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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Misiti, Michel; Misiti, Yves; Poggi, Jean-Michel; Portier, Bruno;

    Mixture of linear regression models is used for the short-term statistical forecasting of the daily mean PM10 concentration. Hourly concentrations of PM10 have been measured in three cities in Haute-Normandie (France): Rouen, Le Havre and Dieppe. The Haute-Normandie region is located at northwest of Paris, near the south side of Manche sea and is heavily industrialized. We consider six monitoring stations reflecting the diversity of situations: urban background, traffic, rural and industrial stations. We have focused our attention on recent data from 2007 to 2011. We forecast the daily mean PM10 concentration by modeling it as a mixture of linear regression models involving meteorological predictors and the average concentration measured on the previous day. The values of observed meteorological variables are used for fitting the models but the corresponding predictions are considered for the test data, leading to realistic evaluations of forecasting performances, which are calculated through a leave-one-out scheme on the four years. We discuss in this paper several methodological issues including estimation schemes, introduction of the deterministic predictions of meteorological models and how to handle the forecasting at various horizons from some hours to one day ahead.

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    Authors: Resseguier, Valentin; Mémin, Etienne; Chapron, Bertrand;

    International audience; Ensemble forecasting and filtering are widely used in geophysical sciences for numerical weather forecasting and climate projection application. In practice to be efficient these methods require an accurate physical modeling of the dynamical model errors. These errors evolve along time and strongly interact with the large-scale state variables of interest. The generic design of large-scale geophysical models incorporating errors or uncertainty is consequently far from being an easy task. To address this issue, we propose as initiated by Mémin (2014) to model the fluid flow by a continuous semi-martingale. Within this simple assumption and Ito-Wentzell formula (Kunita, 1997), the material derivative, -- the derivative along the flow trajectory -- of a tracer has to be modified.Compared to a usual transport equation, three new terms appear in this expression: (i) a drift correction, (ii) an inhomogeneous and anisotropic diffusion and (iii) a multiplicative noise. These three terms are strongly linked together, which ensures desired properties such as energy conservation.With this stochastic version of the transport equation, it is possible to express the fundamental conservation laws of classical mechanics and to derive stochastic versions of a priori any fluid dynamics models. Following this procedure, we have derived and simulated a stochastic version of the Surface Quasi-Geostrophic (SQG) model. We have shown that the realizations of this stochastic version allows us to better resolve the small-scales in comparizon to the usual SQG model. Besides, we have evidenced that an ensemble of realization was able to accurately estimate at each time step the amplitudes and positions of the model errors in both spatial and spectral domains. In comparison a classical randomization of the initial state leads to an underestimation of one order of magnitude. Our ensemble also succeeded to predict density skewness and extreme events of the tracer at small scales. The presentation will explicit our stochastic version of the material derivative and comment the numerical results obtained.

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    Other literature type . 2016
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    Authors: Parent, Claire; Berger, Audrey; Capelli, Nicolas; Crèvecoeur, Michèle; +1 Authors

    International audience; The cellular and molecular adaptations of non-model woody species to environmental changes are still poorly understood. We have cloned and characterised a novel non-symbiotic hemoglobin from oak roots (QpHb1) which exhibits a specific cellular distribution in the root. The QpHb1 gene is strongly expressed in the protoderm and the protoxylem cells in two Quercus species (Q. petraea and Q. robur) with contrasting adaptive potential to drought and flooding. The constitutive expression of QpHb1 in both oak species in specific root tissues combined with the reported presence of nitric oxide in the same tissues and its potential for protein S-nitrosylation could support a role for non-symbiotic hemoglobins in signalling changes in the root environment and/or in controlling some aspects of root development.

