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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Chengot, Rishma; Knox, Jerry W.; Coxon, Gemma; Cojocaru, George; +1 Authors

    Due to it having the lowest priority for water allocation during drought events and the consequent agronomic and economic impacts of abstraction restrictions, UK irrigated agriculture has been identified as a key business sector ‘at risk’. An enhanced version of the D-Risk webtool has been developed to help agricultural stakeholders and catchment water managers to evaluate the joint multi-scale risks of abstraction restrictions (voluntary and mandatory) and having insufficient irrigation volumes during drought events. The webtool uses annual maximum potential soil moisture deficit as the agroclimate index to calculate monthly and annual volumetric irrigation demand for the selected crop mix, soil available water capacity and location. Simulated river flows are used to identify days not under abstraction restrictions. Annual probability distributions of irrigation deficit and licence utilisation (headroom) are derived from a monthly time-step water balance model that calculates whether the farm irrigation demand in each month can be met, taking account of river flow-based abstraction restrictions, daily and annual volumetric licensed abstraction limits, the licenced abstraction period(s) and any on-farm reservoir storage. The enhanced D-Risk tool provides a more holistic understanding of drought risk on irrigated agriculture from individual farm to catchment scales and supports improved collaborative decision-making regarding future water sharing, water trading and on-farm reservoir investment to reduce business vulnerability to drought and regulatory change.

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    Cranfield CERES
    Article . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Cranfield CERES
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    Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Cranfield CERES
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      Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Felix P. Chilunga; Peter Henneman; Hannah R Elliott; H. Toinét Cronjé; +11 Authors

    Summary Background African populations are going through health transitions due to rapid urbanisation and international migration. However, the role of biological ageing in the emerging burden of cardiometabolic diseases among migrant and non-migrant Africans is unknown. We aimed to examine differences in epigenetic-age acceleration (EAA) as measured by four clocks (Horvath, Hannum, PhenoAge, and GrimAge) and their associations with cardiometabolic factors among migrant Ghanaians residing in Europe and non-migrant Ghanaians residing in Ghana using cross‑sectional data. Methods In this population-based cross-sectional RODAM substudy, recruitment of urban participants in Ghana was done in two cities (Kumasi and Obuasi), whereas recruitment in rural areas was done in 15 villages in the Ashanti region. In Europe, participants were recruited from the cities of Amsterdam (Netherlands), Berlin (Germany), and London (UK). The method and location of participant recruitment varied according to country and city. Participants were included in the RODAM study if they were older than 25 years, had completed the RODAM study questionnaire, were physically examined, and had blood samples taken. In the present subsample, data for DNA-methylation (DNAm) had to be available for the participants. We did not specify any exclusion criteria. We used genome-wide DNAm data from Ghanaians to quantify EAA. We assessed the correlation between DNAm-based age measures and chronological age, and then we did linear regressions to investigate the associations between EAA and body-mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure, alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, and one-carbon metabolism nutrients among migrant and non-migrant populations. We replicated our findings among rural–urban sibling pairs from the India Migration Study and among indigenous South Africans from the PURE-SA-NW study. Findings Between Feb 2, 2012, and Sept 30, 2014, 736 individuals participated in the RODAM epigenetics substudy, of which 12 (2%) were excluded during DNAm quality control, and a further 12 (2%) were excluded because of genotypic and phenotypic sex discordance. 712 (97%) of 736 participants were included in the analysis; 365 (51%) of these 712 participants were migrants and 347 (49%) were non-migrants. We found that migrant Ghanaians had lower EAA than non-migrant Ghanaians (intrinsic EAA Horvath –0·34 years vs 0·35 years; extrinsic EAA Hannum –0·86 years vs 0·90 years; PhenoAge acceleration –1·68 years vs 1·77 years; and GrimAge acceleration –0·18 years vs 0·19 years). Within migrant Ghanaians, higher FBG was positively associated with EAA measures, with the adjusted regression β for intrinsic EAA being 0·30 (95% CI 0·01 to 0·59) for migrants and 0·12 (−0·04 to 0·28) for non-migrants, for extrinsic EAA being 0·31 (0·05 to 0·56) for migrants and 0·08 (−0·06 to 0·22) for non-migrants, for PhenoAge acceleration being 0·39 (0·07 to 0·71) for migrants and 0·14 (−0·01 to 0·32) for non-migrants, and for GrimAge acceleration being 0·18 (0·01 to 0·34) for migrants and 0·12 (0·03 to 0·21) for non-migrants. Within non-migrant Ghanaians, higher BMI and vitamin-B9 (folate) intake were negatively associated with EAA measures. Our findings on FBG, BMI, and folate were replicated in the independent cohorts. Interpretation Our study shows that migration is negatively associated with EAA among Ghanaians. Moreover, cardiometabolic factors are differentially associated with EAA within migrant and non-migrant subgroups. Our results call for context-based interventions for cardiometabolic diseases among transitioning populations that account for the effects of biological ageing. Funding European Commission under the Framework Programme and European Research Council Consolidation.

