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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: B.C. SCHREIBER; S. LUGLI; M. BABEL; Lugli, Stefano; +4 Authors

    The Neogene Crotone basin in eastern Calabria contains extensive Messinian evaporite deposits, including thick gypsarenite and halite. The halite deposit reaches a maximum thickness of c. 300 m and in some areas forms relatively small diapirs piercing late Messinian and Pliocene sediments. Halite is strongly modified by folding and recrystallization, but a few primary features are preserved. Four primary halite facies have been recognized: (a) banded halite consisting of folded white and dark bands deposited in a salt pan and/or saline mudflat; (b) white facies, massive halite containing anhydrite nodules, probably formed in a variably desiccating saline lake; (c) clear facies made up of a mosaic of large blocky halite crystals separated by mud, possibly the product of displacive halite growth in a saline mudflat; and (d) breccia facies, a product of dissolution of halite/mudstone/siltstone layers. Residual facies formed from halite dissolution are present as both weld and cap rocks. Weld rocks are thick, undeformed, and composed only of insoluble phases originally included in the salt, whereas cap rocks are thin, strongly sheared and include clasts from the cover rocks. As one of the less investigated deposits formed during the Messinian Salinity Crisis in the Mediterranean, halite was deposited in the Crotone basin, Calabria (south Italy). The extent of the halite deposit is well known, based on the early works of the 1960s that were produced mostly for mineral extraction purposes (Roda 1964), but no detailed description of the halite facies has ever been produced. Since then, our understanding of the Messinian Salinity Crisis has largely improved and facies analysis of the evaporites provided us with new information on their environmental evolution. Although the significance of the Mediterranean halite deposits in the Salinity Crisis framework is not yet well constrained (Manzi et al. 2006), the study of halite facies in Sicily revealed desiccation surfaces (Lugli et al. 1999, 2006) and significant constraints on their depositional environments (Lugli & Lowenstein 1997). This paper documents the halite facies and its dissolution products in the Crotone basin. The scope of this study is to provide new insights on the complexity of the Messinian Salinity Crisis and to provide criteria for the recognition of halite dissolution products that may be useful in tracing elusive weld surfaces. Geological setting and stratigraphy The Crotone basin is located on the northeastern margin of the Calabrian arc and represents the filling of the wedge-top basin of the southern Italy foreland basin system (DeCelles & Giles 1996; Critelli 1999; Fig. 1). Sedimentation in this basin began in the Serravallian?–Tortonian with deposition of a shallow-marine arenaceous– conglomerate succession (San Nicola Fm) passing upward to marine argillaceous deposits (Ponda Fm, Tortonian) and organic-rich laminites (Tripoli Fm, Tortonian–Messinian). During the Messinian the sedimentation in the area was dominated by evaporitic conditions producing sulphate deposits and halite. In the Crotone basin such conditions are recorded mostly by halite (maximum thickness 300 m) and by extensive clastic evaporite deposits, such as a thick gypsarenite body (up to 120 m thick), with minor gypsrudite and limestone breccias. These evaporite deposits are associated with a sedimentary chaotic complex (SCC), consisting of metric blocks of limestone and alabastrine gypsum included in an argillaceous matrix. A late Messinian succession consisting of gypsarenites, sandstones and pelites with a Lago Mare fauna at From: SCHREIBER, B. C., LUGLI, S. & BĄBEL, M. (eds) Evaporites Through Space and Time. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 285, 169–178. DOI: 10.1144/SP285.10 0305-8719/07/$15.00 # The Geological Society of London 2007. the top (Gennari & Iaccarino 2004) onlaps both the chaotic complex and the gypsarenites. An erosional surface separates these latest Messinian deposits from the overlaying fluvial conglomerates (Carvane conglomerates), which are in turn abruptly covered by the off-shore Cavalieri marls (Early Pliocene). The marls grade upward into the shallow-marine Zinga Molasse deposits (Pliocene; Roda 1964; Zecchin et al. 2004). The original stratigraphic relationships of halite with other evaporite sediments (the main gypsarenite body) in the Crotone basin is unclear at present due to diapiric condition of the salt. Seismic and well data from salt mining areas (Belvedere di Spinello; Roda 1964) show that halite is interposed between organic-rich laminites similar to the Tripoli Fm at the base and latest Messinian gypsarenites, arenites and pelites on the top. A few boreholes show that in some areas halite probably lay on top of the Chaotic Complex. Unfortunately these cores are no longer available for scientific examination. Further investigations and planned new cores will help to reconstruct the stratigraphic position of salt. The investigated diapirs are located along N 408and N 808-oriented morphostructural highs and pierce the late Messinian and early Pliocene deposits (Fig. 1). Materials and methods To describe the halite facies we directly sampled diapiric and wall structures in the Zinga village area (Fig. 1). In addition, we also examined a few remaining samples from cores drilled in the past in the salt mining areas (Belvedere di Spinello, Crotone). Detailed provenance and stratigraphic position of these samples are not known and we considered them just for the purpose of facies description completion. For thin section preparation, halite samples were cut into 4 5 3 cm slabs using a diamond saw with a small amount of water to prevent formation of microcracks and significant dissolution artefacts (Schleder & Urai 2005). The slabs were polished dry on grinding paper, mounted on glass plates using epoxy resin and then cut with a wet Fig. 1. Schematic geological map of the Zinga-Belvedere di Spinello area of the Crotone basin, eastern Calabria. S. LUGLI ET AL. 170

