test results were chosen as controls. To detect polymorphisms, the candidate genes natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), caspase recruitment domain family, member 15 (CARD15) und GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) were sequenced in different cattle breeds. Screening methods for polymorphisms were established and the case and control groups were investigated, respectively. The samples were also tested for polymorphisms in the candidate gene IL2 with previously established molecular methods. Microsatellite loci were co-amplified in three groups using fluorescent labelled primers: BB704, BB705, BB717, BB719 and BMC9006 (Multiplex 1) and BMS1617, BB702 and BOBT24 (Multiplex 2) as well as RM106 and BM1225 (Multiplex 3). Fragment analysis was performed using the ABI PRISM® 377 DNA Sequencer. Association studies did not reveal significant differences in allele frequencies between the case and control groups. This was the case for all microsatellites and for the candidate genes NRAMP1, TLR4, IL2 and GATA3. In the candidate gene CARD15, a statistically significant association (p a allele frequencies with MAP infection status of investigated cows could be determined. Animals homozygous for allele "a" on this position were only detectable in the positive group, not in the control panel. This difference in genotype frequencies could not be ensured with statistic methods. According to these results, a linkage of this SNP with a functional variant is probable. Additional research work is necessary to investigate the relevance and potential correlation of SNP CARD15 E4+921 with traits that would allow implementation in marker assisted selection.

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    Authors: Matthias Bürgi; Enrico Celio; Vasco Diogo; Anna M. Hersperger; +6 Authors

    Over the past 25 years, the study of driving forces of landscape change has developed into a central theme in land change science by contributing to theory development, promoting the analysis of causation of change and gaining insights into how landscape development could be steered into a societally more desirable direction. Based on this progress, we designate important research avenues, reviewing critical challenges forming the base for advancing the study of driving forces of landscape change and addressing the question on how the study of driving forces can contribute to system transformative research. For each of the research avenues, we describe the current dominant approach and provide some specific ways of advancing both the conceptualization and the research methods. Together, advancing on these research avenues will promote a more social-ecological systems perspective to the study of driving forces of landscape change. Journal of Land Use Science, 17 (1) ISSN:1747-4248 ISSN:1747-423X

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    Journal of Land Use Science
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    https://doi.org/10.48350/17838...
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      Journal of Land Use Science
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      https://doi.org/10.48350/17838...
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    Authors: Strigens, Alexander Carl Georg;