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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2021
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    The Lancet. Healthy Longevity
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2021
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2021
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      The Lancet. Healthy Longevity
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    Authors: Wilson, Ryan; Glasser, Neil F.; Reynolds, John M.; Harrison, Stephan; +3 Authors

    The prevalence and increased frequency of high-magnitude Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the Chilean and Argentinean Andes suggests this region will be prone to similar events in the future as glaciers continue to retreat and thin under a warming climate. Despite this situation, monitoring of glacial lake development in this region has been limited, with past investigations only covering relatively small regions of Patagonia. This study presents new glacial lake inventories for 1986, 2000 and 2016, covering the Central Andes, Northern Patagonia and Southern Patagonia. Our aim was to characterise the physical attributes, spatial distribution and temporal development of glacial lakes in these three sub-regions using Landsat satellite imagery and image datasets available in Google Earth and Bing Maps. Glacial lake water volume was also estimated using an empirical area-volume scaling approach. Results reveal that glacial lakes across the study area have increased in number (43%) and areal extent (7%) between 1986 and 2016. Such changes equate to a glacial lake water volume increase of 65 km3 during the 30-year observation period. However, glacial lake growth and emergence was shown to vary sub-regionally according to localised topography, meteorology, climate change, rate of glacier change and the availability of low gradient ice areas. These and other factors are likely to influence the occurrence of GLOFs in the future. This analysis represents the first large-scale census of glacial lakes in Chile and Argentina and will allow for a better understanding of lake development in this region, as well as, providing a basis for future GLOF risk assessments.

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    Authors: Laurence Hawker; Paul Bates; Jeffrey Neal; Jonathan Rougier;

    Open-access global Digital Elevation Models (DEM) have been crucial in enabling flood studies in data-sparse areas. Poor resolution (>30 m), significant vertical errors and the fact that these DEMs are over a decade old continue to hamper our ability to accurately estimate flood hazard. The limited availability of high-accuracy DEMs dictate that dated open-access global DEMs are still used extensively in flood models, particularly in data-sparse areas. Nevertheless, high-accuracy DEMs have been found to give better flood estimations, and thus can be considered a ‘must-have’ for any flood model. A high-accuracy open-access global DEM is not imminent, meaning that editing or stochastic simulation of existing DEM data will remain the primary means of improving flood simulation. This article provides an overview of errors in some of the most widely used DEM data sets, along with the current advances in reducing them via the creation of new DEMs, editing DEMs and stochastic simulation of DEMs. We focus on a geostatistical approach to stochastically simulate floodplain DEMs from several open-access global DEMs based on the spatial error structure. This DEM simulation approach enables an ensemble of plausible DEMs to be created, thus avoiding the spurious precision of using a single DEM and enabling the generation of probabilistic flood maps. Despite this encouraging step, an imprecise and outdated global DEM is still being used to simulate elevation. To fundamentally improve flood estimations, particularly in rapidly changing developing regions, a high-accuracy open-access global DEM is urgently needed, which in turn can be used in DEM simulation.