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    Geological Society London Special Publications
    Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
    License: STM Policy #2
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    Authors: Camaiti M.; VETTORI, SILVIA; BENVENUTI, MARCO; CHIARANTINI, LAURA; +5 Authors

    A portable hyperspectral device (ASD-FieldSpec FR Pro) has been employed for the characterization of alterations affecting the marble facade of the Santa Maria Novella church (XIII cent.) in Florence (Italy). The ASD-FieldSpec FR Pro collects the reflectance spectra of a selected target area (about 1.5 cm2). The spectra of calcite, gypsum and other mineral phases commonly occurring on outdoor surfaces exposed to the urban atmosphere were collected and presented. The spectral features of alteration minerals (depth of reflectance minima) appear to be affected by grain size, phase abundance in addition to lightness (L*) of the target area. Notwithstanding these limitations, the spectra may be used for a qualitative screening of the alteration and, under reasonable assumptions, the reflectance band depth may be used also for quantitative estimation of phase abundance. The monitoring of the conservation state of outdoor surfaces is considered of fundamental importance to plan conservative interventions on historical buildings. Our results point out that portable hyperspectral instruments may be considered as powerful tools for characterizing historical surfaces in a nondestructive and noninvasive way.

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    Journal of Geophysics and Engineering
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2011
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      Journal of Geophysics and Engineering
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      CNR ExploRA
      Article . 2011
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Davide Forcellini; Angelo Marcello Tarantino;

    Soil liquefaction has been observed worldwide during recent major earthquakes with induced effects responsible for much of the damage, disruption of function, and considerable replacement expenses for structures. The phenomenon has not been documented in recent time with such damage in Italian context before the recent Emilia-Romagna Earthquake (May 2012). The main lateral spreading and vertical deformations affected the stability of many buildings and impacted social life inducing valuable lessons on liquefaction risk assessment and remediation. This paper aims first of all to reproduce soil response to liquefaction-induced lateral effects and thus to evaluate stone column mitigation technique effectiveness by gradually increasing the extension of remediation, in order to achieve a satisfactory lower level of permanent deformations. The study is based on the use of a FE computational interface able to analyse the earthquake-induced three-dimensional pore pressure generation adopting one of the most credited nonlinear theories in order to assess realistically the displacements connected to lateral spreading.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Scientific World...arrow_drop_down
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    The Scientific World Journal
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    Authors: Roberto Moretti; Claudia Troise; Federica Sarno; G. De Natale;