    Since the introduction of maize into Europe, open-pollinated varieties of flint maize were cultivated across the continent. Natural selection promoted adaptation to the climatic conditions prevailing in the different regions. With the advent of hybrid breeding in Europe during the 1950’s, some of the genes responsible for the specific adaptations of the landraces to abiotic and biotic stress were captured in the first developed inbred lines, but most of their genetic diversity is still untapped. Development of inbred lines out of this material by recurrent selfing is very tedious due to strong inbreeding depression. In contrast, the doubled-haploid (DH) technology allows producing fully homozygous lines out of landraces in only one step. This allows their precise characterization in replicated trials and identification of new genes by genome wide association (GWA) mapping. In this study we genotyped a set of 132 DH lines derived from European Flint landraces and 364 elite European flint (EU-F), European dent (EU-D) and North-American dent (NA-D) inbred lines with 56,110 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The lines were evaluated in field trials for morphologic and agronomic traits and GWA mapping was performed to identify underlying quantitative trait loci (QTL). In particular, our objectives were to (1) develop a robust method for quantifying early growth with a non-destructive remote-sensing platform, (2) evaluate the importance of early growth performance of inbred lines with regard to their testcross performance, (3) determine the potential of GWA mapping to identify genes underlying early growth and cold tolerance related traits, (4) evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic diversity recovered in the DH lines derived from the landraces, (5) estimate the effect of the DH method on the recovered genetic diversity, (6) identify new genes by GWA mapping in the DH lines derived from landraces, and (8) discuss the potential of DH lines derived from landraces to improve the genetic diversity and performance of elite maize germplasm. A phenotyping platform using spectral reflectance and light curtains was used to perform repeated measurements of biomass and estimate relative growth rates (RGR) of the DH and inbred lines, as well as of two testcrosses of 300 dent inbred lines. The DH lines derived from the landraces Schindelmeiser and Gelber Badischer had the highest RGR followed by EU-F lines, DH lines derived from Bugard, EU-D lines and, finally, NA-D lines. For inbred lines, whole plant dry matter yield (DMY) was positively correlated with RGR (r = 0.49), whereas this relation was weaker in the testcrosses (r = 0.29). RGR of the inbred lines correlated with RGR of their testcrosses (r = 0.42), but it had no influence on testcross DMY. A set of 375 EU-F, EU-D and NA-D lines were further evaluated in growth chambers under chilling (16/13°C) and optimal (27/25°C) temperatures. Photosynthetic and early growth performance were estimated for each treatment and an adaptation index (AI) built as the chilling to optimal performance ratio. Nineteen QTL were identified by GWA mapping for trait performance and AI. Candidate genes involved in ethylene signaling, brassinolide, and lignin biosynthesis were found in their vicinity. Several QTL for photosynthetic performance co-located with previously reported QTL and the QTL identified for shoot dry wieght under optimal conditions co-located with a QTL for RGR. Comparison of the DH lines derived from landraces with the EU-F lines showed that genotypic variances in single DH populations were greater than in the EU-F breeding population. A high average genetic distance among the DH lines derived from the same landrace as well as a rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium suggests a high effective population size of the landraces. Because no systematic phenotypic differences were observed between the landraces and synthetic landraces obtained by intermating the corresponding DH lines, the expected purge of lethal recessive alleles during the DH production did neither improve grain yield performance nor affect the recovered genetic diversity. Performing GWA in the DH lines derived from landraces as well as the EU-F, and EU-D lines allowed the identification of 49 QTL for 27 traits. A larger set of DH lines derived from more landraces might solve problems arising from population structure and allow a much higher power for the detection of new alleles. In conclusion, the introgression of DH lines derived from landraces into the elite breeding material would strongly broaden its genetic base. However, grain yield performance was 22% higher in EU-F lines than in the DH lines derived from landraces. Selection of the best DH lines would allow partially bridging this yield gap and marker-assisted selection may allow introgression of positive QTL without introducing negative features by linkage drag. Seit der Einfuhr von Mais aus der „neuen“ Welt nach Europa, wurden offen abblühende Flint-Mais Populationen auf dem gesamten Kontinent angebaut. Durch natürliche Selektion passten sich diese Landsorten an die Klimate des Kontinents an. In den Anfängen der Hybridzüchtung wurden Gene und Allele, die für diese spezifische Anpassung an biotische und abiotische Stressfaktoren verantwortlich sind, in den ersten Inzuchtlinien nur teilweise fixiert. Der Grossteil der genetischen Vielfalt der Landsorten blieb jedoch ungenutzt, da die Entwicklung von Inzuchtlinien aus diesem Material wegen besonders starker Inzuchtdepression sehr mühsam ist. Demgegenüber erlaubt es die seit etwa 10 Jahre eingesetzte Methode der Erzeugung von Doppel-Haploiden (DH), vollständig homozygote Linien aus Landsorten in einem einzigen Schritt zu entwickeln. Diese DH-Linien können in wiederholten Feldversuchen sehr präzise evaluiert werden. Dies vereinfacht die Kartierung von Genen mithilfe der Genom-weiten Assoziations-Kartierung (GWA) enorm. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 132 DH-Linien aus europäischen Landsorten, 364 Inzucht-linien aus Nordamerikanischem Dent (NA-D), europäischem Flint (EU-F) und europäischem Dent (EU-D) Zuchtmaterial mit 56110 genetischen Markern genotypisiert. Agronomische Eigenschaften der DH-Linien und Elite-Inzuchtlinien wurden in Feldversuchen evaluiert und mittels GWA kartiert, um vorteilhafte Gene zu identifizieren. Zu unseren Zielen gehörten insbesondere (1) die Entwicklung einer robusten, nicht-destruktiven Methode zur Erfassung der Jugendentwicklung mittels Sensoren, (2) die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen der Jugendentwicklung der Linien per se und deren Testkreuzungen, (3) die Erforschung von GWA zur Identifikation von Kühletoleranz- und Jugendentwicklungs-Genen in Elite-Inzuchtlinien, (4) die Evaluierung der aus den Landsorten mittels der DH-Methode geborgene phänotypische und genetische Vielfalt, (5) die Abschätzung eines möglichen Einfluss der DH-Methode auf der genetischen Vielfalt der DH-Linien, (6) die Entdeckung neuer Gene in den DH-Linien aus Landsorten mittels GWA, und (7) die Ermittlung des Potentials von DH-Linien aus Landsorten, um die Leistung und genetische Diversität des modernen Zuchtmaterials zu verbessern. Die Biomasse und relative Wachstumsrate (RGR) der DH-Linien und Elite-Inzuchtlinien sowie je zwei Testkreuzungen von 300 Dent Inzuchtlinien wurden mit Lichtschranken und spektraler Reflektion geschätzt. Die DH-Linien aus den Landsorten Schindelmeiser und Gelber Badischer wiesen die höchste RGR auf, gefolgt von EU-F Linien, DH-Linien aus Bugard, EU-D Linien und zuletzt NA-D Linien. Die Gesamttrockenmasse der Linien war mit deren RGR positiv korreliert (r = 0.49), während diese Korrelationen für die Testkreuzungen schwächer ausfiel (r = 0.29). Die RGR der Linien korrelierte mit der RGR der Testkreuzungen (r = 0.42), hatte jedoch keinen Einfluss auf deren Gesamttrockenmasse. Ein Satz von 375 EU-F, EU-D und NA-D Linien wurde unter kühlen (16/13°C) und optimalen (27/25°C) Temperaturen in Klimakammern untersucht. Die photosynthetische Leistung und die Jugendentwicklung wurden für jedes Verfahren gemessen. Aus dem Verhältnis der Leistungen unter kühlen und optimalen Bedingungen wurde ein Adaptations-Index (AI) berechnet. Neunzehn Genorte (QTL) wurden für verschiedene Merkmale und deren AI mittels GWA identifiziert. Gene mit Beteiligung in der Äthylen-Signalkette, Brassinolid- und Lignin-Biosynthese wurden als Kandidaten identifiziert. Mehrere QTL für photosynthetische Leistung co-lokalisierten mit bereits beschriebenen QTL. Der Vergleich der genetischen Varianzen zeigte, dass diese innerhalb der einzelnen Landsorten grösser ist als innerhalb des EU-F Zuchtmaterials. Sowohl die hohe mittlere genetische Distanz zwischen den DH-Linien einer Landsorte, als auch das rasch abfallende Kopplungs-ungleichgewicht innerhalb der Landsorten deuten auf eine grosse Effektive Populationsgrösse hin. Die erwartete Eliminierung von rezessiven letalen Allelen durch die DH-Methode konnte den Ertrag synthetischer Landsorten nicht erhöhen und hatte auch keinen grossen Einfluss auf die genetische Diversität. Mittels GWA Analyse in den DH-Linien aus Landsorten und in Elite-Inzuchtlinien konnten 49 QTL für 27 Merkmale kartiert werden. Eine grössere Anzahl von DH-Linien aus Landsorten würde es erlauben, die durch Populationsstruktur verursachten Artefakte zu beseitigen und somit die Wahrscheinlichkeit, neue Allele zu entdecken, stark erhöhen. Zusammengefasst kann die genetische Diversität des Zuchtmaterials durch die Einkreuzung von DH-Linien aus Landsorten stark erhöht werden. Der grosse Abstand zwischen der Leistung des Zuchtmaterials und den DH-Linien aus Landsorten (22%) kann durch Selektion der besten DH-Linien teilweise ausgeglichen werden. Marker-gestützte Selektion könnte das Einkreuzen von positiven QTL ohne Introgression von unerwünschten negativen Eigenschaften erleichtern.