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    Frontiers in Earth Science
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Earth Science
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Durand, M.; Gleason, C. J.; Garambois, P. A.; Bjerklie, D.; +24 Authors

    AbstractThe Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission planned for launch in 2020 will map river elevations and inundated area globally for rivers >100 m wide. In advance of this launch, we here evaluated the possibility of estimating discharge in ungauged rivers using synthetic, daily “remote sensing” measurements derived from hydraulic models corrupted with minimal observational errors. Five discharge algorithms were evaluated, as well as the median of the five, for 19 rivers spanning a range of hydraulic and geomorphic conditions. Reliance upon a priori information, and thus applicability to truly ungauged reaches, varied among algorithms: one algorithm employed only global limits on velocity and depth, while the other algorithms relied on globally available prior estimates of discharge. We found at least one algorithm able to estimate instantaneous discharge to within 35% relative root‐mean‐squared error (RRMSE) on 14/16 nonbraided rivers despite out‐of‐bank flows, multichannel planforms, and backwater effects. Moreover, we found RRMSE was often dominated by bias; the median standard deviation of relative residuals across the 16 nonbraided rivers was only 12.5%. SWOT discharge algorithm progress is therefore encouraging, yet future efforts should consider incorporating ancillary data or multialgorithm synergy to improve results.

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    Water Resources Research
    Article . 2016
    Data sources: NARCIS
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    Water Resources Research
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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    Authors: Michael R. F. Lee; J P Domingues; G.A. McAuliffe; Muriel Tichit; +2 Authors

    AbstractAlthough climate impacts of ruminant agriculture are a major concern worldwide, using policy instruments to force grazing farms out of the livestock industry may diminish opportunities to produce nutritious food without exacerbating the food-feed competition for fertile and accessible land resources. Here, we present a new set of quantitative evidence to demonstrate that, per unit of overall nutrient value supplied by a given commodity, the demand for land suitable for human-edible crop production is considerably smaller under ruminant systems than monogastric systems, and consistently so at both farm and regional scales. We also demonstrate that imposition of a naïvely designed “red meat tax” has the potential to invite socioeconomic losses far greater than its environmental benefits, due largely to the induced misallocation of resources at the national scale. Our results reiterate the risk inherent in an excessively climate-focused debate on the role of livestock in human society and call for more multidimensional approaches of sustainability assessment to draw better-balanced policy packages.

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    Scientific Reports
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    Rothamsted Repository; Scientific Reports
    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Scientific Reports
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      Rothamsted Repository; Scientific Reports
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    Authors: Roffet-Salque; M.; Regert; M.; +125 Authors

    International audience; The pressures on honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations, resulting from threats by modern pesticides, parasites, predators and diseases, have raised awareness of the economic importance and critical role this insect plays in agricultural societies across the globe. However, the association of humans with A. mellifera predates post-industrial-revolution agriculture, as evidenced by the widespread presence of ancient Egyptian bee iconography dating to the Old Kingdom (approximately 2400 bc). There are also indications of Stone Age people harvesting bee products; for example, honey hunting is interpreted from rock art in a prehistoric Holocene context and a beeswax find in a pre-agriculturalist site. However, when and where the regular association of A. mellifera with agriculturalists emerged is unknown. One of the major products of A. mellifera is beeswax, which is composed of a complex suite of lipids including n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids and fatty acyl wax esters. The composition is highly constant as it is determined genetically through the insect’s biochemistry. Thus, the chemical ‘fingerprint’ of beeswax provides a reliable basis for detecting this commodity in organic residues preserved at archaeological sites, which we now use to trace the exploitation by humans of A. mellifera temporally and spatially. Here we present secure identifications of beeswax in lipid residues preserved in pottery vessels of Neolithic Old World farmers. The geographical range of bee product exploitation is traced in Neolithic Europe, the Near East and North Africa, providing the palaeoecological range of honeybees during prehistory. Temporally, we demonstrate that bee products were exploited continuously, and probably extensively in some regions, at least from the seventh millennium cal bc, likely fulfilling a variety of technological and cultural functions. The close association of A. mellifera with Neolithic farming communities dates to the early onset of agriculture and may provide evidence for the beginnings of a domestication process

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    Nature
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    Nature
    Article . 2015
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    Nature
    Article . 2015
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    Authors: Hamaza, Salua; Georgilas, Ioannis; Richardson, Thomas;

