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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Maurice Streel; Jacques Thorez; Mario Vicente Caputo; Stanislas Loboziak; +1 Authors

    Varvelike rhythmites, usually laminated siltstones and shales with scattered clasts, are known from outcrops and well cores of the upper Cabeças Formation in the Parnaíba (Maranhão) Basin, Brazil, with sediments laid down under glacial and periglacial conditions. Palynological study from different lithologies, indicates a latest Famennian age (LN Zone). Sedimentological approach of one rhythmite indicates that the grain-size contrast clearly separate between silt and sand layers but that all layers, even the dark silty ones, show features characteristic of sediment-gravity flows. Lateral influx was permanent during the deposition of the sediment. Clay analyses reveal the predominance of kaolinite probably originated from Middle Devonian rocks. Latest Famennian miospores and acritarchs are present and confirm the marine character of the depositionnal environment but a large part (70%) of the palynological material is reworked from Givetian / Frasnian rocks. No reworked miospores from early to late Famennian can be demonstrated. At least two distinct source-areas of the reworked material, Givetian (or older) and Frasnian, can be recognized. Contemporaneous miospores are significally less present in the tillites and associated shale than in the laminites which suggest that they are produced locally, the glacial tongue, carrying the reworked part of the material, only partially overlapping adjacent environments. The rythmites are presumed to be true varves, the sandy layers being first settled after the local seasonal melting of the ice cover and the rush of fresh water supply into the sea, the silty layers being deposited when the spring water run-off decreases. The Vallatisporites mother-plant, believed to live in a swamp margin environment, might have been the first to produce spores immediately after the melting of the ice cover

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    Geologica Belgica
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    Geologica Belgica
    Article . 2001 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Geologica Belgicaarrow_drop_down
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      Geologica Belgica
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      Geologica Belgica
      Article . 2001 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Simon Delvoie; Frédéric Boulvain; Robert Charlier; Frédéric Collin;

    1. IntroductionLoess is an aeolian deposit characterized by a very well sorted grain size distribution predominantly ranging between 10-50 µm (corresponding to coarse silt from ASTM D2487-06). In its detailed definition of loess, Pecsi (1990, 1995) added that the weight percentage of the silt fraction corresponds to 40-70%. Geologists, geomorphologists and soil scientists usually consider this material as a sedimentary sequence with heterogeneities even at local scale (palaeosols, unconformity surfaces, palaeovalleys...). In addition to preliminary survey works, characterization of loess and resulting interpretations are classically performed by sedimentological (e.g. Antoine et al., 2013; Guo et al., 2013), pedological (e.g. Ding et al., 1999; Schellenberger & Veit, 2006), mineralogical (e.g. Smykatz-Kloss et al., 2004; Pouclet et al., 2008; Pouclet & Juvigne, 2009) and chronostratigraphic (e.g. Buylaert et al., 2008; Roberts, 2008) studies. Results of these studies point out a succession of layers and horizons including removed sediments, eventual tephra (e.g. Pouclet et al., 2008; Pouclet & Juvigne, 2009) and post-depositional processes as palaeosols formation (e.g. Antoine et al., 2013; Guo et al., 2013; Schellenberger & Veit, 2006), redox processes, chemical and mineralogical modifications (e.g. Schellenberger & Veit, 2006). Moreover, loess deposits are very easily erodible, raising the complexity for stratigraphic studies due to the presence of locally eroded layers and

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    Geologica Belgica
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Geologica Belgica
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Geologica Belgicaarrow_drop_down
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      Geologica Belgica
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Prestianni, C.; Sautois, M.; Denayer, J.;

    1. Introduction The Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary (DCB) is associated with one of the most severe biocrises through the Phanereozoic, namely the Hangenberg Event or Hangenberg Biocrisis. Long considered as a second-order extinction event, this biocrisis is now regarded as equally severe as the global Late Frasnian Kellwasser Biocrisis as it led c. 45% of marine genera to extinction and wiped out entire ecosystems at the end of the Famennian Age (Becker et al., 2016 and references within). Research traditionally focused on the Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary, i.e. for the search for a basal Carboniferous GSSP and a biostratigraphic scheme, but high resolution data on extinctions all through the Hangenberg Biocrisis are still a work in progress, and mainly concern the marine realm (see the synopsis by Kaiser et al., 2015 and references within). What happened on continents is less clear. The latest Famennian flora is traditionally seen as a homogeneous cover of “Archaeopteridalean forests” (Fairon-Demaret, 1986; Jarvis, 1990) that is associated to the homogeneous “lepidophyta palynoflora” (Streel et al., 2000) typical of that interval. This assemblage suffered from the biocrisis but did not become extinct before the DCB (Streel & Marshall, 2006). Consequently, there is a marked time shift between the main extinction events in the marine and terrestrial realms, which points to clear differences on the effects of the biocrisis between both realms (e.g. McGhee, 2013). Timing of t