    AbstractInterpreting volcanic unrest is a highly challenging and non-unique problem at calderas, since large hydrothermal systems may either hide or amplify the dynamics of buried magma(s). Here we use the exceptional ground displacement and geochemical datasets from the actively degassing Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy) to show that ambiguities disappear when the thermal evolution of the deep hydrothermal system is accurately tracked. By using temperatures from the CO2-CH4 exchange of 13C and thermodynamic analysis of gas ascending in the crust, we demonstrate that after the last 1982–84 crisis the deep hydrothermal system evolved through supercritical conditions under the continuous isenthalpic inflow of hot CO2-rich gases released from the deep (~8 km) magma reservoir of regional size. This resulted in the drying of the base of the hot hydrothermal system, no more buffered along the liquid-vapour equilibrium, and excludes any shallow arrival of new magma, whose abundant steam degassing due to decompression would have restored liquid-vapour equilibrium. The consequent CO2-infiltration and progressive heating of the surrounding deforming rock volume cause the build-up of pore pressure in aquifers, and generate the striking temporal symmetry that characterizes the ongoing uplift and the post-1984 subsidence, both originated by the same but reversed deformation mechanism.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Scientific Reportsarrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jeffrey C. Alt; Laura Crispini; Laura Gaggero; David S. Levine; +3 Authors
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    Geology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Geology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: M. Carugno; D. Consonni; G. Randi; D. Catelan; +4 Authors

    Abstract Background The Lombardy region in northern Italy ranks among the most air polluted areas of Europe. Previous studies showed air pollution short-term effects on all-cause mortality. We examine here the effects of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure on deaths and hospitalizations from specific causes, including cardiac, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases. Methods We considered air pollution, mortality and hospitalization data for a non-opportunistic sample of 18 highly polluted and most densely populated areas of the region in the years 2003–2006. We obtained area-specific effect estimates for PM10 and NO2 from a Poisson regression model on the daily number of total deaths or cause-specific hospitalizations and then combined them in a Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis. For cause-specific mortality, we applied a case-crossover analysis. Age- and season-specific analyses were also performed. Effect estimates were expressed as percent variation in mortality or hospitalizations associated with a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 or NO2 concentration. Results Natural mortality was positively associated with both pollutants (0.30%, 90% Credibility Interval [CrI]: −0.31; 0.78 for PM10; 0.70%, 90%CrI: 0.10; 1.27 for NO2). Cardiovascular deaths showed a higher percent variation in association with NO2 (1.12%, 90% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.14; 2.11), while the percent variation for respiratory mortality was highest in association with PM10 (1.64%, 90%CI: 0.35; 2.93). The effect of both pollutants was more evident in the summer season. Air pollution was also associated to hospitalizations, the highest variations being 0.77% (90%CrI: 0.22; 1.43) for PM10 and respiratory diseases, and 1.70% (90%CrI: 0.39; 2.84) for NO2 and cerebrovascular diseases. The effect of PM10 on respiratory hospital admissions appeared to increase with age. For both pollutants, effects on cerebrovascular hospitalizations were more evident in subjects aged less than 75 years. Conclusions Our study provided a sound characterization of air pollution exposure and its potential effects on human health in the most polluted, and also most populated and productive, Italian region, further documenting the need for effective public health policies.

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    Authors: I. Bollati; C. Smiraglia; M. Pelfini;

    Glacial environments are considered geomorphosites because they exhibit all of the features that characterise sites of geomorphological interest. The Miage Glacier, in particular, is the most important debris-covered glacier of the Italian Alps, and it has been extensively studied since the 18th century because of its scientific features. In this area, the geomorphological and geological attributes are evaluated at 11 sites that have been individuated along the three main touristic trails, which allow an exploration of the surroundings of the glacial tongue and its two main lobes. Using a methodology previously tested in a fluvial environment, single sites and trails are quantitatively assessed to determine the most suitable trail for educational purposes. Hazards that could potentially affect the trails are considered in terms of both risk education and final selection of the most suitable trails for the various possible user groups. The richness of scientific data in this area should increase its importance as a geomorphosite by increasing the educational value of the Miage Glacier and the Veny Valley.

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    Authors: Michela Angiolillo; Bianca Di Lorenzo; Alessio Farcomeni; Marzia Bo; +7 Authors

    Marine debris is a recognized global ecological concern. Little is known about the extent of the problem in the Mediterranean Sea regarding litter distribution and its influence on deep rocky habitats. A quantitative assessment of debris present in the deep seafloor (30-300 m depth) was carried out in 26 areas off the coast of three Italian regions in the Tyrrhenian Sea, using a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). The dominant type of debris (89%) was represented by fishing gears, mainly lines, while plastic objects were recorded only occasionally. Abundant quantities of gears were found on rocky banks in Sicily and Campania (0.09-0.12 debris m(-2)), proving intense fishing activity. Fifty-four percent of the recorded debris directly impacted benthic organisms, primarily gorgonians, followed by black corals and sponges. This work provides a first insight on the impact of marine debris in Mediterranean deep ecosystems and a valuable baseline for future comparisons.

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    Authors: AUCELLI P. P. C; ROBUSTELLI, Gaetano; ROSSKOPF C. M; SCARCIGLIA, Fabio; +2 Authors

    Abstract Please click here to download the map associated with this article. A 1:50,000-scale geomorphological map of the area between the settlements of Frosolone and Trivento (Molise Region, Italy) is presented and discussed in this paper. Field surveys and air photo interpretations allowed the characterization of the main morphological landforms of the study area, drawn from the reduction of an original 1:5,000-scale field map. The landforms have been grouped on the basis of the main controlling factors, as follows: i) tectonic and structural landforms; ii) slope landforms; iii) karst landforms; iv) fluvial landforms. This map shows the distribution of the geomorphic processes presently active, as well as the main relic landforms. Consequently, the collected data aim to provide a useful and easy tool for land planning policy; in addition, since the study area represents a typical geomorphic scenario of the southern Apennines, the data produced could be used in developing more widely-applicable landscap...

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    Authors: Vettori S.; Cantisani E.; Chelazzi L.; Cuzman O.A.; +2 Authors

    The dark colour of some excavated architectural elements of the Ploutonion, in the archaeological site of Hierapolis of Phrygiae (Turkey), was investigated. The Ploutonion, visited by numerous ancient writers, such as Cicero and Strabo, was a sanctuary dedicated to Pluto and Kore, constructed during the early Imperial period above the entrance to a natural cave, from which thermal waters and poisonous gases emerge. It was used for sacred rituals: sacrifices, incubation and healing. A multi‐analytical approach (X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence, optical and electronic microscopy, and chemical analyses of the thermal spring water) was used in order to define the composition and origin of darkening phenomena of some architectural elements of the Ploutonion.

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    Article . 2019
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    Authors: B.C. SCHREIBER; S. LUGLI; M. BABEL; Lugli, Stefano; +4 Authors