    As roles for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) continue to diversify, the ability to sense and interact closely with the environment becomes increasingly important. Within this paper we report on the initial flight tests of a novel adaptive compliant actuator which will allow a UAV to carry out such tasks as the "pick and placement" of remote sensors, structural testing and contact-based inspection. Three key results are discussed and presented; the ability to physically compensate impact forces or apply interaction forces by the UAV through the use of the active compliant manipulator; to be able to tailor these forces through tuning of the manipulator controller gains; and the ability to apply a rapid series of physical pulses in order to excite remotely placed sensors, e.g. vibration sensors. The paper describes the overall system requirements and system modelling considerations which have driven the concept through to flight testing. A series of over sixty flight tests have been used to generate initial results which clearly demonstrate the potential of this new type of compliant aerial actuator. Results are discussed in line with potential applications; and a series of future flight tests are described which will enable us to refine and characterise the overall system. Comment: Wrong results in this paper have been found after a post-analisys

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    University of Bath's research portal
    Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine . 2018
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    Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine . Conference object . 2019
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2017
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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    https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2...
    Conference object . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine . Conference object . 2019
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Laurence Hawker; Jeffrey Neal; Paul D. Bates;

    Abstract Freely available Global Digital Elevation Models (GDEMs) are essential for many scientific and humanitarian applications. Recently, TanDEM-X 90 has been released with a global coverage at 3 arc sec resolution. Its release is sure to generate keen interest as it provides an alternative to the widely used Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM, especially for flood risk management as for low slope floodplains height errors can become particularly significant. Here, we provide a first accuracy assessment of TanDEM-X 90 for selected floodplain sites and compare it to other popular global DEMs – the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and the error-reduced version of SRTM called Multi-Error-Removed-Improved-Terrain (MERIT) DEM. We characterize vertical height errors by comparing against high resolution LiDAR DEMs for 32 floodplain locations in 6 continents. Results indicate that the average vertical accuracy of TanDEM-X 90 and MERIT are similar and are both a significant improvement on SRTM. We further our analysis by assessing vertical accuracy by landcover, with our results suggesting that TanDEM-X 90 is the most accurate global DEM in all landcover categories tested except short vegetation and tree-covered areas where MERIT is demonstrably more accurate. Lastly, we present the first characterization of the spatial error structure of any TanDEM-X DEM product, and find the spatial error structure is similar to MERIT, with MERIT generally having lower sill values and larger ranges than TanDEM-X 90 and SRTM. Our findings suggest that TanDEM-X 90 has the potential to become the benchmark global DEM in floodplains with careful removal of errors from vegetation, and at this stage should be used alongside MERIT in any flood risk application.

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    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bryony O Sands; Richard Wall;

    Abstract In pastoral agricultural landscapes, dung beetles provide important ecosystem functions including the removal of standing livestock dung, increasing pasture fertility and reducing parasite transmission. Faecal residues of the macrocyclic lactones (MLs) and synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) commonly used to treat livestock against endo- or ectoparasites (parasiticides), can have negative impacts on invertebrates such as dung inhabiting beetles. However, the extent of any functional ecological impact from their sustained use is unclear. The current work aimed to quantify the landscape-level effects on dung inhabiting beetle species assemblages associated with sustained parasiticide use within different farming systems. Cow dung-baited pitfall trapping was undertaken on 24 beef cattle farms in SW England, which either used MLs (n = 8), SPs (n = 7) or no parasiticides (n = 9). There were no differences in overall beetle abundance between farm types, however species richness, diversity, and functional diversity were higher on farms with a history of using no parasiticides compared to farms that used parasiticides. Species of endocoprid (dung dwelling) beetle dominated the community on farms that used parasiticides, particularly MLs, while paracoprid (dung burying) beetles were rare, possibly due to differential impacts depending on life history traits of the functional groups. The results are of concern because the long-term loss of dung beetle diversity and changes in functional assemblages have the potential to impair ecosystem function in agricultural landscapes.

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    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
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    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
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    Authors: Chengot, Rishma; Knox, Jerry W.; Coxon, Gemma; Cojocaru, George; +1 Authors

    Due to it having the lowest priority for water allocation during drought events and the consequent agronomic and economic impacts of abstraction restrictions, UK irrigated agriculture has been identified as a key business sector ‘at risk’. An enhanced version of the D-Risk webtool has been developed to help agricultural stakeholders and catchment water managers to evaluate the joint multi-scale risks of abstraction restrictions (voluntary and mandatory) and having insufficient irrigation volumes during drought events. The webtool uses annual maximum potential soil moisture deficit as the agroclimate index to calculate monthly and annual volumetric irrigation demand for the selected crop mix, soil available water capacity and location. Simulated river flows are used to identify days not under abstraction restrictions. Annual probability distributions of irrigation deficit and licence utilisation (headroom) are derived from a monthly time-step water balance model that calculates whether the farm irrigation demand in each month can be met, taking account of river flow-based abstraction restrictions, daily and annual volumetric licensed abstraction limits, the licenced abstraction period(s) and any on-farm reservoir storage. The enhanced D-Risk tool provides a more holistic understanding of drought risk on irrigated agriculture from individual farm to catchment scales and supports improved collaborative decision-making regarding future water sharing, water trading and on-farm reservoir investment to reduce business vulnerability to drought and regulatory change.

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    Cranfield CERES
    Article . 2022
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    Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Cranfield CERES
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      Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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    Authors: Felix P. Chilunga; Peter Henneman; Hannah R Elliott; H. Toinét Cronjé; +11 Authors

    Summary Background African populations are going through health transitions due to rapid urbanisation and international migration. However, the role of biological ageing in the emerging burden of cardiometabolic diseases among migrant and non-migrant Africans is unknown. We aimed to examine differences in epigenetic-age acceleration (EAA) as measured by four clocks (Horvath, Hannum, PhenoAge, and GrimAge) and their associations with cardiometabolic factors among migrant Ghanaians residing in Europe and non-migrant Ghanaians residing in Ghana using cross‑sectional data. Methods In this population-based cross-sectional RODAM substudy, recruitment of urban participants in Ghana was done in two cities (Kumasi and Obuasi), whereas recruitment in rural areas was done in 15 villages in the Ashanti region. In Europe, participants were recruited from the cities of Amsterdam (Netherlands), Berlin (Germany), and London (UK). The method and location of participant recruitment varied according to country and city. Participants were included in the RODAM study if they were older than 25 years, had completed the RODAM study questionnaire, were physically examined, and had blood samples taken. In the present subsample, data for DNA-methylation (DNAm) had to be available for the participants. We did not specify any exclusion criteria. We used genome-wide DNAm data from Ghanaians to quantify EAA. We assessed the correlation between DNAm-based age measures and chronological age, and then we did linear regressions to investigate the associations between EAA and body-mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure, alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, and one-carbon metabolism nutrients among migrant and non-migrant populations. We replicated our findings among rural–urban sibling pairs from the India Migration Study and among indigenous South Africans from the PURE-SA-NW study. Findings Between Feb 2, 2012, and Sept 30, 2014, 736 individuals participated in the RODAM epigenetics substudy, of which 12 (2%) were excluded during DNAm quality control, and a further 12 (2%) were excluded because of genotypic and phenotypic sex discordance. 712 (97%) of 736 participants were included in the analysis; 365 (51%) of these 712 participants were migrants and 347 (49%) were non-migrants. We found that migrant Ghanaians had lower EAA than non-migrant Ghanaians (intrinsic EAA Horvath –0·34 years vs 0·35 years; extrinsic EAA Hannum –0·86 years vs 0·90 years; PhenoAge acceleration –1·68 years vs 1·77 years; and GrimAge acceleration –0·18 years vs 0·19 years). Within migrant Ghanaians, higher FBG was positively associated with EAA measures, with the adjusted regression β for intrinsic EAA being 0·30 (95% CI 0·01 to 0·59) for migrants and 0·12 (−0·04 to 0·28) for non-migrants, for extrinsic EAA being 0·31 (0·05 to 0·56) for migrants and 0·08 (−0·06 to 0·22) for non-migrants, for PhenoAge acceleration being 0·39 (0·07 to 0·71) for migrants and 0·14 (−0·01 to 0·32) for non-migrants, and for GrimAge acceleration being 0·18 (0·01 to 0·34) for migrants and 0·12 (0·03 to 0·21) for non-migrants. Within non-migrant Ghanaians, higher BMI and vitamin-B9 (folate) intake were negatively associated with EAA measures. Our findings on FBG, BMI, and folate were replicated in the independent cohorts. Interpretation Our study shows that migration is negatively associated with EAA among Ghanaians. Moreover, cardiometabolic factors are differentially associated with EAA within migrant and non-migrant subgroups. Our results call for context-based interventions for cardiometabolic diseases among transitioning populations that account for the effects of biological ageing. Funding European Commission under the Framework Programme and European Research Council Consolidation.

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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2021
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    The Lancet. Healthy Longevity
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2021
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      The Lancet. Healthy Longevity
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    Authors: Wilson, Ryan; Glasser, Neil F.; Reynolds, John M.; Harrison, Stephan; +3 Authors

    The prevalence and increased frequency of high-magnitude Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the Chilean and Argentinean Andes suggests this region will be prone to similar events in the future as glaciers continue to retreat and thin under a warming climate. Despite this situation, monitoring of glacial lake development in this region has been limited, with past investigations only covering relatively small regions of Patagonia. This study presents new glacial lake inventories for 1986, 2000 and 2016, covering the Central Andes, Northern Patagonia and Southern Patagonia. Our aim was to characterise the physical attributes, spatial distribution and temporal development of glacial lakes in these three sub-regions using Landsat satellite imagery and image datasets available in Google Earth and Bing Maps. Glacial lake water volume was also estimated using an empirical area-volume scaling approach. Results reveal that glacial lakes across the study area have increased in number (43%) and areal extent (7%) between 1986 and 2016. Such changes equate to a glacial lake water volume increase of 65 km3 during the 30-year observation period. However, glacial lake growth and emergence was shown to vary sub-regionally according to localised topography, meteorology, climate change, rate of glacier change and the availability of low gradient ice areas. These and other factors are likely to influence the occurrence of GLOFs in the future. This analysis represents the first large-scale census of glacial lakes in Chile and Argentina and will allow for a better understanding of lake development in this region, as well as, providing a basis for future GLOF risk assessments.

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    Authors: Laurence Hawker; Paul Bates; Jeffrey Neal; Jonathan Rougier;

    Open-access global Digital Elevation Models (DEM) have been crucial in enabling flood studies in data-sparse areas. Poor resolution (>30 m), significant vertical errors and the fact that these DEMs are over a decade old continue to hamper our ability to accurately estimate flood hazard. The limited availability of high-accuracy DEMs dictate that dated open-access global DEMs are still used extensively in flood models, particularly in data-sparse areas. Nevertheless, high-accuracy DEMs have been found to give better flood estimations, and thus can be considered a ‘must-have’ for any flood model. A high-accuracy open-access global DEM is not imminent, meaning that editing or stochastic simulation of existing DEM data will remain the primary means of improving flood simulation. This article provides an overview of errors in some of the most widely used DEM data sets, along with the current advances in reducing them via the creation of new DEMs, editing DEMs and stochastic simulation of DEMs. We focus on a geostatistical approach to stochastically simulate floodplain DEMs from several open-access global DEMs based on the spatial error structure. This DEM simulation approach enables an ensemble of plausible DEMs to be created, thus avoiding the spurious precision of using a single DEM and enabling the generation of probabilistic flood maps. Despite this encouraging step, an imprecise and outdated global DEM is still being used to simulate elevation. To fundamentally improve flood estimations, particularly in rapidly changing developing regions, a high-accuracy open-access global DEM is urgently needed, which in turn can be used in DEM simulation.

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    Frontiers in Earth Science
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Frontiers in Earth Science
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    Article . 2018
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      Frontiers in Earth Science
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Durand, M.; Gleason, C. J.; Garambois, P. A.; Bjerklie, D.; +24 Authors

    AbstractThe Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission planned for launch in 2020 will map river elevations and inundated area globally for rivers >100 m wide. In advance of this launch, we here evaluated the possibility of estimating discharge in ungauged rivers using synthetic, daily “remote sensing” measurements derived from hydraulic models corrupted with minimal observational errors. Five discharge algorithms were evaluated, as well as the median of the five, for 19 rivers spanning a range of hydraulic and geomorphic conditions. Reliance upon a priori information, and thus applicability to truly ungauged reaches, varied among algorithms: one algorithm employed only global limits on velocity and depth, while the other algorithms relied on globally available prior estimates of discharge. We found at least one algorithm able to estimate instantaneous discharge to within 35% relative root‐mean‐squared error (RRMSE) on 14/16 nonbraided rivers despite out‐of‐bank flows, multichannel planforms, and backwater effects. Moreover, we found RRMSE was often dominated by bias; the median standard deviation of relative residuals across the 16 nonbraided rivers was only 12.5%. SWOT discharge algorithm progress is therefore encouraging, yet future efforts should consider incorporating ancillary data or multialgorithm synergy to improve results.

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    Water Resources Research
    Article . 2016
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    Water Resources Research
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Michael R. F. Lee; J P Domingues; G.A. McAuliffe; Muriel Tichit; +2 Authors

    AbstractAlthough climate impacts of ruminant agriculture are a major concern worldwide, using policy instruments to force grazing farms out of the livestock industry may diminish opportunities to produce nutritious food without exacerbating the food-feed competition for fertile and accessible land resources. Here, we present a new set of quantitative evidence to demonstrate that, per unit of overall nutrient value supplied by a given commodity, the demand for land suitable for human-edible crop production is considerably smaller under ruminant systems than monogastric systems, and consistently so at both farm and regional scales. We also demonstrate that imposition of a naïvely designed “red meat tax” has the potential to invite socioeconomic losses far greater than its environmental benefits, due largely to the induced misallocation of resources at the national scale. Our results reiterate the risk inherent in an excessively climate-focused debate on the role of livestock in human society and call for more multidimensional approaches of sustainability assessment to draw better-balanced policy packages.

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    Scientific Reports
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    Rothamsted Repository; Scientific Reports
    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Rothamsted Repository; Scientific Reports
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    Authors: Roffet-Salque; M.; Regert; M.; +125 Authors

    International audience; The pressures on honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations, resulting from threats by modern pesticides, parasites, predators and diseases, have raised awareness of the economic importance and critical role this insect plays in agricultural societies across the globe. However, the association of humans with A. mellifera predates post-industrial-revolution agriculture, as evidenced by the widespread presence of ancient Egyptian bee iconography dating to the Old Kingdom (approximately 2400 bc). There are also indications of Stone Age people harvesting bee products; for example, honey hunting is interpreted from rock art in a prehistoric Holocene context and a beeswax find in a pre-agriculturalist site. However, when and where the regular association of A. mellifera with agriculturalists emerged is unknown. One of the major products of A. mellifera is beeswax, which is composed of a complex suite of lipids including n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids and fatty acyl wax esters. The composition is highly constant as it is determined genetically through the insect’s biochemistry. Thus, the chemical ‘fingerprint’ of beeswax provides a reliable basis for detecting this commodity in organic residues preserved at archaeological sites, which we now use to trace the exploitation by humans of A. mellifera temporally and spatially. Here we present secure identifications of beeswax in lipid residues preserved in pottery vessels of Neolithic Old World farmers. The geographical range of bee product exploitation is traced in Neolithic Europe, the Near East and North Africa, providing the palaeoecological range of honeybees during prehistory. Temporally, we demonstrate that bee products were exploited continuously, and probably extensively in some regions, at least from the seventh millennium cal bc, likely fulfilling a variety of technological and cultural functions. The close association of A. mellifera with Neolithic farming communities dates to the early onset of agriculture and may provide evidence for the beginnings of a domestication process

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    Nature
    Article . 2015
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    Nature
    Article . 2015
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    Authors: Hamaza, Salua; Georgilas, Ioannis; Richardson, Thomas;

    As roles for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) continue to diversify, the ability to sense and interact closely with the environment becomes increasingly important. Within this paper we report on the initial flight tests of a novel adaptive compliant actuator which will allow a UAV to carry out such tasks as the "pick and placement" of remote sensors, structural testing and contact-based inspection. Three key results are discussed and presented; the ability to physically compensate impact forces or apply interaction forces by the UAV through the use of the active compliant manipulator; to be able to tailor these forces through tuning of the manipulator controller gains; and the ability to apply a rapid series of physical pulses in order to excite remotely placed sensors, e.g. vibration sensors. The paper describes the overall system requirements and system modelling considerations which have driven the concept through to flight testing. A series of over sixty flight tests have been used to generate initial results which clearly demonstrate the potential of this new type of compliant aerial actuator. Results are discussed in line with potential applications; and a series of future flight tests are described which will enable us to refine and characterise the overall system. Comment: Wrong results in this paper have been found after a post-analisys

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    Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine . 2018
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    Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine . Conference object . 2019
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2017
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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    https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2...
    Conference object . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine . 2018
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      Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine . Conference object . 2019
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2017
      License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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      https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2...
      Conference object . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Laurence Hawker; Jeffrey Neal; Paul D. Bates;

    Abstract Freely available Global Digital Elevation Models (GDEMs) are essential for many scientific and humanitarian applications. Recently, TanDEM-X 90 has been released with a global coverage at 3 arc sec resolution. Its release is sure to generate keen interest as it provides an alternative to the widely used Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM, especially for flood risk management as for low slope floodplains height errors can become particularly significant. Here, we provide a first accuracy assessment of TanDEM-X 90 for selected floodplain sites and compare it to other popular global DEMs – the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and the error-reduced version of SRTM called Multi-Error-Removed-Improved-Terrain (MERIT) DEM. We characterize vertical height errors by comparing against high resolution LiDAR DEMs for 32 floodplain locations in 6 continents. Results indicate that the average vertical accuracy of TanDEM-X 90 and MERIT are similar and are both a significant improvement on SRTM. We further our analysis by assessing vertical accuracy by landcover, with our results suggesting that TanDEM-X 90 is the most accurate global DEM in all landcover categories tested except short vegetation and tree-covered areas where MERIT is demonstrably more accurate. Lastly, we present the first characterization of the spatial error structure of any TanDEM-X DEM product, and find the spatial error structure is similar to MERIT, with MERIT generally having lower sill values and larger ranges than TanDEM-X 90 and SRTM. Our findings suggest that TanDEM-X 90 has the potential to become the benchmark global DEM in floodplains with careful removal of errors from vegetation, and at this stage should be used alongside MERIT in any flood risk application.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Explore Bristol Rese...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Remote Sensing of Environment
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bryony O Sands; Richard Wall;

    Abstract In pastoral agricultural landscapes, dung beetles provide important ecosystem functions including the removal of standing livestock dung, increasing pasture fertility and reducing parasite transmission. Faecal residues of the macrocyclic lactones (MLs) and synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) commonly used to treat livestock against endo- or ectoparasites (parasiticides), can have negative impacts on invertebrates such as dung inhabiting beetles. However, the extent of any functional ecological impact from their sustained use is unclear. The current work aimed to quantify the landscape-level effects on dung inhabiting beetle species assemblages associated with sustained parasiticide use within different farming systems. Cow dung-baited pitfall trapping was undertaken on 24 beef cattle farms in SW England, which either used MLs (n = 8), SPs (n = 7) or no parasiticides (n = 9). There were no differences in overall beetle abundance between farm types, however species richness, diversity, and functional diversity were higher on farms with a history of using no parasiticides compared to farms that used parasiticides. Species of endocoprid (dung dwelling) beetle dominated the community on farms that used parasiticides, particularly MLs, while paracoprid (dung burying) beetles were rare, possibly due to differential impacts depending on life history traits of the functional groups. The results are of concern because the long-term loss of dung beetle diversity and changes in functional assemblages have the potential to impair ecosystem function in agricultural landscapes.

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    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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