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Open Marine Archivearrow_drop_down
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    Geologica Belgica
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    Geologica Belgica
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Open Marine Archivearrow_drop_down
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      Geologica Belgica
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      Geologica Belgica
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jef Deckers; Stephen Louwye;

    An east-west correlation profile through the upper Neogene succession north of Antwerp, based on cone penetration tests, reveals the architecture of the lower Pliocene Kattendijk Formation. It shows a basal incision of the Kattendijk Formation down to 20 m in Miocene sands and locally even Lower Oligocene clays. The incision is part of a much larger gully system in the region at the base of the Kattendijk Formation. The strongest gully incision is observed along the western profile, and coincides with increases in the thickness of the Kattendijk Formation from its typical four to six meters thickness in the east towards a maximum of 15 m in the west. Correlations show that this additional thickness represents a separate sequence of the Kattendijk Formation that first filled the deepest part of the gully prior to being transgressed and covered by the second sequence deposited in a larger gully system. Both sequences of the Kattendijk Formation have basal transgressive layers, and are lithologically identical. Initial, deep incision at the base of the Kattendijk Formation might have been the result of the constriction of early Pliocene tidal currents that invaded and expanded fluvial or estuarine gullies that had developed during the latest Miocene sea-level low. A similar mechanism had been proposed for the development of late Miocene gully system at the base of the Diest Formation further southeast in northern Belgium. As the wider area was transgressed and covered by the second sequence of the Kattendijk Formation, flow constriction ended, currents weakened and gully incisions were reduced in size.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ghent University Aca...arrow_drop_down
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    Geologica Belgica
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    Geologica Belgica
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ghent University Aca...arrow_drop_down
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      Geologica Belgica
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      Geologica Belgica
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Pierre Bultynck; Fernand Geukens; Annik Smolderen;

    The Malmédy Formation, subdivided into three members and consisting essentially of reddish continental conglomerate deposits, is exposed in a 2.5 km to 0.5 km wide and about 22 km long graben structure across the Stavelot Massif, in the eastern part of the Ardennes. It is most likely of Permian age.

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    Geologica Belgica
    Article . 2002 . Peer-reviewed
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      Geologica Belgica
      Article . 2002 . Peer-reviewed
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      Geologica Belgica
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    Authors: Philip L. Gibbard; John Lewin;

    1. IntroductionThe recognition that the present landscape is a product of the long-term interaction of tectonics and climate is one of the fundamental concepts in historical geoscience. Determining the response of the environment to these changes has been further emphasised by attempts to understand the relationship between rates of tectonic activity and sedimentation or erosion and the interplay of these factors with climate change (e.g. Cloetingh et al., 2005). Moreover, the dynamic linkage of erosion and tectonics results in major impacts on changes of the Earth’s climate through the evolution of major continental topography and vice versa.The form of the Earth’s topography actually results from the net interaction of processes operating at a wide range of time scales. These include long- and short-term tectonic uplift, subsidence, phases of glaciation, and climatic and environmental changes. In northern Europe, these processes, operating simultaneously through the Cenozoic, have left a record of changing conditions that have determined the form of the present landscape. The emphasis recently has been on relatively short-term interactions involving quasi-simultaneous uplift followed shortly by incision, paced alongside Late Pleistocene marine isotope stages, and interacting with climatic fluctuations. Here we take a longer view, that of Cenozoic uplift centres changing in intensity and location, and thus sediment feeds and alluvial styles, feeding into a depositional basin

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    Authors: Cecile Baeteman;

    The initiation of this special volume was based on a suggestion by Roland Paepe, Quaternary Geologist at the Belgian Geological Survey between 1964-1999, that a collection of research and review papers on the Quaternary Geology of Belgium might be a suitable theme to commemorate the centennial of the Survey.The principal objective of this special volume is to document recent developments in the Quaternary Geology of Belgium and to present a comprehensive account of the present understanding of stratigraphy and processes. Indeed, the generally accepted current ideas about the Quaternary Geology, frequently repeated in most of the existing syn­theses, were in urgent need of re-evaluation. Papers have been solicited in order to give the broadest possible cover­age. Invitations to contribute to the volume were sent out to 15 potential authors in January 1997 from whom 7 contributors submitted single or joint-authored manuscripts.The papers encapsulate research themes that are currently investigated in Belgium. Although they represent a limited geographical coverage, it is hoped that this shortcoming will stimulate constructive thought rather than frustration.The first three papers deal with regional stratigraphy. Paul Haesaerts and co-authors give for the first time a detailed reconstruction and interpretation of the Rocourt soil preserved in a 20 m thick loess record at Remicourt. Willy Huybrechts presents an outline of the floodplain sediments of medium-sized rivers in the west

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    Geologica Belgica
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    Authors: Dirk K. Munsterman; Jef Deckers;

    Based on palynologic interpretations, the Oligocene/Miocene boundary was identified in the cored samples of the ON-Mol-1 and Weelde boreholes in the southern North Sea Basin. In both boreholes, the presumed location of the Oligocene/Miocene boundary is marked by a thin gravel bed, which testifies of a hiatus, within a continuation of shelly, dark green to black fine glauconitic sands. In the Weelde borehole, the hiatus is relatively short as the dinocysts under- and overlying the gravel bed suggest a late(st) Chattian and early Aquitanian age. This study thereby for the first time indicates the presence of Aquitanian strata in the area. In the ON-Mol-1 borehole, located south of the Weelde borehole, the hiatus is longer as dinocysts under- and overlying the gravel bed suggest an early Chattian and late Aquitanian age. The wider ranges of the hiatus might be the result of the combination of erosion/non-deposition of late Chattian strata and the gradual transgression of the southern North Sea Basin from north to south after the Oligocene/Miocene sea-level fall. The sampled interval around the Oligocene/Miocene boundary contains a lot of reworked Paleogene (including irregular upper Oligocene species occurrences) and Mesozoic taxa, which explains why the Miocene strata in the ON-Mol-1 and Weelde boreholes were dated as Chattian by previous studies.

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    Authors: Stephen Louwye; Jef Deckers; Noël Vandenberghe;

    1. Introduction During the Pliocene the North Sea Basin was a semi-enclosed basin and connection with the Atlantic Ocean existed only via the North (Ziegler, 1990) since the southern connection was impeded by the Weald-Artois Axis. However, Dearing Crampton-Flood et al. (2020) advance the concept that during high sea levels temporary connections may have existed, deduced from palaeontological data (Funnel, 1996) and sea-level evolution (Gibbard & Lewin, 2016). The Pliocene North Sea Basin was a shallow shelf sea with depths not exceeding 100 m (Overeem et al., 2001). The Belgian Pliocene was deposited at the very southern edge of the basin and is characterised by shallow to marginal marine and even fluviatile depositional environments, hampering the lateral correlation between different units. The Pliocene in Belgium is restricted to its northern part in the Antwerp Harbour area and the Antwerp and Limburg Campine areas (Fig. 1). The end of Miocene times saw a global sea-level drop related to a glacial period set between 6.26 Ma and 5.50 Ma (Hodell et al., 2001) and according to Braga & Martin (1996) the sea-level fall was in the range of tens of metres. During the early Pliocene Zanclean stage northern Belgium remained mainly above water and only limited sedimentation took place in the western area resulting in the shallow marine Kattendijk Formation (see Deckers & Louwye, 2020, this volume) and the shelly Luchtbal Member of the Lillo Formation. By the end of the Zanclean an

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    Authors: Hans-Georg Herbig;

    1. IntroductionThe relation between sea-level variations and sedimentary sequences that are bound by erosional unconformities was already elucidated by Sloss et al. (1949) and Sloss (1963) concerning the cratonic sequences of the conterminous U.S. (see also Sloss, 1988). However, only introduction of sequence stratigraphy on a seismic scale (Vail et al., 1977) caused a revolution of stratigraphic studies (Van Wagoner et al., 1987, 1989; Vail et al., 1991). It was a major step to understand the lateral genetic relationships of rock units in platform‑slope‑basin transects as well as their vertical genetic superposition, both based on the unifying aspect of relative sea-level changes. In the meantime, a plethora of studies is available from all kinds of sedimentary lithotypes throughout geological times, ranging from the sequence stratigraphic interpretation of single sections to seismic scale basins. However, most studies are devoted to shallow-marine platform settings. Sequence stratigraphic approaches to continental and basinal settings are underrepresented, and for the latter are almost completely confined to siliciclastic turbidite fan systems. Case studies and principles for deeper marine settings were reviewed by Catuneanu (2006) and Catuneanu et al. (2009, 2011), but miss an example of a complex deeper water foreland basin with differentiated lithosomes, as seen in the European and Northwest African Kulm basins.Herein, the sequence stratigraphic development of the Missis

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    Authors: Maurice Streel; Jacques Thorez; Mario Vicente Caputo; Stanislas Loboziak; +1 Authors

    Varvelike rhythmites, usually laminated siltstones and shales with scattered clasts, are known from outcrops and well cores of the upper Cabeças Formation in the Parnaíba (Maranhão) Basin, Brazil, with sediments laid down under glacial and periglacial conditions. Palynological study from different lithologies, indicates a latest Famennian age (LN Zone). Sedimentological approach of one rhythmite indicates that the grain-size contrast clearly separate between silt and sand layers but that all layers, even the dark silty ones, show features characteristic of sediment-gravity flows. Lateral influx was permanent during the deposition of the sediment. Clay analyses reveal the predominance of kaolinite probably originated from Middle Devonian rocks. Latest Famennian miospores and acritarchs are present and confirm the marine character of the depositionnal environment but a large part (70%) of the palynological material is reworked from Givetian / Frasnian rocks. No reworked miospores from early to late Famennian can be demonstrated. At least two distinct source-areas of the reworked material, Givetian (or older) and Frasnian, can be recognized. Contemporaneous miospores are significally less present in the tillites and associated shale than in the laminites which suggest that they are produced locally, the glacial tongue, carrying the reworked part of the material, only partially overlapping adjacent environments. The rythmites are presumed to be true varves, the sandy layers being first settled after the local seasonal melting of the ice cover and the rush of fresh water supply into the sea, the silty layers being deposited when the spring water run-off decreases. The Vallatisporites mother-plant, believed to live in a swamp margin environment, might have been the first to produce spores immediately after the melting of the ice cover

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    Authors: Simon Delvoie; Frédéric Boulvain; Robert Charlier; Frédéric Collin;

    1. IntroductionLoess is an aeolian deposit characterized by a very well sorted grain size distribution predominantly ranging between 10-50 µm (corresponding to coarse silt from ASTM D2487-06). In its detailed definition of loess, Pecsi (1990, 1995) added that the weight percentage of the silt fraction corresponds to 40-70%. Geologists, geomorphologists and soil scientists usually consider this material as a sedimentary sequence with heterogeneities even at local scale (palaeosols, unconformity surfaces, palaeovalleys...). In addition to preliminary survey works, characterization of loess and resulting interpretations are classically performed by sedimentological (e.g. Antoine et al., 2013; Guo et al., 2013), pedological (e.g. Ding et al., 1999; Schellenberger & Veit, 2006), mineralogical (e.g. Smykatz-Kloss et al., 2004; Pouclet et al., 2008; Pouclet & Juvigne, 2009) and chronostratigraphic (e.g. Buylaert et al., 2008; Roberts, 2008) studies. Results of these studies point out a succession of layers and horizons including removed sediments, eventual tephra (e.g. Pouclet et al., 2008; Pouclet & Juvigne, 2009) and post-depositional processes as palaeosols formation (e.g. Antoine et al., 2013; Guo et al., 2013; Schellenberger & Veit, 2006), redox processes, chemical and mineralogical modifications (e.g. Schellenberger & Veit, 2006). Moreover, loess deposits are very easily erodible, raising the complexity for stratigraphic studies due to the presence of locally eroded layers and

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    Authors: Prestianni, C.; Sautois, M.; Denayer, J.;

    1. Introduction The Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary (DCB) is associated with one of the most severe biocrises through the Phanereozoic, namely the Hangenberg Event or Hangenberg Biocrisis. Long considered as a second-order extinction event, this biocrisis is now regarded as equally severe as the global Late Frasnian Kellwasser Biocrisis as it led c. 45% of marine genera to extinction and wiped out entire ecosystems at the end of the Famennian Age (Becker et al., 2016 and references within). Research traditionally focused on the Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary, i.e. for the search for a basal Carboniferous GSSP and a biostratigraphic scheme, but high resolution data on extinctions all through the Hangenberg Biocrisis are still a work in progress, and mainly concern the marine realm (see the synopsis by Kaiser et al., 2015 and references within). What happened on continents is less clear. The latest Famennian flora is traditionally seen as a homogeneous cover of “Archaeopteridalean forests” (Fairon-Demaret, 1986; Jarvis, 1990) that is associated to the homogeneous “lepidophyta palynoflora” (Streel et al., 2000) typical of that interval. This assemblage suffered from the biocrisis but did not become extinct before the DCB (Streel & Marshall, 2006). Consequently, there is a marked time shift between the main extinction events in the marine and terrestrial realms, which points to clear differences on the effects of the biocrisis between both realms (e.g. McGhee, 2013). Timing of t

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    Authors: Jef Deckers; Stephen Louwye;

    An east-west correlation profile through the upper Neogene succession north of Antwerp, based on cone penetration tests, reveals the architecture of the lower Pliocene Kattendijk Formation. It shows a basal incision of the Kattendijk Formation down to 20 m in Miocene sands and locally even Lower Oligocene clays. The incision is part of a much larger gully system in the region at the base of the Kattendijk Formation. The strongest gully incision is observed along the western profile, and coincides with increases in the thickness of the Kattendijk Formation from its typical four to six meters thickness in the east towards a maximum of 15 m in the west. Correlations show that this additional thickness represents a separate sequence of the Kattendijk Formation that first filled the deepest part of the gully prior to being transgressed and covered by the second sequence deposited in a larger gully system. Both sequences of the Kattendijk Formation have basal transgressive layers, and are lithologically identical. Initial, deep incision at the base of the Kattendijk Formation might have been the result of the constriction of early Pliocene tidal currents that invaded and expanded fluvial or estuarine gullies that had developed during the latest Miocene sea-level low. A similar mechanism had been proposed for the development of late Miocene gully system at the base of the Diest Formation further southeast in northern Belgium. As the wider area was transgressed and covered by the second sequence of the Kattendijk Formation, flow constriction ended, currents weakened and gully incisions were reduced in size.

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    Geologica Belgica
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    Authors: Pierre Bultynck; Fernand Geukens; Annik Smolderen;

    The Malmédy Formation, subdivided into three members and consisting essentially of reddish continental conglomerate deposits, is exposed in a 2.5 km to 0.5 km wide and about 22 km long graben structure across the Stavelot Massif, in the eastern part of the Ardennes. It is most likely of Permian age.

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    Authors: Philip L. Gibbard; John Lewin;

    1. IntroductionThe recognition that the present landscape is a product of the long-term interaction of tectonics and climate is one of the fundamental concepts in historical geoscience. Determining the response of the environment to these changes has been further emphasised by attempts to understand the relationship between rates of tectonic activity and sedimentation or erosion and the interplay of these factors with climate change (e.g. Cloetingh et al., 2005). Moreover, the dynamic linkage of erosion and tectonics results in major impacts on changes of the Earth’s climate through the evolution of major continental topography and vice versa.The form of the Earth’s topography actually results from the net interaction of processes operating at a wide range of time scales. These include long- and short-term tectonic uplift, subsidence, phases of glaciation, and climatic and environmental changes. In northern Europe, these processes, operating simultaneously through the Cenozoic, have left a record of changing conditions that have determined the form of the present landscape. The emphasis recently has been on relatively short-term interactions involving quasi-simultaneous uplift followed shortly by incision, paced alongside Late Pleistocene marine isotope stages, and interacting with climatic fluctuations. Here we take a longer view, that of Cenozoic uplift centres changing in intensity and location, and thus sediment feeds and alluvial styles, feeding into a depositional basin

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    Authors: Cecile Baeteman;

    The initiation of this special volume was based on a suggestion by Roland Paepe, Quaternary Geologist at the Belgian Geological Survey between 1964-1999, that a collection of research and review papers on the Quaternary Geology of Belgium might be a suitable theme to commemorate the centennial of the Survey.The principal objective of this special volume is to document recent developments in the Quaternary Geology of Belgium and to present a comprehensive account of the present understanding of stratigraphy and processes. Indeed, the generally accepted current ideas about the Quaternary Geology, frequently repeated in most of the existing syn­theses, were in urgent need of re-evaluation. Papers have been solicited in order to give the broadest possible cover­age. Invitations to contribute to the volume were sent out to 15 potential authors in January 1997 from whom 7 contributors submitted single or joint-authored manuscripts.The papers encapsulate research themes that are currently investigated in Belgium. Although they represent a limited geographical coverage, it is hoped that this shortcoming will stimulate constructive thought rather than frustration.The first three papers deal with regional stratigraphy. Paul Haesaerts and co-authors give for the first time a detailed reconstruction and interpretation of the Rocourt soil preserved in a 20 m thick loess record at Remicourt. Willy Huybrechts presents an outline of the floodplain sediments of medium-sized rivers in the west

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    Geologica Belgica
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      Geologica Belgica
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    Authors: Dirk K. Munsterman; Jef Deckers;

    Based on palynologic interpretations, the Oligocene/Miocene boundary was identified in the cored samples of the ON-Mol-1 and Weelde boreholes in the southern North Sea Basin. In both boreholes, the presumed location of the Oligocene/Miocene boundary is marked by a thin gravel bed, which testifies of a hiatus, within a continuation of shelly, dark green to black fine glauconitic sands. In the Weelde borehole, the hiatus is relatively short as the dinocysts under- and overlying the gravel bed suggest a late(st) Chattian and early Aquitanian age. This study thereby for the first time indicates the presence of Aquitanian strata in the area. In the ON-Mol-1 borehole, located south of the Weelde borehole, the hiatus is longer as dinocysts under- and overlying the gravel bed suggest an early Chattian and late Aquitanian age. The wider ranges of the hiatus might be the result of the combination of erosion/non-deposition of late Chattian strata and the gradual transgression of the southern North Sea Basin from north to south after the Oligocene/Miocene sea-level fall. The sampled interval around the Oligocene/Miocene boundary contains a lot of reworked Paleogene (including irregular upper Oligocene species occurrences) and Mesozoic taxa, which explains why the Miocene strata in the ON-Mol-1 and Weelde boreholes were dated as Chattian by previous studies.

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    Authors: Stephen Louwye; Jef Deckers; Noël Vandenberghe;

    1. Introduction During the Pliocene the North Sea Basin was a semi-enclosed basin and connection with the Atlantic Ocean existed only via the North (Ziegler, 1990) since the southern connection was impeded by the Weald-Artois Axis. However, Dearing Crampton-Flood et al. (2020) advance the concept that during high sea levels temporary connections may have existed, deduced from palaeontological data (Funnel, 1996) and sea-level evolution (Gibbard & Lewin, 2016). The Pliocene North Sea Basin was a shallow shelf sea with depths not exceeding 100 m (Overeem et al., 2001). The Belgian Pliocene was deposited at the very southern edge of the basin and is characterised by shallow to marginal marine and even fluviatile depositional environments, hampering the lateral correlation between different units. The Pliocene in Belgium is restricted to its northern part in the Antwerp Harbour area and the Antwerp and Limburg Campine areas (Fig. 1). The end of Miocene times saw a global sea-level drop related to a glacial period set between 6.26 Ma and 5.50 Ma (Hodell et al., 2001) and according to Braga & Martin (1996) the sea-level fall was in the range of tens of metres. During the early Pliocene Zanclean stage northern Belgium remained mainly above water and only limited sedimentation took place in the western area resulting in the shallow marine Kattendijk Formation (see Deckers & Louwye, 2020, this volume) and the shelly Luchtbal Member of the Lillo Formation. By the end of the Zanclean an

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    Geologica Belgica
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    Authors: Hans-Georg Herbig;

    1. IntroductionThe relation between sea-level variations and sedimentary sequences that are bound by erosional unconformities was already elucidated by Sloss et al. (1949) and Sloss (1963) concerning the cratonic sequences of the conterminous U.S. (see also Sloss, 1988). However, only introduction of sequence stratigraphy on a seismic scale (Vail et al., 1977) caused a revolution of stratigraphic studies (Van Wagoner et al., 1987, 1989; Vail et al., 1991). It was a major step to understand the lateral genetic relationships of rock units in platform‑slope‑basin transects as well as their vertical genetic superposition, both based on the unifying aspect of relative sea-level changes. In the meantime, a plethora of studies is available from all kinds of sedimentary lithotypes throughout geological times, ranging from the sequence stratigraphic interpretation of single sections to seismic scale basins. However, most studies are devoted to shallow-marine platform settings. Sequence stratigraphic approaches to continental and basinal settings are underrepresented, and for the latter are almost completely confined to siliciclastic turbidite fan systems. Case studies and principles for deeper marine settings were reviewed by Catuneanu (2006) and Catuneanu et al. (2009, 2011), but miss an example of a complex deeper water foreland basin with differentiated lithosomes, as seen in the European and Northwest African Kulm basins.Herein, the sequence stratigraphic development of the Missis

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    Geologica Belgica
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