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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: El Hage Hassan, Hussein; Charbel, Laurence; Touchart, Laurent;

    Le Liban des hautes plaines subit une érosion hydrique qui tend à décaper ses sols et menacer ses activités agricoles. L’effet conjugué des actions anthropiques (conduites culturales, déboisement, surpâturage) et des facteurs naturels (agressivité climatique, versants abrupts, sol), fragilise le sol et menace les parcelles agricoles par le depôt des sédiments. Mhaydssé est un village concerné par le problème, représentatif des conditions naturelles et anthropiques du sud-est de la Békaa. L’étude utilise les SIG et l’équation universelle des pertes en terre (USLE). Pour remplacer l’intensité des précipitations, l’indice d’agressivité a été calculé à partir de l’équation de Renard et Freimund. Cinq types de sols ont été échantillonnés, pour lesquels la granulométrie a été analysée en cinq classes. La topographie (pente), le couvert végétal et les pratiques anti-érosives sont les autres facteurs qui ont été quantifiés. Sur les 1800 hectares du terrain d’étude, la perte moyenne en terre est de 46 t/ha/an. Cette valeur élevée est issue d’une grande hétérogénéité spatiale. Les versants dénudés subissent des taux supérieurs à 300 t/ha/an, tandis que le fond de la plaine n’est pratiquement pas touché. Les grandes différences spatiales sur de petites distances confirment le bienfondé d’une analyse précise de la texture des sols. The high plains of Lebanon are subject to water erosion which tends to strip its soils and threaten its agricultural activities. The combined effect of anthropogenic actions (cultural management, deforestation, overgrazing) and natural factors (climatic aggressiveness, steep slopes, soil), weakens the soil and threatens agricultural parcels by depositing sediments. Mhaydssé is a village concerned by this problem and its representative of the natural and anthropogenic conditions of the Békaa’s southeast. The study uses GIS and the Universal Earth Loss Equation (USLE). To replace the intensity of precipitation, the aggressiveness index was calculated from the equation of Renard and Freimund. Five soil types were sampled, for which the soil granulometry was analyzed in five classes. The topography (slope), the vegetation cover and the anti-erosion practices are the other factors that have been quantified. Of the 1800 hectares of the study area, the average loss of land is 46 t / ha / year. This high value comes from a high spatial heterogeneity. The barren slopes are subject to rates above 300 t /ha /yr, while the bottom of the plain is practically untouched. Large spatial differences over small distances confirm the thoroughness of an accurate analysis of soil texture.

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    Authors: Anna Smetanova; Stéphane Follain; Mélodie David; Rossano Ciampalini; +3 Authors

    International audience; Soil erosion is the primary process driving land degradation. Using multiple scales of management to minimize soil erosion is crucial to achieve land degradation neutrality targets within the Sustainable Development Goals agenda. Land management (LM) influences both on-site and off-site erosion on the event-scale and over the long-term. However, each LM differs in effectiveness depending on the temporal scale considered. In order to understand how LM effects internal and external catchment dynamics, we apply LandSoil, a physically based landscape evolution model, to evaluate 7 LM scenarios over long- (30 years) and short-terms (event scale). LM scenarios included changes in land use and/or landscape structure. Under current LM, mean surface soil erosion was similar to 0.69 +/- 39.10(-3) m over 30 years. In contrast, a single extreme event (435 mm/24 h) in January resulted in similar to 0.62 +/- 3.10(-3) In loss and similar to 0.04 +/- 2.10(-3) m if it occurred in October. Heterogeneous patterns of erosion and deposition developed after 30 years, whereas extreme events dominantly showed soil loss and high catchment connectivity. Effectiveness of LM in erosion mitigation and sediment trapping differed according to temporal and spatial scales for each scenario. We concluded that multiple temporal and spatial scales must be incorporated in order to adaptively manage land degradation and meet neutrality targets.

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2019
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    Journal of Environmental Management
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    Journal of Environmental Management
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Allouche, A.; Nicolas, L.; Tourment, R.;

    Cette communication présente un modèle d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité sociale au risque inondation dans les zones protégées par des digues. Ce modèle articule trois échelles d’analyse. Une échelle macrosociologique porte sur les tendances économiques et socio-démographiques afin d’évaluer la vulnérabilité de grandes unités territoriales cohérentes. L’échelle mésoscopique fait référence à l’espace de groupes sociaux et de regroupements humains cohérents. A cette échelle, on privilégie le recours à l’enquête par questionnaires auprès de ménages en zone inondable. La méthodologie proposée s’oriente en particulier vers une approche comportementaliste afin d’évaluer la propension des individus à s’exposer au risque, en fonction également de leurs capacités d’adaptation, de leurs connaissances de l’inondation, des actions préventives adoptées par les ménages, etc. Enfin, à l’échelle microsociologique, au moyen d’entretiens semi-directifs, l’approche développée tente de cerner les conditions et restrictions à la mise en oeuvre de méthodes quantitatives pour l’évaluation de la vulnérabilité sociale. Toward a socio-anthropological approach for assessing the social vulnerability of areas protected by the Rhone river dams. A three-scaled model is assumed to estimate the social vulnerability of leveed areas. A macro scale refers to the economic and socio-demographic trends that allow to assess the vulnerability of coherent large urban areas. A meso scale refers to homogenous communities or social groups. At this scale, the assessment of vulnerability proceeds by questionnaire surveys of households in flood risk areas. The methodology especially adopts a behavioral approach trying to estimate the propensity of people to self-exposure to risks, risk-taking practices, adaptive capacities, knowledge of flood process, the mitigation actions undertaken by householders, etc. At a micro scale, thanks to semi-structured interviews the methodology tries to assess the conditions and the restrictions to an assessment of vulnerability by means of quantitative methods. Allouche Aurélien, Nicolas Laurence, Tourment Rémy. Approche socio-anthropologique pour l’évaluation de la vulnérabilité sociale des zones protégées par les digues fluviales du Rhône aval. In: Evénements extrêmes fluviaux et maritimes. Leurs variabilités spatiales et chronologiques dans l'ouest de l’Europe. 34èmes journées de l’hydraulique Paris, 1 et 2 février 2012. 2012.