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    Plant Signaling & Behavior
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2008
    Data sources: PubMed Central
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      Plant Signaling & Behavior
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2008
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    Authors: Bhardwaj, Abhishek; Klep, Igor; Magron, Victor;

    In this chapter we present the sums of Hermitian squares approach to noncommutative polynomial optimization problems. This is an extension of the sums of squares approach for polynomial optimization arising from real algebraic geometry. We provide a gentle introduction to the underlying theory of this methodology and highlight its importance. 10 pages

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer Nature TDM
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2021
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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    Hyper Article en Ligne; Hal-Diderot
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2021
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      Other literature type . Preprint . 2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Grela, Françoise;

    Conformément à l'hypothèse de l'hygiène, les infections peuvent protéger des désordres immunologiques tels les maladies autoimmunes ou allergiques. Nous avons ainsi montré que la stimulation des TLR qui détectent les infections, peut protéger du diabète de type 1. En effet, nous démontrons que le traitement de souris NOD, développant un diabète spontané, par des agonistes des TLR2, 3, 4 et 7 protège les animaux du développement de cette pathologie. Bien que toutes ces structures exercent un effet protecteur, les mécanismes impliqués s'avèrent différents en fonction du récepteur considéré. Néanmoins, la stimulation de ces récepteurs semble mettre en jeu des populations de cellules régulatrices et des cytokines immunorégulatrices. Nous avons d'ailleurs montré que la protection induite par des agonistes de TLR2 et TLR3 sont dépendantes des cellules iNKT avec en plus une implication de l'IL-4 pour TLR3. Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en évidence dans un modèle d'asthme allergique que la protection induite par un agoniste de TLR7 était portée par les lymphocytes iNKT et l'IFN-γ. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes de ce ciblage iNKT par les TLR, nous avons réalisé différentes expériences in vitro et avons pu observer que l'agoniste de TLR7 ciblait directement les iNKT et que la réponse ne nécessitait pas la présence de cellules présentatrices de l'antigène. En conclusion, nos travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence que le ciblage des voies de signalisation TLR permet de moduler les réponses immunitaires, et notamment celles dues à une perte de tolérance comme dans le cas de désordres immunologiques. According to hygiene hypothesis, infections can protect from immune disorders such as autoimmune and allergic diseases. We have demonstrated that stimulation of TLRs that are implicated in sensing infections, can protect from type 1 diabetes. Indeed we show that treatment of NOD mice, which develop a spontaneous diabetes, with TLR2, 3, 4 and 7 agonists protect animals from disease onset. Even if all these structures exert a protective effect, protective mechanisms are specific for each receptor. TLR stimulation activates regulatory cells and immunoregulatory cytokines. We have further demonstrated that TLR2- and TLR3-induced protection were dependent on iNKT cells with an implication of IL-4 for TLR3. In an allergic asthma model, we have shown that TLR7-induced protection was dependent on iNKT cells and IFN-γ. In order to understand mechanisms underlining TLR-iNKT cell triggering, we have performed in vitro analyses and observed that TLR7 agonist directly targeted iNKT cells without requirement of antigen presenting cells. Taken together, our work emphasize the modulatory role of TLR signaling pathways in immune responses, and especially those due to a rupture of tolerance like in immune disorders.

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    Authors: Lefort, Mathieu; Boniface, Yann; Girau, Bernard;

    International audience; An agent moving in a real environment perceives it by numerous noisy sensors which provide some high dimensionality data with unknown topology. In order to interact in this complex and changing environment, according to the active perception theory, the agent needs to learn the correlations between its actions and the changes they induce in the environment. In the perspective of a bio-inspired architecture for the learning of multi-modal correlations, this article focuses on the ability to forget some previously learned selectivity in a model of perceptive map which spatially codes the sensor data. This perceptive map combines the BCM (Bienenstock Cooper Munro) learning rule, which raises a selectivity to a stimulus, with the neural field (NF) theory, which provides spatial constraints to self-organize the selectivities at the map level. The introduction of an unlearning term in the BCM learning rule improves the BCM-NF coupling by providing plasticity to the self-organization.