    The Neogene Crotone basin in eastern Calabria contains extensive Messinian evaporite deposits, including thick gypsarenite and halite. The halite deposit reaches a maximum thickness of c. 300 m and in some areas forms relatively small diapirs piercing late Messinian and Pliocene sediments. Halite is strongly modified by folding and recrystallization, but a few primary features are preserved. Four primary halite facies have been recognized: (a) banded halite consisting of folded white and dark bands deposited in a salt pan and/or saline mudflat; (b) white facies, massive halite containing anhydrite nodules, probably formed in a variably desiccating saline lake; (c) clear facies made up of a mosaic of large blocky halite crystals separated by mud, possibly the product of displacive halite growth in a saline mudflat; and (d) breccia facies, a product of dissolution of halite/mudstone/siltstone layers. Residual facies formed from halite dissolution are present as both weld and cap rocks. Weld rocks are thick, undeformed, and composed only of insoluble phases originally included in the salt, whereas cap rocks are thin, strongly sheared and include clasts from the cover rocks. As one of the less investigated deposits formed during the Messinian Salinity Crisis in the Mediterranean, halite was deposited in the Crotone basin, Calabria (south Italy). The extent of the halite deposit is well known, based on the early works of the 1960s that were produced mostly for mineral extraction purposes (Roda 1964), but no detailed description of the halite facies has ever been produced. Since then, our understanding of the Messinian Salinity Crisis has largely improved and facies analysis of the evaporites provided us with new information on their environmental evolution. Although the significance of the Mediterranean halite deposits in the Salinity Crisis framework is not yet well constrained (Manzi et al. 2006), the study of halite facies in Sicily revealed desiccation surfaces (Lugli et al. 1999, 2006) and significant constraints on their depositional environments (Lugli & Lowenstein 1997). This paper documents the halite facies and its dissolution products in the Crotone basin. The scope of this study is to provide new insights on the complexity of the Messinian Salinity Crisis and to provide criteria for the recognition of halite dissolution products that may be useful in tracing elusive weld surfaces. Geological setting and stratigraphy The Crotone basin is located on the northeastern margin of the Calabrian arc and represents the filling of the wedge-top basin of the southern Italy foreland basin system (DeCelles & Giles 1996; Critelli 1999; Fig. 1). Sedimentation in this basin began in the Serravallian?–Tortonian with deposition of a shallow-marine arenaceous– conglomerate succession (San Nicola Fm) passing upward to marine argillaceous deposits (Ponda Fm, Tortonian) and organic-rich laminites (Tripoli Fm, Tortonian–Messinian). During the Messinian the sedimentation in the area was dominated by evaporitic conditions producing sulphate deposits and halite. In the Crotone basin such conditions are recorded mostly by halite (maximum thickness 300 m) and by extensive clastic evaporite deposits, such as a thick gypsarenite body (up to 120 m thick), with minor gypsrudite and limestone breccias. These evaporite deposits are associated with a sedimentary chaotic complex (SCC), consisting of metric blocks of limestone and alabastrine gypsum included in an argillaceous matrix. A late Messinian succession consisting of gypsarenites, sandstones and pelites with a Lago Mare fauna at From: SCHREIBER, B. C., LUGLI, S. & BĄBEL, M. (eds) Evaporites Through Space and Time. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 285, 169–178. DOI: 10.1144/SP285.10 0305-8719/07/$15.00 # The Geological Society of London 2007. the top (Gennari & Iaccarino 2004) onlaps both the chaotic complex and the gypsarenites. An erosional surface separates these latest Messinian deposits from the overlaying fluvial conglomerates (Carvane conglomerates), which are in turn abruptly covered by the off-shore Cavalieri marls (Early Pliocene). The marls grade upward into the shallow-marine Zinga Molasse deposits (Pliocene; Roda 1964; Zecchin et al. 2004). The original stratigraphic relationships of halite with other evaporite sediments (the main gypsarenite body) in the Crotone basin is unclear at present due to diapiric condition of the salt. Seismic and well data from salt mining areas (Belvedere di Spinello; Roda 1964) show that halite is interposed between organic-rich laminites similar to the Tripoli Fm at the base and latest Messinian gypsarenites, arenites and pelites on the top. A few boreholes show that in some areas halite probably lay on top of the Chaotic Complex. Unfortunately these cores are no longer available for scientific examination. Further investigations and planned new cores will help to reconstruct the stratigraphic position of salt. The investigated diapirs are located along N 408and N 808-oriented morphostructural highs and pierce the late Messinian and early Pliocene deposits (Fig. 1). Materials and methods To describe the halite facies we directly sampled diapiric and wall structures in the Zinga village area (Fig. 1). In addition, we also examined a few remaining samples from cores drilled in the past in the salt mining areas (Belvedere di Spinello, Crotone). Detailed provenance and stratigraphic position of these samples are not known and we considered them just for the purpose of facies description completion. For thin section preparation, halite samples were cut into 4 5 3 cm slabs using a diamond saw with a small amount of water to prevent formation of microcracks and significant dissolution artefacts (Schleder & Urai 2005). The slabs were polished dry on grinding paper, mounted on glass plates using epoxy resin and then cut with a wet Fig. 1. Schematic geological map of the Zinga-Belvedere di Spinello area of the Crotone basin, eastern Calabria. S. LUGLI ET AL. 170

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    Geological Society London Special Publications
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    Authors: Camaiti M.; VETTORI, SILVIA; BENVENUTI, MARCO; CHIARANTINI, LAURA; +5 Authors

    A portable hyperspectral device (ASD-FieldSpec FR Pro) has been employed for the characterization of alterations affecting the marble facade of the Santa Maria Novella church (XIII cent.) in Florence (Italy). The ASD-FieldSpec FR Pro collects the reflectance spectra of a selected target area (about 1.5 cm2). The spectra of calcite, gypsum and other mineral phases commonly occurring on outdoor surfaces exposed to the urban atmosphere were collected and presented. The spectral features of alteration minerals (depth of reflectance minima) appear to be affected by grain size, phase abundance in addition to lightness (L*) of the target area. Notwithstanding these limitations, the spectra may be used for a qualitative screening of the alteration and, under reasonable assumptions, the reflectance band depth may be used also for quantitative estimation of phase abundance. The monitoring of the conservation state of outdoor surfaces is considered of fundamental importance to plan conservative interventions on historical buildings. Our results point out that portable hyperspectral instruments may be considered as powerful tools for characterizing historical surfaces in a nondestructive and noninvasive way.

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    Authors: Davide Forcellini; Angelo Marcello Tarantino;

    Soil liquefaction has been observed worldwide during recent major earthquakes with induced effects responsible for much of the damage, disruption of function, and considerable replacement expenses for structures. The phenomenon has not been documented in recent time with such damage in Italian context before the recent Emilia-Romagna Earthquake (May 2012). The main lateral spreading and vertical deformations affected the stability of many buildings and impacted social life inducing valuable lessons on liquefaction risk assessment and remediation. This paper aims first of all to reproduce soil response to liquefaction-induced lateral effects and thus to evaluate stone column mitigation technique effectiveness by gradually increasing the extension of remediation, in order to achieve a satisfactory lower level of permanent deformations. The study is based on the use of a FE computational interface able to analyse the earthquake-induced three-dimensional pore pressure generation adopting one of the most credited nonlinear theories in order to assess realistically the displacements connected to lateral spreading.

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    Authors: Roberto Moretti; Claudia Troise; Federica Sarno; G. De Natale;

    AbstractInterpreting volcanic unrest is a highly challenging and non-unique problem at calderas, since large hydrothermal systems may either hide or amplify the dynamics of buried magma(s). Here we use the exceptional ground displacement and geochemical datasets from the actively degassing Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy) to show that ambiguities disappear when the thermal evolution of the deep hydrothermal system is accurately tracked. By using temperatures from the CO2-CH4 exchange of 13C and thermodynamic analysis of gas ascending in the crust, we demonstrate that after the last 1982–84 crisis the deep hydrothermal system evolved through supercritical conditions under the continuous isenthalpic inflow of hot CO2-rich gases released from the deep (~8 km) magma reservoir of regional size. This resulted in the drying of the base of the hot hydrothermal system, no more buffered along the liquid-vapour equilibrium, and excludes any shallow arrival of new magma, whose abundant steam degassing due to decompression would have restored liquid-vapour equilibrium. The consequent CO2-infiltration and progressive heating of the surrounding deforming rock volume cause the build-up of pore pressure in aquifers, and generate the striking temporal symmetry that characterizes the ongoing uplift and the post-1984 subsidence, both originated by the same but reversed deformation mechanism.

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    Authors: Jeffrey C. Alt; Laura Crispini; Laura Gaggero; David S. Levine; +3 Authors
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    Geology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: M. Carugno; D. Consonni; G. Randi; D. Catelan; +4 Authors

    Abstract Background The Lombardy region in northern Italy ranks among the most air polluted areas of Europe. Previous studies showed air pollution short-term effects on all-cause mortality. We examine here the effects of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure on deaths and hospitalizations from specific causes, including cardiac, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases. Methods We considered air pollution, mortality and hospitalization data for a non-opportunistic sample of 18 highly polluted and most densely populated areas of the region in the years 2003–2006. We obtained area-specific effect estimates for PM10 and NO2 from a Poisson regression model on the daily number of total deaths or cause-specific hospitalizations and then combined them in a Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis. For cause-specific mortality, we applied a case-crossover analysis. Age- and season-specific analyses were also performed. Effect estimates were expressed as percent variation in mortality or hospitalizations associated with a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 or NO2 concentration. Results Natural mortality was positively associated with both pollutants (0.30%, 90% Credibility Interval [CrI]: −0.31; 0.78 for PM10; 0.70%, 90%CrI: 0.10; 1.27 for NO2). Cardiovascular deaths showed a higher percent variation in association with NO2 (1.12%, 90% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.14; 2.11), while the percent variation for respiratory mortality was highest in association with PM10 (1.64%, 90%CI: 0.35; 2.93). The effect of both pollutants was more evident in the summer season. Air pollution was also associated to hospitalizations, the highest variations being 0.77% (90%CrI: 0.22; 1.43) for PM10 and respiratory diseases, and 1.70% (90%CrI: 0.39; 2.84) for NO2 and cerebrovascular diseases. The effect of PM10 on respiratory hospital admissions appeared to increase with age. For both pollutants, effects on cerebrovascular hospitalizations were more evident in subjects aged less than 75 years. Conclusions Our study provided a sound characterization of air pollution exposure and its potential effects on human health in the most polluted, and also most populated and productive, Italian region, further documenting the need for effective public health policies.

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    Authors: I. Bollati; C. Smiraglia; M. Pelfini;

    Glacial environments are considered geomorphosites because they exhibit all of the features that characterise sites of geomorphological interest. The Miage Glacier, in particular, is the most important debris-covered glacier of the Italian Alps, and it has been extensively studied since the 18th century because of its scientific features. In this area, the geomorphological and geological attributes are evaluated at 11 sites that have been individuated along the three main touristic trails, which allow an exploration of the surroundings of the glacial tongue and its two main lobes. Using a methodology previously tested in a fluvial environment, single sites and trails are quantitatively assessed to determine the most suitable trail for educational purposes. Hazards that could potentially affect the trails are considered in terms of both risk education and final selection of the most suitable trails for the various possible user groups. The richness of scientific data in this area should increase its importance as a geomorphosite by increasing the educational value of the Miage Glacier and the Veny Valley.

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    Authors: Michela Angiolillo; Bianca Di Lorenzo; Alessio Farcomeni; Marzia Bo; +7 Authors

    Marine debris is a recognized global ecological concern. Little is known about the extent of the problem in the Mediterranean Sea regarding litter distribution and its influence on deep rocky habitats. A quantitative assessment of debris present in the deep seafloor (30-300 m depth) was carried out in 26 areas off the coast of three Italian regions in the Tyrrhenian Sea, using a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). The dominant type of debris (89%) was represented by fishing gears, mainly lines, while plastic objects were recorded only occasionally. Abundant quantities of gears were found on rocky banks in Sicily and Campania (0.09-0.12 debris m(-2)), proving intense fishing activity. Fifty-four percent of the recorded debris directly impacted benthic organisms, primarily gorgonians, followed by black corals and sponges. This work provides a first insight on the impact of marine debris in Mediterranean deep ecosystems and a valuable baseline for future comparisons.

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    Authors: AUCELLI P. P. C; ROBUSTELLI, Gaetano; ROSSKOPF C. M; SCARCIGLIA, Fabio; +2 Authors

    Abstract Please click here to download the map associated with this article. A 1:50,000-scale geomorphological map of the area between the settlements of Frosolone and Trivento (Molise Region, Italy) is presented and discussed in this paper. Field surveys and air photo interpretations allowed the characterization of the main morphological landforms of the study area, drawn from the reduction of an original 1:5,000-scale field map. The landforms have been grouped on the basis of the main controlling factors, as follows: i) tectonic and structural landforms; ii) slope landforms; iii) karst landforms; iv) fluvial landforms. This map shows the distribution of the geomorphic processes presently active, as well as the main relic landforms. Consequently, the collected data aim to provide a useful and easy tool for land planning policy; in addition, since the study area represents a typical geomorphic scenario of the southern Apennines, the data produced could be used in developing more widely-applicable landscap...

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    Authors: Vettori S.; Cantisani E.; Chelazzi L.; Cuzman O.A.; +2 Authors

    The dark colour of some excavated architectural elements of the Ploutonion, in the archaeological site of Hierapolis of Phrygiae (Turkey), was investigated. The Ploutonion, visited by numerous ancient writers, such as Cicero and Strabo, was a sanctuary dedicated to Pluto and Kore, constructed during the early Imperial period above the entrance to a natural cave, from which thermal waters and poisonous gases emerge. It was used for sacred rituals: sacrifices, incubation and healing. A multi‐analytical approach (X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence, optical and electronic microscopy, and chemical analyses of the thermal spring water) was used in order to define the composition and origin of darkening phenomena of some architectural elements of the Ploutonion.

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    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      CNR ExploRA
      Article . 2019
      Data sources: CNR ExploRA
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