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    Authors: Hjalmar Thiel;
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    Authors: Volkmar Keuter; Sebastian Deck; Heidi Giesenkamp; Denise Gonglach; +6 Authors

    Within this paper, the authors explain their transdisciplinary vision of nutrient recovery for sustainable urban plant cultivation in Germany from different but complementary perspectives (SUSKULT vision). Nowadays, the demand for fresh, healthy, locally and sustainably produced food in German urban areas is constantly increasing. At the same time, current agricultural systems contribute significantly to exceeding the planetary boundaries. The disruption of the phosphorus and nitrogen cycles in particular stands out from the manifold effects of modern food production on the Earth system. One central issue that will have to be faced in the future is how increased yields in agriculture will be achieved with high-energy requirements in fertilizer production and pollution of water and soil by phosphorus and reactive nitrogen. City region food systems (CRFS) can be a solution to overcome these issues. Nevertheless, to ensure sustainable CRFS, innovative technologies and methods need to be developed, including nutrient and energy recovery and adapted horticultural cultivation methods that fit complex urban dynamics. Such new strategies need to be integrated in long-term social and political transformation processes to enhance acceptance of food produced by recyclates. The joint contribution of experts from the wastewater, horticultural, and political sciences, together with industrial and societal sector actors, is critical to reach these objectives. The overarching goal of SUSKULT’s vision is the establishment of the field of urban circular agricultural production as an innovative sector of the bio-based economy in Germany.

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    Sustainability
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      Sustainability
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    Authors: Tania Patiño; Rafael Mestre; Samuel Sanchez;

    Soft robotics is an emerging discipline that employs soft flexible materials such as fluids, gels and elastomers in order to enhance the use of robotics in healthcare applications. Compared to their rigid counterparts, soft robotic systems have flexible and rheological properties that are closely related to biological systems, thus allowing the development of adaptive and flexible interactions with complex dynamic environments. With new technologies arising in bioengineering, the integration of living cells into soft robotic systems offers the possibility of accomplishing multiple complex functions such as sensing and actuating upon external stimuli. These emerging bio-hybrid systems are showing promising outcomes and opening up new avenues in the field of soft robotics for applications in healthcare and other fields.