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    https://hal.inria.fr/inria-005...
    Part of book or chapter of book
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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
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    Authors: Guérard, Gwenaël;

    Le produit tensoriel non abélien construit à partir de modules croisés sur un même groupe est en surjection sur le sous-groupe de commutateurs induit par les images des modules croisés. Les factorisations à travers chacun des modules croisés définissent des commutateurs généralisés. Les noyaux associés sont des quotients de groupes de relations entre commutateurs généralisés par des relations universelles. Toute l'homologie d'un groupe peut s'exprimer sous la forme de tels quotients. L'étude des identités vérifiées par le produit tensoriel, de l'exactitude à droite et de l'obstruction à l'exactitude à gauche permet d'expliciter plus ou moins complètement certains de ces quotients et d'établir des liens entre différents groupes de cette forme. Ces questions sont également liées à l'existence de sections compatibles avec les structures de module croisé et à l'éventuelle nullité de morphismes canoniques induits par la suite centrale descendante entre troisièmes groupes d'homologie. The non-abelian tensor product based on a couple of crossed modules on the same group is in surjection on the commutator sub-group induced by the images of the crossed modules. The factorisations through the crossed modules define generalised commutators. The associated kernels are quotients of groups of relations between commutators by universal relations. Such quotients give all the homology of a group extending results on the second (Miller) and third (Brown-Loday and Ellis) homology. We obtain some of this quotients or some links between them by studying identities in tensor product, right exactness and obstruction to left exactness. This questions are also connected to the construction of sections respecting crossed modules laws and to the nullity of canonical morphisms induced by the lower central serie on third homology.

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    Other literature type . 2005
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    Authors: Dufour, Stéphane;

    International audience; Si le pape François montre un intérêt soutenu pour les médias afin d’informer le plus largement de l’actualité de l’Église catholique, il s’en remet à d’autres modalités pour transmettre la Parole. Le chrétien annonce le message à travers sa manière d’être chrétien ; c’est tout le sens de la notion de « témoignage » dans l’acte de dire la Parole. À partir d’un corpus de textes pontificaux du pape François, l’intention de cette réflexion est de questionner cette manière chrétienne d’être au monde, plus précisément dans l’espace public, et d’être à l’autre en explorant conjointement deux voies : (i) le soubassement sensible d’une pratique énonciative faite de comportements, d’attitudes et d’actions, (ii) la forme de l’être chrétien dans l’espace social telle qu’elle est prescrite par les instances religieuses.

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    https://doi.org/10.3917/comla....
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://doi.org/10.4074/s03361...
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jaafar , Mira;

    L’élaboration des céramiques nanocomposites s’impose dans l’actualité comme une des voies la plus prometteuse pour l’obtention des matériaux céramiques ayant des propriétés remarquables. Toutefois, il s’agit d’une voie compliquée puisque la nanostructure et la densification des matériaux sont en général contradictoires. En effet, les relativement hautes températures et longues périodes de temps requises pour bien densifier les matériaux céramiques nanocomposites produisent le phénomène de grossissement des grains : dans ces conditions les phases présentes dans le composite cessent d’être nanostructurées. Dans ce contexte, l’utilisation de nouvelles techniques de frittage, telles que le « Spark Plasma Sintering » (SPS), peuvent aider à la consolidation de ce type de matériaux tout en conservant une microstructure fine. Ce travail de recherche a été consacré à l’élaboration des micro-nanocomposites alumine/5vol% SiC en utilisant trois techniques de frittage : conventionnelle ou naturelle (FN), le pressage à chaud (« Hot Pressing » ou HP) et principalement le frittage par « Spark Plasma Sintering ». Dans un premier temps, l’étape de dispersion des poudres d’alumine et de SiC a été optimisée afin de préparer des barbotines stables et homogènes et des poudres composites. Puis, les meilleures performances de la technique SPS par rapport aux autres techniques de frittage ont été mises en évidence. Ainsi, l’utilisation du frittage SPS permet une meilleure maîtrise de la microstructure : densité élevée, microstructure fine et la localisation des particules nanométriques principalement en position intergranulaire. The development of ceramic nanocomposites is needed in the news as one of the most promising ways to obtain ceramic materials with remarkable properties. However, this is a complicated way since the nanostructure materials and densification are usually contradictory. Indeed, the relatively high temperatures and long periods of time required to fully densify the ceramic nanocomposite materials produce the phenomenon of grain growth: in these conditions the phases present in the composite cease to be nanostructured. In this context, the use of new sintering techniques, such as "Spark Plasma Sintering" (SPS), may help to consolidate this type of material while maintaining a fine microstructure. This research has been devoted to developing micro-SiC nanocomposites alumine/5vol% using three sintering techniques: conventional or natural (FN), hot pressing ("Hot Dry" or HP) and mainly the sintering by "Spark Plasma Sintering." As a first step, the step of dispersing powders of alumina and SiC was optimized to prepare stable and homogeneous slurry and composite powders. Then, the best performances of the technique compared to other SPS sintering techniques have been demonstrated. Thus, the use of SPS sintering allows better control of the microstructure: high density, fine microstructure and localization of nanoparticles mainly intergranular position.

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    Authors: Faucheux, Sylvie; Nicolaï, Isabelle;

    International audience; Nous sommes entrés dans l'ère du risque, qu'il est difficile d'établir une comparaison entre risques réels et risques perçus, et d'identifier quels sont les acteurs qui peuvent intervenir dans ce débat "risque et société". A. Giddens, sociologue britannique, affirme que ce qui différencie le risque moderne des dangers pré-modernes, c'est d'abord la conscience du risque en tant que conséquence d'un savoir développé et appliqué par les hommes dans leurs sociétés. Comment la société et plus particulièrement les entreprises (acteur social essentiel aujourd'hui) peuvent elles affronter cette nouvelle situation ? Comment collaborer ensemble à l'évaluation et la gestion du risque environnementale ? Quel serait le rôle qui reviendrait à la puissance publique pour assurer la couverture des risques ?Deux options sont souvent mises en place pour répondre aux enjeux posés par la nouvelle problématique du risque : mise en place d'une communication nouvelle ou transfert de responsabilité sur d'autres acteurs parties prenantes.

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    Authors: Misiti, Michel; Misiti, Yves; Poggi, Jean-Michel; Portier, Bruno;

    Mixture of linear regression models is used for the short-term statistical forecasting of the daily mean PM10 concentration. Hourly concentrations of PM10 have been measured in three cities in Haute-Normandie (France): Rouen, Le Havre and Dieppe. The Haute-Normandie region is located at northwest of Paris, near the south side of Manche sea and is heavily industrialized. We consider six monitoring stations reflecting the diversity of situations: urban background, traffic, rural and industrial stations. We have focused our attention on recent data from 2007 to 2011. We forecast the daily mean PM10 concentration by modeling it as a mixture of linear regression models involving meteorological predictors and the average concentration measured on the previous day. The values of observed meteorological variables are used for fitting the models but the corresponding predictions are considered for the test data, leading to realistic evaluations of forecasting performances, which are calculated through a leave-one-out scheme on the four years. We discuss in this paper several methodological issues including estimation schemes, introduction of the deterministic predictions of meteorological models and how to handle the forecasting at various horizons from some hours to one day ahead.

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    Authors: Resseguier, Valentin; Mémin, Etienne; Chapron, Bertrand;