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    La Houille Blanche
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Wenhua Zhu; Dexian Wang; Benoît Eynard; Matthieu Bricogne; +1 Authors

    Part 4: Building Information Modeling (BIM); International audience; Large-scale 3D city building models have been widely used in urban planning, intelligent transportation, military simulation and other fields. The traditional ways of modeling generally have common problems such as low efficiency, waste of manpower and time consumption. How to find a rapid approach to automatically complete large-scale 3D modeling is a very hot research topic. In this paper we propose a novel approach of procedural modeling of buildings with CityEngine, which is combined with ArcGIS technology for the geographic information. This approach produces extensive architectural 3D models with high visual quality and geometric details at low cost. It includes following two contents concretely. At first, directly writing computer generated architecture (CGA) shape grammar to complete procedural modeling of building and other objects. Secondly, using facade modeling based on two-dimensional images to generate architectural model as well as creating high geometry details. It is validated that this novel approach of procedural modeling is a significant step forward that reduces a lot of modeling times by CGA shape grammars.

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    https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01377...
    Part of book or chapter of book
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Hal-Diderot
    Conference object . 2015
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      https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01377...
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Le Rouzic, Samuel Perichon; Jaffé, Rodolfo Ribbi; Geuster, Cleiton José;

    On a worldwide scale, Brazil is the country hosting the greatest number of stingless bee species. The species natural distribution favours the Amazonian basin, even though the Meliponinies settlement area (family to which these insects belong) covers the entire national territory. In southern Brazil, Meliponinies domestication for a long time concerned exclusively the Tetragonisca angustula, a very common species in Latin America, and some melipona: Melipona bicolor, M. marginata, M. quadrifasciata. The harsh pressure on nests linked with the destruction of natural habitats provoked a tremendous decline in wild bee populations. In the state of Santa Catarina, a majority of native bees is still threatened of disappearing despite a very restrictive law adopted in August 2004 by the Brazilian parliament. In urban areas like Chapeco city (175,000 inhabitants), the breeding of Meliponinies has been developing intensively over the past fifteen years. Nowadays, between 1,800 and 2,000 bee colonies and 21 species of Meliponini are managed in the average sized inland town by 50-80 new bee-keepers. Generally they want to sell (honey trade) their production or raise bees as a hobby (leisure). This urban meliponiculture may thus represent a way of conserving these bee species.

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    Agricultures
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agricultures
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      Agricultures
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agricultures
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    Authors: Claudia Arndt; Tom Misselbrook; Andres Vega; Ricardo González-Quintero; +3 Authors

    Agriculture is the largest source of ammonia (NH3) emissions. As NH3 is an indirect greenhouse gas, NH3 measurements are crucial to improving greenhouse gas emission inventory estimates. Moreover, NH3 emissions have wider implications for environmental and human health. Only a few studies have measured NH3 emissions from pastures in the tropics and subtropics and none has compared emissions to inventory estimates. The objectives of this study were to (1) measure NH3 emissions from dairy pastures in tropical and subtropical regions; (2) calculate NH3 emissions factors (EF) for each campaign; and (3) compare measured EF with those based on the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Tier 1, and the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Environmental Agency (EMPE/EEA) Tier 2 inventory estimates. Pasture NH3 emissions were measured on 3 dairy farms in Costa Rica. On each dairy, NH3 emissions were measured twice during the wet season and once during the dry season using a micrometeorological integrated horizontal-flux mass-balance method. Emissions were measured from excreta (dung and urine) deposited by grazing cattle and the subsequent application of organic (slurry) or synthetic fertilizer (ammonium nitrate or urea). Measured EF for all campaigns [from grazing cattle excreta and any subsequent slurry or fertilizer application; 4.9 ± 0.9% of applied nitrogen (mean ± SE)] were similar to those of the EMEP/EEA Tier 2 approach (6.1 ± 0.9%; mean ± SE) and 4 times lower than 2006 IPCC and 2019 Refinement to 2006 IPCC Tier 1 default estimates (17.7 ± 1.4 and 18.2 ± 0.9%, respectively; mean ± SE). Measured EF for excreta deposited on pasture and excreta both deposited on pasture and slurry application [3.9 ± 2.1 and 4.2 ± 2.1% (mean ± 95% CI), respectively] were 5 times lower than default EF assumed by 2006 IPCC and 2019 Refinement to 2006 IPCC methodology (both 20 and 21%, respectively), whereas EMEP/EAA estimates were similar [6.0 and 4.6 ± 0.3% (mean ± 95% CI), respectively]. This suggests an overestimation of EF from excreta deposited on pasture and slurry applications in tropical and subtropical regions by IPCC methodologies. Furthermore, rainfall, which is not included as a parameter in the current EMEP/EEA Tier 2 methodology, appeared to reduce NH3 emissions, suggesting that accounting for this in the inventory methodologies could improve inventory estimates.

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    Journal of Dairy Science; Rothamsted Repository
    Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier Non-Commercial
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    Journal of Dairy Science
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      Journal of Dairy Science; Rothamsted Repository
      Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Matjaž Glavan; Ulrich Schmutz; Sarah Williams; Stefano Corsi; +5 Authors

    Abstract Urban gardening is not a new phenomenon but it has received considerably more practical and academic interest in recent years. Studies on economic aspects such as crop yields, inputs and outputs of production, productivity, gross margins and the contribution to home economics are rare, especially in Europe. While urban gardening plays an important role in the Global South, its role in Western Europe for food productivity and home economics is currently under-researched. The aim of this study is to analyse European urban gardeners’ economic performance and self-sufficiency on a household level, as well as to reach a better understanding of their contribution to food self-provision and food security in the metropolitan areas. In a study carried out in 2014 with on-site personal and with online questionnaires participated 180 urban gardeners from three case study cities (Ljubljana, Milan, and London). Results from the economic analysis showed that although for most urban gardeners, profit is not their main motivation, the economic calculation shows that productivity in small urban plots can be comparable to market garden production. Urban gardeners are saving money, especially when, compared to retail prices for regular produce or organic produce, their input is included in the gross margin calculation. We conclude that, in the case-study cities, the self-provisional potential of urban gardeners’ households to adequately cover the annual vegetable need of five-a-day servings can be met under three conditions: (1) sufficient garden size; (2) increased area productivity, and (3) sufficient labour-hour inputs.

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    Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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    ZENODO; Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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      ZENODO; Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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    Authors: Johanna Riha; Alex Karabarinde; Gerald Ssenyomo; Steven Allender; +5 Authors

    Editors’ Summary Background Cardiometabolic diseases—cardiovascular diseases that affect the heart and/or the blood vessels and metabolic diseases that affect the cellular chemical reactions needed to sustain life—are a growing global health concern. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, the prevalence (the proportion of a population that has a given disease) of adults with diabetes (a life-shortening metabolic disease that affects how the body handles sugars) is currently 3.8%. By 2030, it is estimated that the prevalence of diabetes among adults in this region will have risen to 4.6%. Similarly, in 2004, around 1.2 million deaths in sub-Saharan Africa were attributed to coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. By 2030, the number of deaths in this region attributable to cardiovascular disease is expected to double. Globally, cardiovascular disease and diabetes are now responsible for around 17.3 million and 1.3 million annual deaths, respectively, together accounting for about one-third of all deaths. Why Was This Study Done? Experts believe that increased consumption of saturated fats, sugar, and salt and reduced physical activity are partly responsible for the increasing global prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases. These lifestyle changes, they suggest, are related to urbanization—urban expansion into the countryside and migration from rural to urban areas. If this is true, the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles should increase as rural areas adopt urban characteristics. Sub-Saharan Africa is the least urbanized region in the world, with about 60% of the population living in rural areas. However, rural settlements across the subcontinent are increasingly adopting urban characteristics. It is important to know whether urbanization is affecting the health of rural residents in sub-Saharan Africa to improve estimates of the future burden of cardiometabolic diseases in the region and to provide insights into ways to limit this burden. In this cross-sectional study (an investigation that studies participants at a single time point), the researchers examine the distribution of urban characteristics across rural communities in Uganda and the association of these characteristics with lifestyle risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. What Did the Researchers Do and Find? For their study, the researchers used data collected in 2011 by the General Population Cohort study, a study initiated in 1989 to describe HIV infection trends among people living in 25 villages in rural southwestern Uganda that collects health-related and other information annually from its participants. The researchers quantified the “urbanicity” of the 25 villages using a multi-component scale that included information such as village size and economic activity. They then used statistical models to examine associations between urbanicity and lifestyle risk factors such as body mass index (BMI, a measure of obesity) and self-reported fruit and vegetable consumption for more than 7,000 study participants living in those villages. None of the villages had paved roads or running water. However, urbanicity varied markedly across the villages, largely because of differences in economic activity, civil infrastructure, and the availability of educational and healthcare services. Notably, increasing urbanicity was associated with an increase in lifestyle risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. So, for example, people living in villages with the highest urbanicity scores were nearly 20% more likely to be physically inactive and to eat less fruits and vegetables and nearly 50% more likely to have a high BMI than people living in villages with the lowest urbanicity scores. What Do These Findings Mean? These findings indicate that, across rural communities in Uganda, even a small increase in urbanicity is associated with a higher prevalence of potentially modifiable lifestyle risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. These findings suggest, therefore, that simply classifying settlements as either rural or urban may not be adequate to capture the information needed to target strategies for cardiometabolic disease management and control in rural areas as they become more urbanized. Because this study was cross-sectional, it is not possible to say how long a rural population needs to experience a more urban environment before its risk of cardiometabolic diseases increases. Longitudinal studies are needed to obtain this information. Moreover, studies of other countries in sub-Saharan Africa are needed to show that these findings are generalizable across the region. However, based on these findings, and given that more than 553 million people live in rural areas across sub-Saharan Africa, it seems likely that increasing urbanization will have a substantial impact on the future health of populations throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Additional Information Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001683. This study is further discussed in a PLOS Medicine Perspective by Fahad Razak and Lisa Berkman The American Heart Association provides information on all aspects of cardiovascular disease and diabetes; its website includes personal stories about heart attacks, stroke, and diabetes The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has information on heart disease, stroke, and diabetes (in English and Spanish) The UK National Health Service Choices website provides information about cardiovascular disease and diabetes (including some personal stories) The World Health Organization’s Global Noncommunicable Disease Network (NCDnet) aims to help low- and middle-income countries reduce illness and death caused by cardiometabolic and other non-communicable diseases The World Heart Federation has recently produced a report entitled “Urbanization and Cardiovascular Disease” Wikipedia has a page on urbanization (note that Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia that anyone can edit; available in several languages) Background Urban living is associated with unhealthy lifestyles that can increase the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the majority of people live in rural areas, it is still unclear if there is a corresponding increase in unhealthy lifestyles as rural areas adopt urban characteristics. This study examines the distribution of urban characteristics across rural communities in Uganda and their associations with lifestyle risk factors for chronic diseases. Methods and Findings Using data collected in 2011, we examined cross-sectional associations between urbanicity and lifestyle risk factors in rural communities in Uganda, with 7,340 participants aged 13 y and above across 25 villages. Urbanicity was defined according to a multi-component scale, and Poisson regression models were used to examine associations between urbanicity and lifestyle risk factors by quartile of urbanicity. Despite all of the villages not having paved roads and running water, there was marked variation in levels of urbanicity across the villages, largely attributable to differences in economic activity, civil infrastructure, and availability of educational and healthcare services. In regression models, after adjustment for clustering and potential confounders including socioeconomic status, increasing urbanicity was associated with an increase in lifestyle risk factors such as physical inactivity (risk ratio [RR]: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.24), low fruit and vegetable consumption (RR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.23), and high body mass index (RR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.77). Conclusions This study indicates that even across rural communities in SSA, increasing urbanicity is associated with a higher prevalence of lifestyle risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. This finding highlights the need to consider the health impact of urbanization in rural areas across SSA. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary Johanna Riha and colleagues evaluate the association of lifestyle risk factors with elements of urbanicity, such as having a public telephone, a primary school, or a hospital, among individuals living in rural settings in Uganda. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

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    Europe PubMed Central
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    Authors: Vincent Upton; Cathal O'Donoghue; Mary Ryan;

    peer-reviewed Land use change is fundamentally a product of the interaction of physical land characteristics, economic considerations and agricultural and environmental policies. Researchers are increasingly combining physical and socio-economic spatial data to investigate the drivers of land-use change in relation to policy and economic developments. Focusing on Ireland, this study develops a panel data set of annual afforestation over 2811 small-area boundaries between 1993 and 2007 from vector and raster data sources. Soil type and other physical characteristics are combined with the net returns of converting agricultural land to forestry, based on the micro-simulation of individual farm incomes, to investigate land conversion. A spatial econometric approach is adopted to model the data and a range of physical, economic and policy factors are identified as having a significant effect on afforestation rates. In addition to the financial returns, the availability and quality of land and the implementation of environmental protection policies are identified as important factors in land conversion. The implications of these factors for the goal of forest expansion are discussed in relation to conflicting current and future land use policies. Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine

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    Authors: Taylor, George; Brunsdon, Chris; Li, Jing; Olden, Andrew; +2 Authors

    Abstract A test-bed application, called Map Matched GPS (MMGPS) processes raw GPS output data, from RINEX files, or GPS derived coordinates. This developed method uses absolute GPS positioning, map matched, to locate the vehicle on a road centre-line, when GPS is known to be sufficiently accurate. MMGPS software has now been adapted to incorporate positioning based on odometer derived distances (OMMGPS), when GPS positions are not available. Relative GPS positions are used to calibrate the odometer. If a GPS position is detected to be inaccurate, it is not used for positioning, or for calibrating the odometer correction factor. In OMMGPS, GPS pseudorange observations are combined with DTM height information and odometer positions to provide a vehicle position at ‘1 s’ epochs. The described experiment used GPS and odometer observations taken on a London bus on a predefined route in central of London. Therefore, map matching techniques are used to test GPS positioning accuracy, and to identify grossly inaccurate GPS positions. In total, over 15,000 vehicle positions were computed and tested using OMMGPS. In general, the position quality provided by GPS alone was extremely poor, due to multipath effects caused by the urban canyons of central London, so that odometer positioning was used much more often to position the vehicle than GPS. Typically, the ratio is 7:3 odometer positions to GPS positions. In the case of one particular trip, OMMGPS provides a mean error of position of 8.8 m compared with 53.7 m for raw GPS alone.

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    Computers Environment and Urban Systems
    Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
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      Computers Environment and Urban Systems
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    Authors: El Hage Hassan, Hussein; Charbel, Laurence; Touchart, Laurent;

    Le Liban des hautes plaines subit une érosion hydrique qui tend à décaper ses sols et menacer ses activités agricoles. L’effet conjugué des actions anthropiques (conduites culturales, déboisement, surpâturage) et des facteurs naturels (agressivité climatique, versants abrupts, sol), fragilise le sol et menace les parcelles agricoles par le depôt des sédiments. Mhaydssé est un village concerné par le problème, représentatif des conditions naturelles et anthropiques du sud-est de la Békaa. L’étude utilise les SIG et l’équation universelle des pertes en terre (USLE). Pour remplacer l’intensité des précipitations, l’indice d’agressivité a été calculé à partir de l’équation de Renard et Freimund. Cinq types de sols ont été échantillonnés, pour lesquels la granulométrie a été analysée en cinq classes. La topographie (pente), le couvert végétal et les pratiques anti-érosives sont les autres facteurs qui ont été quantifiés. Sur les 1800 hectares du terrain d’étude, la perte moyenne en terre est de 46 t/ha/an. Cette valeur élevée est issue d’une grande hétérogénéité spatiale. Les versants dénudés subissent des taux supérieurs à 300 t/ha/an, tandis que le fond de la plaine n’est pratiquement pas touché. Les grandes différences spatiales sur de petites distances confirment le bienfondé d’une analyse précise de la texture des sols. The high plains of Lebanon are subject to water erosion which tends to strip its soils and threaten its agricultural activities. The combined effect of anthropogenic actions (cultural management, deforestation, overgrazing) and natural factors (climatic aggressiveness, steep slopes, soil), weakens the soil and threatens agricultural parcels by depositing sediments. Mhaydssé is a village concerned by this problem and its representative of the natural and anthropogenic conditions of the Békaa’s southeast. The study uses GIS and the Universal Earth Loss Equation (USLE). To replace the intensity of precipitation, the aggressiveness index was calculated from the equation of Renard and Freimund. Five soil types were sampled, for which the soil granulometry was analyzed in five classes. The topography (slope), the vegetation cover and the anti-erosion practices are the other factors that have been quantified. Of the 1800 hectares of the study area, the average loss of land is 46 t / ha / year. This high value comes from a high spatial heterogeneity. The barren slopes are subject to rates above 300 t /ha /yr, while the bottom of the plain is practically untouched. Large spatial differences over small distances confirm the thoroughness of an accurate analysis of soil texture.

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    Authors: Anna Smetanova; Stéphane Follain; Mélodie David; Rossano Ciampalini; +3 Authors

    International audience; Soil erosion is the primary process driving land degradation. Using multiple scales of management to minimize soil erosion is crucial to achieve land degradation neutrality targets within the Sustainable Development Goals agenda. Land management (LM) influences both on-site and off-site erosion on the event-scale and over the long-term. However, each LM differs in effectiveness depending on the temporal scale considered. In order to understand how LM effects internal and external catchment dynamics, we apply LandSoil, a physically based landscape evolution model, to evaluate 7 LM scenarios over long- (30 years) and short-terms (event scale). LM scenarios included changes in land use and/or landscape structure. Under current LM, mean surface soil erosion was similar to 0.69 +/- 39.10(-3) m over 30 years. In contrast, a single extreme event (435 mm/24 h) in January resulted in similar to 0.62 +/- 3.10(-3) In loss and similar to 0.04 +/- 2.10(-3) m if it occurred in October. Heterogeneous patterns of erosion and deposition developed after 30 years, whereas extreme events dominantly showed soil loss and high catchment connectivity. Effectiveness of LM in erosion mitigation and sediment trapping differed according to temporal and spatial scales for each scenario. We concluded that multiple temporal and spatial scales must be incorporated in order to adaptively manage land degradation and meet neutrality targets.

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2019
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    Journal of Environmental Management
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    Journal of Environmental Management
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Allouche, A.; Nicolas, L.; Tourment, R.;

    Cette communication présente un modèle d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité sociale au risque inondation dans les zones protégées par des digues. Ce modèle articule trois échelles d’analyse. Une échelle macrosociologique porte sur les tendances économiques et socio-démographiques afin d’évaluer la vulnérabilité de grandes unités territoriales cohérentes. L’échelle mésoscopique fait référence à l’espace de groupes sociaux et de regroupements humains cohérents. A cette échelle, on privilégie le recours à l’enquête par questionnaires auprès de ménages en zone inondable. La méthodologie proposée s’oriente en particulier vers une approche comportementaliste afin d’évaluer la propension des individus à s’exposer au risque, en fonction également de leurs capacités d’adaptation, de leurs connaissances de l’inondation, des actions préventives adoptées par les ménages, etc. Enfin, à l’échelle microsociologique, au moyen d’entretiens semi-directifs, l’approche développée tente de cerner les conditions et restrictions à la mise en oeuvre de méthodes quantitatives pour l’évaluation de la vulnérabilité sociale. Toward a socio-anthropological approach for assessing the social vulnerability of areas protected by the Rhone river dams. A three-scaled model is assumed to estimate the social vulnerability of leveed areas. A macro scale refers to the economic and socio-demographic trends that allow to assess the vulnerability of coherent large urban areas. A meso scale refers to homogenous communities or social groups. At this scale, the assessment of vulnerability proceeds by questionnaire surveys of households in flood risk areas. The methodology especially adopts a behavioral approach trying to estimate the propensity of people to self-exposure to risks, risk-taking practices, adaptive capacities, knowledge of flood process, the mitigation actions undertaken by householders, etc. At a micro scale, thanks to semi-structured interviews the methodology tries to assess the conditions and the restrictions to an assessment of vulnerability by means of quantitative methods. Allouche Aurélien, Nicolas Laurence, Tourment Rémy. Approche socio-anthropologique pour l’évaluation de la vulnérabilité sociale des zones protégées par les digues fluviales du Rhône aval. In: Evénements extrêmes fluviaux et maritimes. Leurs variabilités spatiales et chronologiques dans l'ouest de l’Europe. 34èmes journées de l’hydraulique Paris, 1 et 2 février 2012. 2012.

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    La Houille Blanche
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Wenhua Zhu; Dexian Wang; Benoît Eynard; Matthieu Bricogne; +1 Authors

    Part 4: Building Information Modeling (BIM); International audience; Large-scale 3D city building models have been widely used in urban planning, intelligent transportation, military simulation and other fields. The traditional ways of modeling generally have common problems such as low efficiency, waste of manpower and time consumption. How to find a rapid approach to automatically complete large-scale 3D modeling is a very hot research topic. In this paper we propose a novel approach of procedural modeling of buildings with CityEngine, which is combined with ArcGIS technology for the geographic information. This approach produces extensive architectural 3D models with high visual quality and geometric details at low cost. It includes following two contents concretely. At first, directly writing computer generated architecture (CGA) shape grammar to complete procedural modeling of building and other objects. Secondly, using facade modeling based on two-dimensional images to generate architectural model as well as creating high geometry details. It is validated that this novel approach of procedural modeling is a significant step forward that reduces a lot of modeling times by CGA shape grammars.

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
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    Authors: Le Rouzic, Samuel Perichon; Jaffé, Rodolfo Ribbi; Geuster, Cleiton José;

    On a worldwide scale, Brazil is the country hosting the greatest number of stingless bee species. The species natural distribution favours the Amazonian basin, even though the Meliponinies settlement area (family to which these insects belong) covers the entire national territory. In southern Brazil, Meliponinies domestication for a long time concerned exclusively the Tetragonisca angustula, a very common species in Latin America, and some melipona: Melipona bicolor, M. marginata, M. quadrifasciata. The harsh pressure on nests linked with the destruction of natural habitats provoked a tremendous decline in wild bee populations. In the state of Santa Catarina, a majority of native bees is still threatened of disappearing despite a very restrictive law adopted in August 2004 by the Brazilian parliament. In urban areas like Chapeco city (175,000 inhabitants), the breeding of Meliponinies has been developing intensively over the past fifteen years. Nowadays, between 1,800 and 2,000 bee colonies and 21 species of Meliponini are managed in the average sized inland town by 50-80 new bee-keepers. Generally they want to sell (honey trade) their production or raise bees as a hobby (leisure). This urban meliponiculture may thus represent a way of conserving these bee species.

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    Agricultures
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agricultures
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Claudia Arndt; Tom Misselbrook; Andres Vega; Ricardo González-Quintero; +3 Authors

    Agriculture is the largest source of ammonia (NH3) emissions. As NH3 is an indirect greenhouse gas, NH3 measurements are crucial to improving greenhouse gas emission inventory estimates. Moreover, NH3 emissions have wider implications for environmental and human health. Only a few studies have measured NH3 emissions from pastures in the tropics and subtropics and none has compared emissions to inventory estimates. The objectives of this study were to (1) measure NH3 emissions from dairy pastures in tropical and subtropical regions; (2) calculate NH3 emissions factors (EF) for each campaign; and (3) compare measured EF with those based on the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Tier 1, and the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Environmental Agency (EMPE/EEA) Tier 2 inventory estimates. Pasture NH3 emissions were measured on 3 dairy farms in Costa Rica. On each dairy, NH3 emissions were measured twice during the wet season and once during the dry season using a micrometeorological integrated horizontal-flux mass-balance method. Emissions were measured from excreta (dung and urine) deposited by grazing cattle and the subsequent application of organic (slurry) or synthetic fertilizer (ammonium nitrate or urea). Measured EF for all campaigns [from grazing cattle excreta and any subsequent slurry or fertilizer application; 4.9 ± 0.9% of applied nitrogen (mean ± SE)] were similar to those of the EMEP/EEA Tier 2 approach (6.1 ± 0.9%; mean ± SE) and 4 times lower than 2006 IPCC and 2019 Refinement to 2006 IPCC Tier 1 default estimates (17.7 ± 1.4 and 18.2 ± 0.9%, respectively; mean ± SE). Measured EF for excreta deposited on pasture and excreta both deposited on pasture and slurry application [3.9 ± 2.1 and 4.2 ± 2.1% (mean ± 95% CI), respectively] were 5 times lower than default EF assumed by 2006 IPCC and 2019 Refinement to 2006 IPCC methodology (both 20 and 21%, respectively), whereas EMEP/EAA estimates were similar [6.0 and 4.6 ± 0.3% (mean ± 95% CI), respectively]. This suggests an overestimation of EF from excreta deposited on pasture and slurry applications in tropical and subtropical regions by IPCC methodologies. Furthermore, rainfall, which is not included as a parameter in the current EMEP/EEA Tier 2 methodology, appeared to reduce NH3 emissions, suggesting that accounting for this in the inventory methodologies could improve inventory estimates.

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    Journal of Dairy Science; Rothamsted Repository
    Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Journal of Dairy Science
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      Journal of Dairy Science; Rothamsted Repository
      Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Dairy Science
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    Authors: Matjaž Glavan; Ulrich Schmutz; Sarah Williams; Stefano Corsi; +5 Authors

    Abstract Urban gardening is not a new phenomenon but it has received considerably more practical and academic interest in recent years. Studies on economic aspects such as crop yields, inputs and outputs of production, productivity, gross margins and the contribution to home economics are rare, especially in Europe. While urban gardening plays an important role in the Global South, its role in Western Europe for food productivity and home economics is currently under-researched. The aim of this study is to analyse European urban gardeners’ economic performance and self-sufficiency on a household level, as well as to reach a better understanding of their contribution to food self-provision and food security in the metropolitan areas. In a study carried out in 2014 with on-site personal and with online questionnaires participated 180 urban gardeners from three case study cities (Ljubljana, Milan, and London). Results from the economic analysis showed that although for most urban gardeners, profit is not their main motivation, the economic calculation shows that productivity in small urban plots can be comparable to market garden production. Urban gardeners are saving money, especially when, compared to retail prices for regular produce or organic produce, their input is included in the gross margin calculation. We conclude that, in the case-study cities, the self-provisional potential of urban gardeners’ households to adequately cover the annual vegetable need of five-a-day servings can be met under three conditions: (1) sufficient garden size; (2) increased area productivity, and (3) sufficient labour-hour inputs.

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    Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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    ZENODO; Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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      ZENODO; Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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    Authors: Johanna Riha; Alex Karabarinde; Gerald Ssenyomo; Steven Allender; +5 Authors

    Editors’ Summary Background Cardiometabolic diseases—cardiovascular diseases that affect the heart and/or the blood vessels and metabolic diseases that affect the cellular chemical reactions needed to sustain life—are a growing global health concern. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, the prevalence (the proportion of a population that has a given disease) of adults with diabetes (a life-shortening metabolic disease that affects how the body handles sugars) is currently 3.8%. By 2030, it is estimated that the prevalence of diabetes among adults in this region will have risen to 4.6%. Similarly, in 2004, around 1.2 million deaths in sub-Saharan Africa were attributed to coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. By 2030, the number of deaths in this region attributable to cardiovascular disease is expected to double. Globally, cardiovascular disease and diabetes are now responsible for around 17.3 million and 1.3 million annual deaths, respectively, together accounting for about one-third of all deaths. Why Was This Study Done? Experts believe that increased consumption of saturated fats, sugar, and salt and reduced physical activity are partly responsible for the increasing global prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases. These lifestyle changes, they suggest, are related to urbanization—urban expansion into the countryside and migration from rural to urban areas. If this is true, the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles should increase as rural areas adopt urban characteristics. Sub-Saharan Africa is the least urbanized region in the world, with about 60% of the population living in rural areas. However, rural settlements across the subcontinent are increasingly adopting urban characteristics. It is important to know whether urbanization is affecting the health of rural residents in sub-Saharan Africa to improve estimates of the future burden of cardiometabolic diseases in the region and to provide insights into ways to limit this burden. In this cross-sectional study (an investigation that studies participants at a single time point), the researchers examine the distribution of urban characteristics across rural communities in Uganda and the association of these characteristics with lifestyle risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. What Did the Researchers Do and Find? For their study, the researchers used data collected in 2011 by the General Population Cohort study, a study initiated in 1989 to describe HIV infection trends among people living in 25 villages in rural southwestern Uganda that collects health-related and other information annually from its participants. The researchers quantified the “urbanicity” of the 25 villages using a multi-component scale that included information such as village size and economic activity. They then used statistical models to examine associations between urbanicity and lifestyle risk factors such as body mass index (BMI, a measure of obesity) and self-reported fruit and vegetable consumption for more than 7,000 study participants living in those villages. None of the villages had paved roads or running water. However, urbanicity varied markedly across the villages, largely because of differences in economic activity, civil infrastructure, and the availability of educational and healthcare services. Notably, increasing urbanicity was associated with an increase in lifestyle risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. So, for example, people living in villages with the highest urbanicity scores were nearly 20% more likely to be physically inactive and to eat less fruits and vegetables and nearly 50% more likely to have a high BMI than people living in villages with the lowest urbanicity scores. What Do These Findings Mean? These findings indicate that, across rural communities in Uganda, even a small increase in urbanicity is associated with a higher prevalence of potentially modifiable lifestyle risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. These findings suggest, therefore, that simply classifying settlements as either rural or urban may not be adequate to capture the information needed to target strategies for cardiometabolic disease management and control in rural areas as they become more urbanized. Because this study was cross-sectional, it is not possible to say how long a rural population needs to experience a more urban environment before its risk of cardiometabolic diseases increases. Longitudinal studies are needed to obtain this information. Moreover, studies of other countries in sub-Saharan Africa are needed to show that these findings are generalizable across the region. However, based on these findings, and given that more than 553 million people live in rural areas across sub-Saharan Africa, it seems likely that increasing urbanization will have a substantial impact on the future health of populations throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Additional Information Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001683. This study is further discussed in a PLOS Medicine Perspective by Fahad Razak and Lisa Berkman The American Heart Association provides information on all aspects of cardiovascular disease and diabetes; its website includes personal stories about heart attacks, stroke, and diabetes The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has information on heart disease, stroke, and diabetes (in English and Spanish) The UK National Health Service Choices website provides information about cardiovascular disease and diabetes (including some personal stories) The World Health Organization’s Global Noncommunicable Disease Network (NCDnet) aims to help low- and middle-income countries reduce illness and death caused by cardiometabolic and other non-communicable diseases The World Heart Federation has recently produced a report entitled “Urbanization and Cardiovascular Disease” Wikipedia has a page on urbanization (note that Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia that anyone can edit; available in several languages) Background Urban living is associated with unhealthy lifestyles that can increase the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the majority of people live in rural areas, it is still unclear if there is a corresponding increase in unhealthy lifestyles as rural areas adopt urban characteristics. This study examines the distribution of urban characteristics across rural communities in Uganda and their associations with lifestyle risk factors for chronic diseases. Methods and Findings Using data collected in 2011, we examined cross-sectional associations between urbanicity and lifestyle risk factors in rural communities in Uganda, with 7,340 participants aged 13 y and above across 25 villages. Urbanicity was defined according to a multi-component scale, and Poisson regression models were used to examine associations between urbanicity and lifestyle risk factors by quartile of urbanicity. Despite all of the villages not having paved roads and running water, there was marked variation in levels of urbanicity across the villages, largely attributable to differences in economic activity, civil infrastructure, and availability of educational and healthcare services. In regression models, after adjustment for clustering and potential confounders including socioeconomic status, increasing urbanicity was associated with an increase in lifestyle risk factors such as physical inactivity (risk ratio [RR]: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.24), low fruit and vegetable consumption (RR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.23), and high body mass index (RR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.77). Conclusions This study indicates that even across rural communities in SSA, increasing urbanicity is associated with a higher prevalence of lifestyle risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. This finding highlights the need to consider the health impact of urbanization in rural areas across SSA. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary Johanna Riha and colleagues evaluate the association of lifestyle risk factors with elements of urbanicity, such as having a public telephone, a primary school, or a hospital, among individuals living in rural settings in Uganda. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

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    Europe PubMed Central
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Vincent Upton; Cathal O'Donoghue; Mary Ryan;

    peer-reviewed Land use change is fundamentally a product of the interaction of physical land characteristics, economic considerations and agricultural and environmental policies. Researchers are increasingly combining physical and socio-economic spatial data to investigate the drivers of land-use change in relation to policy and economic developments. Focusing on Ireland, this study develops a panel data set of annual afforestation over 2811 small-area boundaries between 1993 and 2007 from vector and raster data sources. Soil type and other physical characteristics are combined with the net returns of converting agricultural land to forestry, based on the micro-simulation of individual farm incomes, to investigate land conversion. A spatial econometric approach is adopted to model the data and a range of physical, economic and policy factors are identified as having a significant effect on afforestation rates. In addition to the financial returns, the availability and quality of land and the implementation of environmental protection policies are identified as important factors in land conversion. The implications of these factors for the goal of forest expansion are discussed in relation to conflicting current and future land use policies. Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ T-Stórarrow_drop_down
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    T-Stór
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: T-Stór
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of Environmental Management
    Article
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    Journal of Environmental Management
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ T-Stórarrow_drop_down
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      T-Stór
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: T-Stór
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of Environmental Management
      Article
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      Journal of Environmental Management
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
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    Authors: Taylor, George; Brunsdon, Chris; Li, Jing; Olden, Andrew; +2 Authors

    Abstract A test-bed application, called Map Matched GPS (MMGPS) processes raw GPS output data, from RINEX files, or GPS derived coordinates. This developed method uses absolute GPS positioning, map matched, to locate the vehicle on a road centre-line, when GPS is known to be sufficiently accurate. MMGPS software has now been adapted to incorporate positioning based on odometer derived distances (OMMGPS), when GPS positions are not available. Relative GPS positions are used to calibrate the odometer. If a GPS position is detected to be inaccurate, it is not used for positioning, or for calibrating the odometer correction factor. In OMMGPS, GPS pseudorange observations are combined with DTM height information and odometer positions to provide a vehicle position at ‘1 s’ epochs. The described experiment used GPS and odometer observations taken on a London bus on a predefined route in central of London. Therefore, map matching techniques are used to test GPS positioning accuracy, and to identify grossly inaccurate GPS positions. In total, over 15,000 vehicle positions were computed and tested using OMMGPS. In general, the position quality provided by GPS alone was extremely poor, due to multipath effects caused by the urban canyons of central London, so that odometer positioning was used much more often to position the vehicle than GPS. