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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Deseri, Luca; Giorgio Gentili; Murrough J. Golden;

    Explicit expressions for the minimum free energy of a linear viscoelastic material and Noll’s definition of state are used here to explore spatial energy decay estimates for viscoelastic bodies, in the full dynamical case and in the quasi-static approximation. In the inertial case, Chirita et al. obtained a certain spatial decay inequality for a space–time integral over a portion of the body and over a finite time interval of the total mechanical energy. This involves the work done on histories, which is not a function of state in general. Here it is shown that for free energies which are functions of state and obey a certain reasonable property, the spatial decay of the corresponding space–time integral is stronger than the one involving the work done on the past history. It turns out that the bound obtained is optimal for the minimal free energy. Two cases are discussed for the quasi-static approximation. The first case deals with general states, so that general histories belonging to the equivalence class of any given state can be considered. The continuity of the stress functional with respect to the norm based on the minimal free energy is proved, and the energy measure based on the minimal free energy turns out to obey the decay inequality derived Chirita et al. for the quasi-static case. The second case explores a crucial point for viscoelastic materials, namely that the response is influenced by the rate of application of loads. Quite surprisingly, the analysis of this phenomenon in the context of Saint-Venant principles has never been carried out explicitly before, even in the linear case. This effect is explored by considering states, the related histories of which are sinusoidal. The spatial decay parameter is shown to be frequency-dependent, i.e. it depends on the rate of load application, and it is proved that of those considered, the most conservative estimate of the frequency-dependent decay is associated with the minimal free energy. A comparison is made of the results for sinusoidal histories at low frequencies and general histories.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2014
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      Arrow@TU Dublin
      Article . 2014
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Andrea Bourke; Daniela Oboroceanu; Nathan Quill; Catherine Lenihan; +10 Authors

    Two aspects of vanadium flow batteries are reviewed: electrochemical kinetics on carbon electrodes and positive electrolyte stability. There is poor agreement between reported values of kinetic parameters; however, most authors report that kinetic rates are faster for VIV/VVthan for VII/VIII. Cycling the electrode potential increases the rates of both reactions initially due to roughening but when no further roughening is observed, the VII/VIIIand VIV/VVreactions are affected oppositely by the pretreatment potential. Anodic pretreatment activates the electrode for the VII/VIIIreaction, and deactivates it for VIV/VV. Three states of the carbon surface are suggested: reduced and oxidized states R and O, respectively, both with low electrocatalytic activity, and an intermediate state M with higher activity. The role of surface functional groups and the mechanisms of electron transfer for the VII/VIIIand VIV/VVreactions are still not well understood. The induction time for precipitation of V2O5from positive electrolytes decreases with temperature, showing an Arrhenius-type dependence with an activation energy of 1.79 eV in agreement with DFT calculations based on a VO(OH)3intermediate. It also decreases exponentially with increasing VVconcentration and increases exponentially with increasing sulphate concentration. Both arsenate and phosphate are effective additives for improving thermal stability.

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    Journal of The Electrochemical Society
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY SA
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    University of Limerick Research Repository
    Other literature type . Article . 2023
    License: CC BY NC SA
    https://doi.org/10.34961/resea...
    Other literature type . 2023
    License: CC BY NC SA
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of The Elect...arrow_drop_down
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      Journal of The Electrochemical Society
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
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      Arrow@TU Dublin
      Article . 2023
      License: CC BY SA
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      University of Limerick Research Repository
      Other literature type . Article . 2023
      License: CC BY NC SA
      https://doi.org/10.34961/resea...
      Other literature type . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Yu. P. Panarin; S. P. Sreenilayam; Jagdish K. Vij; A. Lehmann; +1 Authors

    We report on the observation of an electro-optical effect for a linear rotation of the optical axis as a function of the electric field in an achiral tilted bent-core liquid crystalline compound, in which the 4-cyanoresorcinol bisbenzoate core is symmetrically terminated by long linear alkyl chains (n = 16) on both ends. The linear electro-optical effect observed in this material is similar to the deformed helical ferroelectric liquid crystal (DHFLC) effect reported previously in a FLC material except that dimensions of the helical pitch differ by two orders of magnitude. In a chiral system, the helical pitch usually lies on the scale of sub-optical wavelength, ∼0.3 μm, depending on the material and the temperature, whereas in an achiral system, the pitch lies on the nm scale. The DHFLC mode shows fast, analog switching due to a gradual distortion of the uniform helical structure by the electric field; the switching speed is faster than that for the chiral system. In contrast to the chiral FLCs, achiral liquid crystalline materials appear to be better candidates for applications in displays and photonic technologies.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2017
    License: CC BY
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    Journal of Materials Chemistry C
    Article
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Materials Chemistry C
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Royal Society of Chemistry Licence to Publish
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Arrow@TU Dublinarrow_drop_down
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      Arrow@TU Dublin
      Article . 2017
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      Journal of Materials Chemistry C
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Materials Chemistry C
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: S P, Sreenilayam; D, Rodriguez-Lojo; V P, Panov; V, Swaminathan; +5 Authors

    Calamitic liquid crystals based on 5-phenyl-pyrimidine derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. The 5-phenyl pyrimidine core was functionalized with a chiral (R,R)-2,3-epoxyhexoxy chain on one side and either siloxane or perfluoro terminated chains on the opposite side. The one involving a perfluorinated chain shows $\mathrm{Sm}{A}^{*}$ phase over a wide temperature range of 82 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, whereas the siloxane analog exhibits both $\mathrm{Sm}{A}^{*}$ and $\mathrm{Sm}{C}^{*}$ phases over a broad range of temperatures, and a weak first-order $\mathrm{Sm}{A}^{*}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Sm}{C}^{*}$ transition is observed. For the siloxane analog, the reduction factor for the layer shrinkage R (relative to its thickness at the $\mathrm{Sm}{A}^{*}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Sm}{C}^{*}$ transition temperature, ${T}_{\mathrm{AC}}$) is $\ensuremath{\sim}0.373$, and layer shrinkage is 1.7% at a temperature of 13 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C below the ${T}_{\mathrm{AC}}$. This compound is considered to have ``de Vries smectic'' characteristics with the de Vries coefficient ${C}_{\mathrm{deVries}}$ of \ensuremath{\sim}0.86 on the scale of zero (maximum-layer shrinkage) to 1 (zero-layer shrinkage). A three-parameter mean-field model is introduced for the orientational distribution function (ODF) to reproduce the electro-optic properties. This model explains the experimental results and leads to the ODF, which exhibits a crossover from the sugar-loaf to diffuse-cone ODF some 3 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C above ${T}_{\mathrm{AC}}$.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Arrow@TU Dublinarrow_drop_down
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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2017
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    https://link.aps.org/accepted/...
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    https://doi.org/10.1103/physre...
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2017
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      https://doi.org/10.1103/physre...
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Panarin, Yuri P; Sreenilayam, Sithara P; Vij, Jagdish K; Lehmann, Anne; +1 Authors

    Two homologue achiral bent-core liquid crystals (LCs), BCN66 and BCN84, in their nematic phases are studied by dielectric spectroscopy in the frequency range 10 Hz–10 MHz. In each of these compounds, two relaxation processes are identified and assigned to (i) collective dynamics of molecules in nanometer-sized cybotactic clusters and (ii) individual molecular relaxations, in the ascending order of frequency of the probe field. The temperature and the bias electric field dependence of the dielectric strength and relaxation frequency for these processes are shown to give rise to sharpness in cluster boundaries, increased size and volume fraction in the LC nematic phase. The effect of the bias field on the LC cell is similar to reducing its temperature; both variables increase the cluster size and volume fraction and give rise to sharp cluster boundaries. The findings confirm that dielectric spectroscopy is a powerful and an extremely useful technique to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanism of cybotactic cluster formation in the isotropic liquid and the nematic phase of LCs as a function of temperature and the bias field.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2018
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    Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
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    Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2018
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      Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
      Article
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      Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Paraschiv, Marius; Salamanos, Nikos; Iordanou, Costas; Laoutaris, Nikolaos; +1 Authors

    As recent events have demonstrated, disinformation spread through social networks can have dire political, economic and social consequences. Detecting disinformation must inevitably rely on the structure of the network, on users particularities and on event occurrence patterns. We present a graph data structure, which we denote as a meta-graph, that combines underlying users' relational event information, as well as semantic and topical modeling. We detail the construction of an example meta-graph using Twitter data covering the 2016 US election campaign and then compare the detection of disinformation at cascade level, using well-known graph neural network algorithms, to the same algorithms applied on the meta-graph nodes. The comparison shows a consistent 3%-4% improvement in accuracy when using the meta-graph, over all considered algorithms, compared to basic cascade classification, and a further 1% increase when topic modeling and sentiment analysis are considered. We carry out the same experiment on two other datasets, HealthRelease and HealthStory, part of the FakeHealth dataset repository, with consistent results. Finally, we discuss further advantages of our approach, such as the ability to augment the graph structure using external data sources, the ease with which multiple meta-graphs can be combined as well as a comparison of our method to other graph-based disinformation detection frameworks. IMDEA Networks inpress true

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Stella, Lorenzo; Johnston, Conrad; Troncoso, Javier; Chudzinski, Piotr; +9 Authors

    Because of the thermoelectric (TE) effect (or Seebeck effect), a difference of potential is generated as a consequence of a temperature gradient across a sample. The TE effect has been mostly studied and engineered in semiconducting materials and it already finds several commercial applications. Only recently the TE effect in cement-based materials has been demonstrated and there is a growing interest in its potential. For instance, a temperature gradient across the external walls of a building can be used to generate electricity. By the inverse of the TE effect (or Peltier effect), one can also seek to control the indoor temperature of a building by biasing TE elements embedded in its external walls. In designing possible applications, the TE properties of cement-based materials must be determined as a function of their chemical composition. For instance, the TE properties of cement paste can be enhanced by the addition of metal oxide (e.g., Fe2O3) powder. In this paper, a single thermoelectric leg is studied using the finite element method. Metal oxide additives in the cement paste are modelled as spherical inhomogeneities. The thermoelectric properties of the single components are based on experimental data, while the overall thermoelectric properties of the composites are obtained from the numerical model. The results of this numerical study are interpreted according to the effective medium theory (EMT) and its generalisation (GEMT).

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    https://doi.org/10.21427/tc4z-...
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      https://doi.org/10.21427/tc4z-...
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    Authors: Vitaly P. Panov; S. P. Sreenilayam; Yuri P. Panarin; Jagdish K. Vij; +2 Authors

    Photo-polymerization of a reactive mesogen mixed with a mesogenic dimer, shown to exhibit the twist-bend nematic phase ($N_{TB}$), reveals the complex structure of the self-deformation patterns observed in planar cells. The polymerized reactive mesogen retains the structure formed by liquid crystalline molecules in the twist bend phase, thus enabling observation by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hierarchical ordering scales from tens of nanometers to micrometers are imaged in detail. Submicron features, anticipated from earlier X-ray experiments, are visualized directly. In the self-deformation stripes formed in the $N_{TB}$ phase, the average director field is found tilted in the cell plane by an angle of up to 45$^{\circ}$ from the cell rubbing direction. This tilting explains the sign inversion being observed in the electro-optical studies.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Nano Letters
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: Sharma, Virender Kumar; Triantis, T.M.; He, Xuexiang; Pelaez, Miguel A.; +8 Authors

    Abstract Cyanobacteria blooms pose an environmental hazard because of the release of water soluble toxic compounds, called cyanotoxins. Microcystins (MCs), hepatotoxic cyclic peptide toxins, are the most widespread cyanotoxins with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) the most common and toxic variant. Health effects of MCs have resulted in the need of using efficient treatment methods for the removal of this class of toxins in water supplies. While physical treatment methods can remove MCs at full or some extent from contaminated water, their function is primary separation of the whole toxins as intact molecules and further processing is required. On the other hand, chemical oxidation processes are a promising alternative treatment option due to the potential of complete destruction of the MCs, transformation to less toxic by-products, and even complete mineralization. MCs reactivity towards different conventional oxidants is strongly affected by water quality parameters like pH, DOC and oxidant dose. Although there is a general trend for MCs oxidation (ozone > permanganate > chlorine >>> chlorine-based oxidants), the selection of the appropriate oxidant for toxin elimination during water treatment should be assessed for each particular source of water. Although advanced oxidation processes are generally more effective on MCs degradation than conventional oxidation processes, scale-up studies are needed before these methods are considered as economically-feasible and practical sustainable alternatives in water treatment facilities. In this review, recent literature concerning treatment of MCs in water by conventional and advanced oxidation processes are reviewed and discussed in terms of the degree of degradation, reaction kinetics, identity and toxicity of oxidation by-products and possible degradation pathways.

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    Separation and Purification Technology
    Other literature type . Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Separation and Purification Technology
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    Authors: Sofoclis Zambirinis; Harrison Hartle; Fragkiskos Papadopoulos;

    We consider and analyze a dynamic model of random hyperbolic graphs with link persistence. In the model, both connections and disconnections can be propagated from the current to the next snapshot with probability $\omega \in [0, 1)$. Otherwise, with probability $1-\omega$, connections are reestablished according to the random hyperbolic graphs model. We show that while the persistence probability $\omega$ affects the averages of the contact and intercontact distributions, it does not affect the tails of these distributions, which decay as power laws with exponents that do not depend on $\omega$. We also consider examples of real temporal networks, and we show that the considered model can adequately reproduce several of their dynamical properties. Our results advance our understanding of the realistic modeling of temporal networks and of the effects of link persistence on temporal network properties. Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures. Generalizes the model in arXiv:1907.00073

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    Ktisis
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    Authors: Deseri, Luca; Giorgio Gentili; Murrough J. Golden;

    Explicit expressions for the minimum free energy of a linear viscoelastic material and Noll’s definition of state are used here to explore spatial energy decay estimates for viscoelastic bodies, in the full dynamical case and in the quasi-static approximation. In the inertial case, Chirita et al. obtained a certain spatial decay inequality for a space–time integral over a portion of the body and over a finite time interval of the total mechanical energy. This involves the work done on histories, which is not a function of state in general. Here it is shown that for free energies which are functions of state and obey a certain reasonable property, the spatial decay of the corresponding space–time integral is stronger than the one involving the work done on the past history. It turns out that the bound obtained is optimal for the minimal free energy. Two cases are discussed for the quasi-static approximation. The first case deals with general states, so that general histories belonging to the equivalence class of any given state can be considered. The continuity of the stress functional with respect to the norm based on the minimal free energy is proved, and the energy measure based on the minimal free energy turns out to obey the decay inequality derived Chirita et al. for the quasi-static case. The second case explores a crucial point for viscoelastic materials, namely that the response is influenced by the rate of application of loads. Quite surprisingly, the analysis of this phenomenon in the context of Saint-Venant principles has never been carried out explicitly before, even in the linear case. This effect is explored by considering states, the related histories of which are sinusoidal. The spatial decay parameter is shown to be frequency-dependent, i.e. it depends on the rate of load application, and it is proved that of those considered, the most conservative estimate of the frequency-dependent decay is associated with the minimal free energy. A comparison is made of the results for sinusoidal histories at low frequencies and general histories.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2014
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    Authors: Andrea Bourke; Daniela Oboroceanu; Nathan Quill; Catherine Lenihan; +10 Authors

    Two aspects of vanadium flow batteries are reviewed: electrochemical kinetics on carbon electrodes and positive electrolyte stability. There is poor agreement between reported values of kinetic parameters; however, most authors report that kinetic rates are faster for VIV/VVthan for VII/VIII. Cycling the electrode potential increases the rates of both reactions initially due to roughening but when no further roughening is observed, the VII/VIIIand VIV/VVreactions are affected oppositely by the pretreatment potential. Anodic pretreatment activates the electrode for the VII/VIIIreaction, and deactivates it for VIV/VV. Three states of the carbon surface are suggested: reduced and oxidized states R and O, respectively, both with low electrocatalytic activity, and an intermediate state M with higher activity. The role of surface functional groups and the mechanisms of electron transfer for the VII/VIIIand VIV/VVreactions are still not well understood. The induction time for precipitation of V2O5from positive electrolytes decreases with temperature, showing an Arrhenius-type dependence with an activation energy of 1.79 eV in agreement with DFT calculations based on a VO(OH)3intermediate. It also decreases exponentially with increasing VVconcentration and increases exponentially with increasing sulphate concentration. Both arsenate and phosphate are effective additives for improving thermal stability.

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    Journal of The Electrochemical Society
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2023
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    https://doi.org/10.34961/resea...
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      Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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      Arrow@TU Dublin
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      Other literature type . Article . 2023
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    Authors: Yu. P. Panarin; S. P. Sreenilayam; Jagdish K. Vij; A. Lehmann; +1 Authors

    We report on the observation of an electro-optical effect for a linear rotation of the optical axis as a function of the electric field in an achiral tilted bent-core liquid crystalline compound, in which the 4-cyanoresorcinol bisbenzoate core is symmetrically terminated by long linear alkyl chains (n = 16) on both ends. The linear electro-optical effect observed in this material is similar to the deformed helical ferroelectric liquid crystal (DHFLC) effect reported previously in a FLC material except that dimensions of the helical pitch differ by two orders of magnitude. In a chiral system, the helical pitch usually lies on the scale of sub-optical wavelength, ∼0.3 μm, depending on the material and the temperature, whereas in an achiral system, the pitch lies on the nm scale. The DHFLC mode shows fast, analog switching due to a gradual distortion of the uniform helical structure by the electric field; the switching speed is faster than that for the chiral system. In contrast to the chiral FLCs, achiral liquid crystalline materials appear to be better candidates for applications in displays and photonic technologies.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2017
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    Journal of Materials Chemistry C
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    Journal of Materials Chemistry C
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Materials Chemistry C
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      Journal of Materials Chemistry C
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    Authors: S P, Sreenilayam; D, Rodriguez-Lojo; V P, Panov; V, Swaminathan; +5 Authors

    Calamitic liquid crystals based on 5-phenyl-pyrimidine derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. The 5-phenyl pyrimidine core was functionalized with a chiral (R,R)-2,3-epoxyhexoxy chain on one side and either siloxane or perfluoro terminated chains on the opposite side. The one involving a perfluorinated chain shows $\mathrm{Sm}{A}^{*}$ phase over a wide temperature range of 82 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, whereas the siloxane analog exhibits both $\mathrm{Sm}{A}^{*}$ and $\mathrm{Sm}{C}^{*}$ phases over a broad range of temperatures, and a weak first-order $\mathrm{Sm}{A}^{*}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Sm}{C}^{*}$ transition is observed. For the siloxane analog, the reduction factor for the layer shrinkage R (relative to its thickness at the $\mathrm{Sm}{A}^{*}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Sm}{C}^{*}$ transition temperature, ${T}_{\mathrm{AC}}$) is $\ensuremath{\sim}0.373$, and layer shrinkage is 1.7% at a temperature of 13 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C below the ${T}_{\mathrm{AC}}$. This compound is considered to have ``de Vries smectic'' characteristics with the de Vries coefficient ${C}_{\mathrm{deVries}}$ of \ensuremath{\sim}0.86 on the scale of zero (maximum-layer shrinkage) to 1 (zero-layer shrinkage). A three-parameter mean-field model is introduced for the orientational distribution function (ODF) to reproduce the electro-optic properties. This model explains the experimental results and leads to the ODF, which exhibits a crossover from the sugar-loaf to diffuse-cone ODF some 3 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C above ${T}_{\mathrm{AC}}$.

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    Article . 2017
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    https://doi.org/10.1103/physre...
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Panarin, Yuri P; Sreenilayam, Sithara P; Vij, Jagdish K; Lehmann, Anne; +1 Authors

    Two homologue achiral bent-core liquid crystals (LCs), BCN66 and BCN84, in their nematic phases are studied by dielectric spectroscopy in the frequency range 10 Hz–10 MHz. In each of these compounds, two relaxation processes are identified and assigned to (i) collective dynamics of molecules in nanometer-sized cybotactic clusters and (ii) individual molecular relaxations, in the ascending order of frequency of the probe field. The temperature and the bias electric field dependence of the dielectric strength and relaxation frequency for these processes are shown to give rise to sharpness in cluster boundaries, increased size and volume fraction in the LC nematic phase. The effect of the bias field on the LC cell is similar to reducing its temperature; both variables increase the cluster size and volume fraction and give rise to sharp cluster boundaries. The findings confirm that dielectric spectroscopy is a powerful and an extremely useful technique to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanism of cybotactic cluster formation in the isotropic liquid and the nematic phase of LCs as a function of temperature and the bias field.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2018
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    Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
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    Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
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      Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
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      Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
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    Authors: Paraschiv, Marius; Salamanos, Nikos; Iordanou, Costas; Laoutaris, Nikolaos; +1 Authors

    As recent events have demonstrated, disinformation spread through social networks can have dire political, economic and social consequences. Detecting disinformation must inevitably rely on the structure of the network, on users particularities and on event occurrence patterns. We present a graph data structure, which we denote as a meta-graph, that combines underlying users' relational event information, as well as semantic and topical modeling. We detail the construction of an example meta-graph using Twitter data covering the 2016 US election campaign and then compare the detection of disinformation at cascade level, using well-known graph neural network algorithms, to the same algorithms applied on the meta-graph nodes. The comparison shows a consistent 3%-4% improvement in accuracy when using the meta-graph, over all considered algorithms, compared to basic cascade classification, and a further 1% increase when topic modeling and sentiment analysis are considered. We carry out the same experiment on two other datasets, HealthRelease and HealthStory, part of the FakeHealth dataset repository, with consistent results. Finally, we discuss further advantages of our approach, such as the ability to augment the graph structure using external data sources, the ease with which multiple meta-graphs can be combined as well as a comparison of our method to other graph-based disinformation detection frameworks. IMDEA Networks inpress true

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Stella, Lorenzo; Johnston, Conrad; Troncoso, Javier; Chudzinski, Piotr; +9 Authors

    Because of the thermoelectric (TE) effect (or Seebeck effect), a difference of potential is generated as a consequence of a temperature gradient across a sample. The TE effect has been mostly studied and engineered in semiconducting materials and it already finds several commercial applications. Only recently the TE effect in cement-based materials has been demonstrated and there is a growing interest in its potential. For instance, a temperature gradient across the external walls of a building can be used to generate electricity. By the inverse of the TE effect (or Peltier effect), one can also seek to control the indoor temperature of a building by biasing TE elements embedded in its external walls. In designing possible applications, the TE properties of cement-based materials must be determined as a function of their chemical composition. For instance, the TE properties of cement paste can be enhanced by the addition of metal oxide (e.g., Fe2O3) powder. In this paper, a single thermoelectric leg is studied using the finite element method. Metal oxide additives in the cement paste are modelled as spherical inhomogeneities. The thermoelectric properties of the single components are based on experimental data, while the overall thermoelectric properties of the composites are obtained from the numerical model. The results of this numerical study are interpreted according to the effective medium theory (EMT) and its generalisation (GEMT).

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    https://doi.org/10.21427/tc4z-...
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    Authors: Vitaly P. Panov; S. P. Sreenilayam; Yuri P. Panarin; Jagdish K. Vij; +2 Authors

    Photo-polymerization of a reactive mesogen mixed with a mesogenic dimer, shown to exhibit the twist-bend nematic phase ($N_{TB}$), reveals the complex structure of the self-deformation patterns observed in planar cells. The polymerized reactive mesogen retains the structure formed by liquid crystalline molecules in the twist bend phase, thus enabling observation by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hierarchical ordering scales from tens of nanometers to micrometers are imaged in detail. Submicron features, anticipated from earlier X-ray experiments, are visualized directly. In the self-deformation stripes formed in the $N_{TB}$ phase, the average director field is found tilted in the cell plane by an angle of up to 45$^{\circ}$ from the cell rubbing direction. This tilting explains the sign inversion being observed in the electro-optical studies.

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: Sharma, Virender Kumar; Triantis, T.M.; He, Xuexiang; Pelaez, Miguel A.; +8 Authors

    Abstract Cyanobacteria blooms pose an environmental hazard because of the release of water soluble toxic compounds, called cyanotoxins. Microcystins (MCs), hepatotoxic cyclic peptide toxins, are the most widespread cyanotoxins with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) the most common and toxic variant. Health effects of MCs have resulted in the need of using efficient treatment methods for the removal of this class of toxins in water supplies. While physical treatment methods can remove MCs at full or some extent from contaminated water, their function is primary separation of the whole toxins as intact molecules and further processing is required. On the other hand, chemical oxidation processes are a promising alternative treatment option due to the potential of complete destruction of the MCs, transformation to less toxic by-products, and even complete mineralization. MCs reactivity towards different conventional oxidants is strongly affected by water quality parameters like pH, DOC and oxidant dose. Although there is a general trend for MCs oxidation (ozone > permanganate > chlorine >>> chlorine-based oxidants), the selection of the appropriate oxidant for toxin elimination during water treatment should be assessed for each particular source of water. Although advanced oxidation processes are generally more effective on MCs degradation than conventional oxidation processes, scale-up studies are needed before these methods are considered as economically-feasible and practical sustainable alternatives in water treatment facilities. In this review, recent literature concerning treatment of MCs in water by conventional and advanced oxidation processes are reviewed and discussed in terms of the degree of degradation, reaction kinetics, identity and toxicity of oxidation by-products and possible degradation pathways.

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    Separation and Purification Technology
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    Authors: Sofoclis Zambirinis; Harrison Hartle; Fragkiskos Papadopoulos;

    We consider and analyze a dynamic model of random hyperbolic graphs with link persistence. In the model, both connections and disconnections can be propagated from the current to the next snapshot with probability $\omega \in [0, 1)$. Otherwise, with probability $1-\omega$, connections are reestablished according to the random hyperbolic graphs model. We show that while the persistence probability $\omega$ affects the averages of the contact and intercontact distributions, it does not affect the tails of these distributions, which decay as power laws with exponents that do not depend on $\omega$. We also consider examples of real temporal networks, and we show that the considered model can adequately reproduce several of their dynamical properties. Our results advance our understanding of the realistic modeling of temporal networks and of the effects of link persistence on temporal network properties. Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures. Generalizes the model in arXiv:1907.00073

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