    International audience; Ensemble forecasting and filtering are widely used in geophysical sciences for numerical weather forecasting and climate projection application. In practice to be efficient these methods require an accurate physical modeling of the dynamical model errors. These errors evolve along time and strongly interact with the large-scale state variables of interest. The generic design of large-scale geophysical models incorporating errors or uncertainty is consequently far from being an easy task. To address this issue, we propose as initiated by Mémin (2014) to model the fluid flow by a continuous semi-martingale. Within this simple assumption and Ito-Wentzell formula (Kunita, 1997), the material derivative, -- the derivative along the flow trajectory -- of a tracer has to be modified.Compared to a usual transport equation, three new terms appear in this expression: (i) a drift correction, (ii) an inhomogeneous and anisotropic diffusion and (iii) a multiplicative noise. These three terms are strongly linked together, which ensures desired properties such as energy conservation.With this stochastic version of the transport equation, it is possible to express the fundamental conservation laws of classical mechanics and to derive stochastic versions of a priori any fluid dynamics models. Following this procedure, we have derived and simulated a stochastic version of the Surface Quasi-Geostrophic (SQG) model. We have shown that the realizations of this stochastic version allows us to better resolve the small-scales in comparizon to the usual SQG model. Besides, we have evidenced that an ensemble of realization was able to accurately estimate at each time step the amplitudes and positions of the model errors in both spatial and spectral domains. In comparison a classical randomization of the initial state leads to an underestimation of one order of magnitude. Our ensemble also succeeded to predict density skewness and extreme events of the tracer at small scales. The presentation will explicit our stochastic version of the material derivative and comment the numerical results obtained.

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    Authors: Parent, Claire; Berger, Audrey; Capelli, Nicolas; Crèvecoeur, Michèle; +1 Authors

    International audience; The cellular and molecular adaptations of non-model woody species to environmental changes are still poorly understood. We have cloned and characterised a novel non-symbiotic hemoglobin from oak roots (QpHb1) which exhibits a specific cellular distribution in the root. The QpHb1 gene is strongly expressed in the protoderm and the protoxylem cells in two Quercus species (Q. petraea and Q. robur) with contrasting adaptive potential to drought and flooding. The constitutive expression of QpHb1 in both oak species in specific root tissues combined with the reported presence of nitric oxide in the same tissues and its potential for protein S-nitrosylation could support a role for non-symbiotic hemoglobins in signalling changes in the root environment and/or in controlling some aspects of root development.

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    Plant Signaling & Behavior
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2008
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      Plant Signaling & Behavior
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2008
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    Authors: Bhardwaj, Abhishek; Klep, Igor; Magron, Victor;

    In this chapter we present the sums of Hermitian squares approach to noncommutative polynomial optimization problems. This is an extension of the sums of squares approach for polynomial optimization arising from real algebraic geometry. We provide a gentle introduction to the underlying theory of this methodology and highlight its importance. 10 pages

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2021
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      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
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    Authors: Grela, Françoise;

    Conformément à l'hypothèse de l'hygiène, les infections peuvent protéger des désordres immunologiques tels les maladies autoimmunes ou allergiques. Nous avons ainsi montré que la stimulation des TLR qui détectent les infections, peut protéger du diabète de type 1. En effet, nous démontrons que le traitement de souris NOD, développant un diabète spontané, par des agonistes des TLR2, 3, 4 et 7 protège les animaux du développement de cette pathologie. Bien que toutes ces structures exercent un effet protecteur, les mécanismes impliqués s'avèrent différents en fonction du récepteur considéré. Néanmoins, la stimulation de ces récepteurs semble mettre en jeu des populations de cellules régulatrices et des cytokines immunorégulatrices. Nous avons d'ailleurs montré que la protection induite par des agonistes de TLR2 et TLR3 sont dépendantes des cellules iNKT avec en plus une implication de l'IL-4 pour TLR3. Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en évidence dans un modèle d'asthme allergique que la protection induite par un agoniste de TLR7 était portée par les lymphocytes iNKT et l'IFN-γ. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes de ce ciblage iNKT par les TLR, nous avons réalisé différentes expériences in vitro et avons pu observer que l'agoniste de TLR7 ciblait directement les iNKT et que la réponse ne nécessitait pas la présence de cellules présentatrices de l'antigène. En conclusion, nos travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence que le ciblage des voies de signalisation TLR permet de moduler les réponses immunitaires, et notamment celles dues à une perte de tolérance comme dans le cas de désordres immunologiques. According to hygiene hypothesis, infections can protect from immune disorders such as autoimmune and allergic diseases. We have demonstrated that stimulation of TLRs that are implicated in sensing infections, can protect from type 1 diabetes. Indeed we show that treatment of NOD mice, which develop a spontaneous diabetes, with TLR2, 3, 4 and 7 agonists protect animals from disease onset. Even if all these structures exert a protective effect, protective mechanisms are specific for each receptor. TLR stimulation activates regulatory cells and immunoregulatory cytokines. We have further demonstrated that TLR2- and TLR3-induced protection were dependent on iNKT cells with an implication of IL-4 for TLR3. In an allergic asthma model, we have shown that TLR7-induced protection was dependent on iNKT cells and IFN-γ. In order to understand mechanisms underlining TLR-iNKT cell triggering, we have performed in vitro analyses and observed that TLR7 agonist directly targeted iNKT cells without requirement of antigen presenting cells. Taken together, our work emphasize the modulatory role of TLR signaling pathways in immune responses, and especially those due to a rupture of tolerance like in immune disorders.

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    Authors: Lefort, Mathieu; Boniface, Yann; Girau, Bernard;

    International audience; An agent moving in a real environment perceives it by numerous noisy sensors which provide some high dimensionality data with unknown topology. In order to interact in this complex and changing environment, according to the active perception theory, the agent needs to learn the correlations between its actions and the changes they induce in the environment. In the perspective of a bio-inspired architecture for the learning of multi-modal correlations, this article focuses on the ability to forget some previously learned selectivity in a model of perceptive map which spatially codes the sensor data. This perceptive map combines the BCM (Bienenstock Cooper Munro) learning rule, which raises a selectivity to a stimulus, with the neural field (NF) theory, which provides spatial constraints to self-organize the selectivities at the map level. The introduction of an unlearning term in the BCM learning rule improves the BCM-NF coupling by providing plasticity to the self-organization.

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    https://hal.inria.fr/inria-005...
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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
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    Authors: Guérard, Gwenaël;

    Le produit tensoriel non abélien construit à partir de modules croisés sur un même groupe est en surjection sur le sous-groupe de commutateurs induit par les images des modules croisés. Les factorisations à travers chacun des modules croisés définissent des commutateurs généralisés. Les noyaux associés sont des quotients de groupes de relations entre commutateurs généralisés par des relations universelles. Toute l'homologie d'un groupe peut s'exprimer sous la forme de tels quotients. L'étude des identités vérifiées par le produit tensoriel, de l'exactitude à droite et de l'obstruction à l'exactitude à gauche permet d'expliciter plus ou moins complètement certains de ces quotients et d'établir des liens entre différents groupes de cette forme. Ces questions sont également liées à l'existence de sections compatibles avec les structures de module croisé et à l'éventuelle nullité de morphismes canoniques induits par la suite centrale descendante entre troisièmes groupes d'homologie. The non-abelian tensor product based on a couple of crossed modules on the same group is in surjection on the commutator sub-group induced by the images of the crossed modules. The factorisations through the crossed modules define generalised commutators. The associated kernels are quotients of groups of relations between commutators by universal relations. Such quotients give all the homology of a group extending results on the second (Miller) and third (Brown-Loday and Ellis) homology. We obtain some of this quotients or some links between them by studying identities in tensor product, right exactness and obstruction to left exactness. This questions are also connected to the construction of sections respecting crossed modules laws and to the nullity of canonical morphisms induced by the lower central serie on third homology.

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    Other literature type . 2005
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    Authors: Dufour, Stéphane;

    International audience; Si le pape François montre un intérêt soutenu pour les médias afin d’informer le plus largement de l’actualité de l’Église catholique, il s’en remet à d’autres modalités pour transmettre la Parole. Le chrétien annonce le message à travers sa manière d’être chrétien ; c’est tout le sens de la notion de « témoignage » dans l’acte de dire la Parole. À partir d’un corpus de textes pontificaux du pape François, l’intention de cette réflexion est de questionner cette manière chrétienne d’être au monde, plus précisément dans l’espace public, et d’être à l’autre en explorant conjointement deux voies : (i) le soubassement sensible d’une pratique énonciative faite de comportements, d’attitudes et d’actions, (ii) la forme de l’être chrétien dans l’espace social telle qu’elle est prescrite par les instances religieuses.

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    https://doi.org/10.3917/comla....
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.4074/s03361...
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jaafar , Mira;

    L’élaboration des céramiques nanocomposites s’impose dans l’actualité comme une des voies la plus prometteuse pour l’obtention des matériaux céramiques ayant des propriétés remarquables. Toutefois, il s’agit d’une voie compliquée puisque la nanostructure et la densification des matériaux sont en général contradictoires. En effet, les relativement hautes températures et longues périodes de temps requises pour bien densifier les matériaux céramiques nanocomposites produisent le phénomène de grossissement des grains : dans ces conditions les phases présentes dans le composite cessent d’être nanostructurées. Dans ce contexte, l’utilisation de nouvelles techniques de frittage, telles que le « Spark Plasma Sintering » (SPS), peuvent aider à la consolidation de ce type de matériaux tout en conservant une microstructure fine. Ce travail de recherche a été consacré à l’élaboration des micro-nanocomposites alumine/5vol% SiC en utilisant trois techniques de frittage : conventionnelle ou naturelle (FN), le pressage à chaud (« Hot Pressing » ou HP) et principalement le frittage par « Spark Plasma Sintering ». Dans un premier temps, l’étape de dispersion des poudres d’alumine et de SiC a été optimisée afin de préparer des barbotines stables et homogènes et des poudres composites. Puis, les meilleures performances de la technique SPS par rapport aux autres techniques de frittage ont été mises en évidence. Ainsi, l’utilisation du frittage SPS permet une meilleure maîtrise de la microstructure : densité élevée, microstructure fine et la localisation des particules nanométriques principalement en position intergranulaire. The development of ceramic nanocomposites is needed in the news as one of the most promising ways to obtain ceramic materials with remarkable properties. However, this is a complicated way since the nanostructure materials and densification are usually contradictory. Indeed, the relatively high temperatures and long periods of time required to fully densify the ceramic nanocomposite materials produce the phenomenon of grain growth: in these conditions the phases present in the composite cease to be nanostructured. In this context, the use of new sintering techniques, such as "Spark Plasma Sintering" (SPS), may help to consolidate this type of material while maintaining a fine microstructure. This research has been devoted to developing micro-SiC nanocomposites alumine/5vol% using three sintering techniques: conventional or natural (FN), hot pressing ("Hot Dry" or HP) and mainly the sintering by "Spark Plasma Sintering." As a first step, the step of dispersing powders of alumina and SiC was optimized to prepare stable and homogeneous slurry and composite powders. Then, the best performances of the technique compared to other SPS sintering techniques have been demonstrated. Thus, the use of SPS sintering allows better control of the microstructure: high density, fine microstructure and localization of nanoparticles mainly intergranular position.

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    Authors: Faucheux, Sylvie; Nicolaï, Isabelle;

    International audience; Nous sommes entrés dans l'ère du risque, qu'il est difficile d'établir une comparaison entre risques réels et risques perçus, et d'identifier quels sont les acteurs qui peuvent intervenir dans ce débat "risque et société". A. Giddens, sociologue britannique, affirme que ce qui différencie le risque moderne des dangers pré-modernes, c'est d'abord la conscience du risque en tant que conséquence d'un savoir développé et appliqué par les hommes dans leurs sociétés. Comment la société et plus particulièrement les entreprises (acteur social essentiel aujourd'hui) peuvent elles affronter cette nouvelle situation ? Comment collaborer ensemble à l'évaluation et la gestion du risque environnementale ? Quel serait le rôle qui reviendrait à la puissance publique pour assurer la couverture des risques ?Deux options sont souvent mises en place pour répondre aux enjeux posés par la nouvelle problématique du risque : mise en place d'une communication nouvelle ou transfert de responsabilité sur d'autres acteurs parties prenantes.

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