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    Lab on a Chip
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      Lab on a Chip
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    Authors: Weik, Jan; Lask, Jan; Petig, Eckart; Seeger, Stefan; +6 Authors

    AbstractTwo major global challenges related to agriculture are climate change and the unbalanced nitrogen cycle. For both, national and international reduction targets have been defined to catalyse policy support for more sustainable farming systems. Miscanthus cultivation in water protection areas has been proposed as a contribution to achieving these targets. However, a thorough understanding of the underlying system dynamics at various spatial levels is required before recommendations for policy development can be provided. In this study, a model framework was established to provide economic and environmental indicator results at regional and sub‐regional levels. It presents a consequential Life Cycle Assessment coupled with an agro‐economic supply model (Economic Farm Emission Model) that simulates crop and livestock production, and an agricultural hydrology model (DAISY) that assesses effects on the nitrogen cycle. The framework is applied to Baden‐Württemberg, a federal state in southwest Germany with eight agro‐ecological regions. Scenarios investigating the differences between mandatory and voluntary miscanthus cultivation were also explored. While the results show the high potential of miscanthus cultivation for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (−16% to −724%), the potential to reduce nitrate leaching (−4% to −44%) is compromised in some sub‐regions and scenarios (+4% to +13%) by substantial effects on the crop rotation. Furthermore, the cultivation of miscanthus reduces gross margins in most sub‐regions (−0.1% to −9.6%) and decreases domestic food production (−1% to −50%). However, in regions with low livestock density and high yields, miscanthus cultivation can maintain or increase farmers' income (0.1%–5.8%) and improve environmental protection. The study shows that the heterogeneity of arable land requires a flexible promotion programme for miscanthus. Voluntary cultivation schemes were identified as most suitable to capture sub‐regional differences. Policies should address the demand for miscanthus, for example, support the development of regional value chains, including farmers, water suppliers and the biobased industry.

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    GCB Bioenergy
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    Authors: Georgios Deligiannakis; Aggelos Pallikarakis; Ioannis Papanikolaou; Simoni Alexiou; +1 Authors

    Fire 4(4), 87 (2021). doi:10.3390/fire4040087 special issue: "Special Issue "Advances in the Assessment of Fire Impacts on Hydrology" / Special Issue Editors: Dr. Emmanouil Psomiadis, Guest Editor; Dr. Konstantinos X. Soulis, Guest Editor; Dr. Michalis Diakakis, Guest Editor r" Published by MDPI, Basel

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    Fire
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    Land use is a crucial sector in delivering enhanced carbon sequestration globally. At the same time food production is a major source of global greenhouse gas emissions. As pressure mounts for all nations to increase their levels of ambition under the Paris Climate Agreement, so the pressure to radically reduce emissions from the agriculture sector and enhance carbon sequestration in the land use sector also ramps up. This trend is most clearly evident in the drive for “net zero” where unavoidable emissions, such as those from food production, are balanced by more sequestration via land use change. Here we examine some of the major risks, applicable safeguards, and potential pathways for agriculture and land use in realizing net zero. Using the UK as an example we highlight the importance of governance, finance, skills, research and technology, and society in this transition. We conclude that successful land use policy for net zero will require extremely demanding levels of integration and spatial resolution, and that the research community has a vital role to play in providing a robust evidence base for this. We also invoke the Cancun safeguards as a basis on which a more sustainable and just transition to net zero might be based. Finally, we warn of unintended distortions to policy and markets if the drive for net zero is too blinkered.

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    Frontiers in Climate
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    Authors: Omaira García; Matthias Schneider; Benjamin Ertl; Eliezer Sepúlveda; +11 Authors

    Abstract. This work presents the methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) products as generated by the IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) processor developed during the project MUSICA (MUlti-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water). The processor retrieves CH4 and N2O with different water vapour and water vapour isotopologues (as well as HNO3) and uses a single a priori data set for all the retrievals (no variation in space and time). Firstly, the characteristics and errors of the products are analytically described. Secondly, the products are comprehensively evaluated by comparisons to the following reference data measured by different techniques and from different platforms as follows: (1) aircraft CH4 and N2O profiles from the five HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observation (HIPPO) missions; (2) continuous in situ CH4 and N2O observations performed between 2007 and 2017 at subtropical and mid-latitude high-mountain observatories (Izaña Atmospheric Observatory and Jungfraujoch, respectively) in the framework of the WMO–GAW (World Meteorological Organization–Global Atmosphere Watch) programme; (3) ground-based FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer) measurements made between 2007 and 2017 in the framework of the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) at the subtropical Izaña Atmospheric Observatory, the mid-latitude station of Karlsruhe and the Kiruna polar site.The theoretical estimations and the comparison studies suggest a precision for the N2O and CH4 retrieval products of about 1.5–3 % and systematic errors due to spectroscopic parameters of about 2 %. The MUSICA IASI CH4 data offer a better sensitivity than N2O data. While for the latter the sensitivity is mainly limited to the UTLS (upper troposphere–lower stratosphere) region, for CH4 we are able to prove that at low latitudes the MUSICA IASI processor can detect variations that take place in the free troposphere independently from the variations in the UTLS region. We demonstrate that the MUSICA IASI data qualitatively capture the CH4 gradients between low and high latitudes and between the Southern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere; however, we also find an inconsistency between low- and high-latitude CH4 data of up to 5 %. The N2O latitudinal gradients are very weak and cannot be detected. We make comparisons over a 10-year time period and analyse the agreement with the reference data on different timescales. The MUSICA IASI data can detect day-to-day signals (only in the UTLS), seasonal cycles and long-term evolution (in the UTLS and for CH4 also in the free troposphere) similar to the reference data; however, there are also inconsistencies in the long-term evolution connected to inconsistencies in the used atmospheric temperature a priori data.Moreover, we present a method for analytically describing the a posteriori-calculated logarithmic-scale difference of the CH4 and N2O retrieval estimates. By correcting errors that are common in the CH4 and N2O retrieval products, the a posteriori-calculated difference can be used for generating an a posteriori-corrected CH4 product with a theoretically better precision than the original CH4 retrieval products. We discuss and evaluate two different approaches for such a posteriori corrections. It is shown that the correction removes the inconsistencies between low and high latitudes and enables the detection of day-to-day signals also in the free troposphere. Furthermore, they reduce the impact of short-term atmospheric dynamics, which is an advantage, because respective signals are presumably hardly comparable to model data. The approach that affects the correction solely on the scales on which the errors dominate is identified as the most efficient, because it reduces the inconsistencies and errors without removing measurable real atmospheric signals. We give a brief outlook on a possible usage of this a posteriori-corrected MUSICA IASI CH4 product in combination with inverse modelling.

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    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
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    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
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    Authors: Hinger, Michaela;

    Ziel der Arbeit war die Charakterisierung von genetischen und umweltbedingten Einflüssen auf die Paratuberkulose des Rindes. Durch molekulargenetische sowie statistische Untersuchungen sollten genetische Prädispositionen für die Infektion mit Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) beim Milchrind analysiert werden. Zunächst erfolgte die Schätzung von Heritabilitäten für die Antikörperantwort gegenüber der MAP-Infektion anhand eines erstellten Datenmaterials aus Thüringen, das 4524 Dt. Holstein Kühe aus 12 Betrieben einschließlich ihrer Pedigree- und Leistungsdaten umfasste. Zugrunde lagen den Schätzungen die serologischen Ergebnisse aus dem ersten Halbjahr 2005, wobei 14,1 % der Tiere positiv, 17,1 % verdächtig und 68,8 % negativ auf Antikörper gegen MAP getestet worden waren. Basierend auf der trichotomisierten Einstufung in positive, verdächtige und negative Tiere und die Zuteilung der verdächtigen Rinder zu jeweils einer der Gruppen bzw. auf den Messwerten des ELISA-Verfahrens lagen die geschätzten Heritabilitäten zwischen 0,05 und 0,14. Weiterhin wurde durch molekulargenetische Untersuchungen auf der Basis von Kandidatengen- und Mikrosatellitenuntersuchungen die genetische Prädisposition für die Infektion mit Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) bei Dt. Holstein analysiert. Um eine Assoziation zwischen ausgewählten Mikrosatelliten bzw. Kandidatengenen aus den verschiedenen immunologischen Kaskaden und dem MAP-Status zu ermitteln, wurde das Design einer Fall-Kontroll-Studie gewählt. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine aus n = 594 Tieren bestehende Fallgruppe erstellt. Die Kontrollgruppe bestand aus 585 Tieren, die aus demselben Betrieb stammten wie das betroffene Tier, im entsprechenden Alter (± 3 Monate) und möglichst väterliche Halbgeschwister waren. War kein gleichaltriges Tier vorhanden, wurde ein älteres Tier als Kontrolltier gewählt. Die Kandidatengene Natural Resistance associated Macrophage Protein 1 (NRAMP1), Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), Caspase Recruitment Domain Family, Member 15 (CARD15) und GATA-binding Protein 3 (GATA3) wurden zunächst durch PCR-Direktsequenzierung in verschiedenen Rinderrassen auf Polymorphismen untersucht, Typisierungsmethoden etabliert und anschließend die MAP-Test-positiven und -Test-negativen Tiere genotypisiert. Die Proben wurden weiterhin auf Polymorphismen im Kandidatengen Interleukin 2 (IL2) mit bereits etablierten Methoden analysiert. Die PCR-Amplifikation der Mikrosatelliten BB717, BB705, BB704, BMC9006, BB719, BMS1617, BB702, BOBT24, RM106 und BM1225 erfolgte mittels fluoreszenzmarkierter Primer in Multiplex-Ansätzen, danach erfolgte die Genotypisierung am ABI PRISM® 377 DNA Sequencer. Die durchgeführten Assoziationsstudien zeigten sowohl in den Mikrosatelliten als auch in den Kandidatengenen NRAMP1, TLR4, IL2 und GATA3 keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den Allelfrequenzen zwischen der Fall- und Kontrollgruppe. Beim Kandidatengen CARD15 konnte eine statistisch signifikante Assoziation (p a mit dem Infektionsstatus der untersuchten Kühe festgestellt werden. Tiere, die an dieser Position homozygot für das Allel "a" waren, traten nur in der positiven, nicht jedoch in der Kontrollgruppe auf. Dieser Unterschied war in den Genotypfrequenzen nicht statistisch abzusichern. Demnach liegt voraussichtlich eine Kopplung dieses Basenaustausches mit einem funktionellen SNP vor. Es obliegt weiteren Forschungsarbeiten, die tatsächliche funktionelle Bedeutung und eventuelle Korrelationen des SNP CARD15 E4+921 mit Merkmalen, die einer Anwendung im Sinne einer markergestützten Selektion entgegenstünden, zu prüfen. The aim of this study was to characterize genetic and environmental factors on paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in cattle. Molecular genetics and statistical analyses were applied to examine the genetic predisposition to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in dairy cattle. First, heritability estimates for antibody response to MAP infection in German Holstein were calculated. Pedigree data, performance data and blood samples from 4,524 cows originating from 12 farms were collected in Thuringia. Heritability estimates were based on serological results, ascertained in spring 2005. Of the animals tested, 14.1 % were positive, 17.1 % questionable and 68.8 % negative for serum antibodies to MAP. Based on this trichotomised classification (positive, questionable and negative) and the designation of questionable cows to either the negative or positive group, and in a second model based on ELISA OD-values, estimated heritabilities varied from 0.05 to 0.14. Furthermore, the aim of this study was to analyse possible associations of microsatellites located near or within candidate genes involved in immune response to mycobacteria and of particular candidate genes with susceptibility to MAP in cattle. A case control study was chosen to determine the association between selected microsatellites and candidate genes, respectively, and MAP status of the animals. For these purposes, a case panel of 594 MAP positive animals was composed. The control group comprised 585 animals testing negative for MAP, each of which correlated in age at the time of testing, descended from the same sire and originated from the same farm as each of the positive animals. If no matching half-sib was present in the population, preferably older animals born on the same farm and with repeated negative test results were chosen as controls. To detect polymorphisms, the candidate genes natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), caspase recruitment domain family, member 15 (CARD15) und GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) were sequenced in different cattle breeds. Screening methods for polymorphisms were established and the case and control groups were investigated, respectively. The samples were also tested for polymorphisms in the candidate gene IL2 with previously established molecular methods. Microsatellite loci were co-amplified in three groups using fluorescent labelled primers: BB704, BB705, BB717, BB719 and BMC9006 (Multiplex 1) and BMS1617, BB702 and BOBT24 (Multiplex 2) as well as RM106 and BM1225 (Multiplex 3). Fragment analysis was performed using the ABI PRISM® 377 DNA Sequencer. Association studies did not reveal significant differences in allele frequencies between the case and control groups. This was the case for all microsatellites and for the candidate genes NRAMP1, TLR4, IL2 and GATA3. In the candidate gene CARD15, a statistically significant association (p a allele frequencies with MAP infection status of investigated cows could be determined. Animals homozygous for allele "a" on this position were only detectable in the positive group, not in the control panel. This difference in genotype frequencies could not be ensured with statistic methods. According to these results, a linkage of this SNP with a functional variant is probable. Additional research work is necessary to investigate the relevance and potential correlation of SNP CARD15 E4+921 with traits that would allow implementation in marker assisted selection.

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    Authors: Matthias Bürgi; Enrico Celio; Vasco Diogo; Anna M. Hersperger; +6 Authors

    Over the past 25 years, the study of driving forces of landscape change has developed into a central theme in land change science by contributing to theory development, promoting the analysis of causation of change and gaining insights into how landscape development could be steered into a societally more desirable direction. Based on this progress, we designate important research avenues, reviewing critical challenges forming the base for advancing the study of driving forces of landscape change and addressing the question on how the study of driving forces can contribute to system transformative research. For each of the research avenues, we describe the current dominant approach and provide some specific ways of advancing both the conceptualization and the research methods. Together, advancing on these research avenues will promote a more social-ecological systems perspective to the study of driving forces of landscape change. Journal of Land Use Science, 17 (1) ISSN:1747-4248 ISSN:1747-423X

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    Journal of Land Use Science
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Strigens, Alexander Carl Georg;

    Since the introduction of maize into Europe, open-pollinated varieties of flint maize were cultivated across the continent. Natural selection promoted adaptation to the climatic conditions prevailing in the different regions. With the advent of hybrid breeding in Europe during the 1950’s, some of the genes responsible for the specific adaptations of the landraces to abiotic and biotic stress were captured in the first developed inbred lines, but most of their genetic diversity is still untapped. Development of inbred lines out of this material by recurrent selfing is very tedious due to strong inbreeding depression. In contrast, the doubled-haploid (DH) technology allows producing fully homozygous lines out of landraces in only one step. This allows their precise characterization in replicated trials and identification of new genes by genome wide association (GWA) mapping. In this study we genotyped a set of 132 DH lines derived from European Flint landraces and 364 elite European flint (EU-F), European dent (EU-D) and North-American dent (NA-D) inbred lines with 56,110 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The lines were evaluated in field trials for morphologic and agronomic traits and GWA mapping was performed to identify underlying quantitative trait loci (QTL). In particular, our objectives were to (1) develop a robust method for quantifying early growth with a non-destructive remote-sensing platform, (2) evaluate the importance of early growth performance of inbred lines with regard to their testcross performance, (3) determine the potential of GWA mapping to identify genes underlying early growth and cold tolerance related traits, (4) evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic diversity recovered in the DH lines derived from the landraces, (5) estimate the effect of the DH method on the recovered genetic diversity, (6) identify new genes by GWA mapping in the DH lines derived from landraces, and (8) discuss the potential of DH lines derived from landraces to improve the genetic diversity and performance of elite maize germplasm. A phenotyping platform using spectral reflectance and light curtains was used to perform repeated measurements of biomass and estimate relative growth rates (RGR) of the DH and inbred lines, as well as of two testcrosses of 300 dent inbred lines. The DH lines derived from the landraces Schindelmeiser and Gelber Badischer had the highest RGR followed by EU-F lines, DH lines derived from Bugard, EU-D lines and, finally, NA-D lines. For inbred lines, whole plant dry matter yield (DMY) was positively correlated with RGR (r = 0.49), whereas this relation was weaker in the testcrosses (r = 0.29). RGR of the inbred lines correlated with RGR of their testcrosses (r = 0.42), but it had no influence on testcross DMY. A set of 375 EU-F, EU-D and NA-D lines were further evaluated in growth chambers under chilling (16/13°C) and optimal (27/25°C) temperatures. Photosynthetic and early growth performance were estimated for each treatment and an adaptation index (AI) built as the chilling to optimal performance ratio. Nineteen QTL were identified by GWA mapping for trait performance and AI. Candidate genes involved in ethylene signaling, brassinolide, and lignin biosynthesis were found in their vicinity. Several QTL for photosynthetic performance co-located with previously reported QTL and the QTL identified for shoot dry wieght under optimal conditions co-located with a QTL for RGR. Comparison of the DH lines derived from landraces with the EU-F lines showed that genotypic variances in single DH populations were greater than in the EU-F breeding population. A high average genetic distance among the DH lines derived from the same landrace as well as a rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium suggests a high effective population size of the landraces. Because no systematic phenotypic differences were observed between the landraces and synthetic landraces obtained by intermating the corresponding DH lines, the expected purge of lethal recessive alleles during the DH production did neither improve grain yield performance nor affect the recovered genetic diversity. Performing GWA in the DH lines derived from landraces as well as the EU-F, and EU-D lines allowed the identification of 49 QTL for 27 traits. A larger set of DH lines derived from more landraces might solve problems arising from population structure and allow a much higher power for the detection of new alleles. In conclusion, the introgression of DH lines derived from landraces into the elite breeding material would strongly broaden its genetic base. However, grain yield performance was 22% higher in EU-F lines than in the DH lines derived from landraces. Selection of the best DH lines would allow partially bridging this yield gap and marker-assisted selection may allow introgression of positive QTL without introducing negative features by linkage drag. Seit der Einfuhr von Mais aus der „neuen“ Welt nach Europa, wurden offen abblühende Flint-Mais Populationen auf dem gesamten Kontinent angebaut. Durch natürliche Selektion passten sich diese Landsorten an die Klimate des Kontinents an. In den Anfängen der Hybridzüchtung wurden Gene und Allele, die für diese spezifische Anpassung an biotische und abiotische Stressfaktoren verantwortlich sind, in den ersten Inzuchtlinien nur teilweise fixiert. Der Grossteil der genetischen Vielfalt der Landsorten blieb jedoch ungenutzt, da die Entwicklung von Inzuchtlinien aus diesem Material wegen besonders starker Inzuchtdepression sehr mühsam ist. Demgegenüber erlaubt es die seit etwa 10 Jahre eingesetzte Methode der Erzeugung von Doppel-Haploiden (DH), vollständig homozygote Linien aus Landsorten in einem einzigen Schritt zu entwickeln. Diese DH-Linien können in wiederholten Feldversuchen sehr präzise evaluiert werden. Dies vereinfacht die Kartierung von Genen mithilfe der Genom-weiten Assoziations-Kartierung (GWA) enorm. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 132 DH-Linien aus europäischen Landsorten, 364 Inzucht-linien aus Nordamerikanischem Dent (NA-D), europäischem Flint (EU-F) und europäischem Dent (EU-D) Zuchtmaterial mit 56110 genetischen Markern genotypisiert. Agronomische Eigenschaften der DH-Linien und Elite-Inzuchtlinien wurden in Feldversuchen evaluiert und mittels GWA kartiert, um vorteilhafte Gene zu identifizieren. Zu unseren Zielen gehörten insbesondere (1) die Entwicklung einer robusten, nicht-destruktiven Methode zur Erfassung der Jugendentwicklung mittels Sensoren, (2) die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen der Jugendentwicklung der Linien per se und deren Testkreuzungen, (3) die Erforschung von GWA zur Identifikation von Kühletoleranz- und Jugendentwicklungs-Genen in Elite-Inzuchtlinien, (4) die Evaluierung der aus den Landsorten mittels der DH-Methode geborgene phänotypische und genetische Vielfalt, (5) die Abschätzung eines möglichen Einfluss der DH-Methode auf der genetischen Vielfalt der DH-Linien, (6) die Entdeckung neuer Gene in den DH-Linien aus Landsorten mittels GWA, und (7) die Ermittlung des Potentials von DH-Linien aus Landsorten, um die Leistung und genetische Diversität des modernen Zuchtmaterials zu verbessern. Die Biomasse und relative Wachstumsrate (RGR) der DH-Linien und Elite-Inzuchtlinien sowie je zwei Testkreuzungen von 300 Dent Inzuchtlinien wurden mit Lichtschranken und spektraler Reflektion geschätzt. Die DH-Linien aus den Landsorten Schindelmeiser und Gelber Badischer wiesen die höchste RGR auf, gefolgt von EU-F Linien, DH-Linien aus Bugard, EU-D Linien und zuletzt NA-D Linien. Die Gesamttrockenmasse der Linien war mit deren RGR positiv korreliert (r = 0.49), während diese Korrelationen für die Testkreuzungen schwächer ausfiel (r = 0.29). Die RGR der Linien korrelierte mit der RGR der Testkreuzungen (r = 0.42), hatte jedoch keinen Einfluss auf deren Gesamttrockenmasse. Ein Satz von 375 EU-F, EU-D und NA-D Linien wurde unter kühlen (16/13°C) und optimalen (27/25°C) Temperaturen in Klimakammern untersucht. Die photosynthetische Leistung und die Jugendentwicklung wurden für jedes Verfahren gemessen. Aus dem Verhältnis der Leistungen unter kühlen und optimalen Bedingungen wurde ein Adaptations-Index (AI) berechnet. Neunzehn Genorte (QTL) wurden für verschiedene Merkmale und deren AI mittels GWA identifiziert. Gene mit Beteiligung in der Äthylen-Signalkette, Brassinolid- und Lignin-Biosynthese wurden als Kandidaten identifiziert. Mehrere QTL für photosynthetische Leistung co-lokalisierten mit bereits beschriebenen QTL. Der Vergleich der genetischen Varianzen zeigte, dass diese innerhalb der einzelnen Landsorten grösser ist als innerhalb des EU-F Zuchtmaterials. Sowohl die hohe mittlere genetische Distanz zwischen den DH-Linien einer Landsorte, als auch das rasch abfallende Kopplungs-ungleichgewicht innerhalb der Landsorten deuten auf eine grosse Effektive Populationsgrösse hin. Die erwartete Eliminierung von rezessiven letalen Allelen durch die DH-Methode konnte den Ertrag synthetischer Landsorten nicht erhöhen und hatte auch keinen grossen Einfluss auf die genetische Diversität. Mittels GWA Analyse in den DH-Linien aus Landsorten und in Elite-Inzuchtlinien konnten 49 QTL für 27 Merkmale kartiert werden. Eine grössere Anzahl von DH-Linien aus Landsorten würde es erlauben, die durch Populationsstruktur verursachten Artefakte zu beseitigen und somit die Wahrscheinlichkeit, neue Allele zu entdecken, stark erhöhen. Zusammengefasst kann die genetische Diversität des Zuchtmaterials durch die Einkreuzung von DH-Linien aus Landsorten stark erhöht werden. Der grosse Abstand zwischen der Leistung des Zuchtmaterials und den DH-Linien aus Landsorten (22%) kann durch Selektion der besten DH-Linien teilweise ausgeglichen werden. Marker-gestützte Selektion könnte das Einkreuzen von positiven QTL ohne Introgression von unerwünschten negativen Eigenschaften erleichtern.

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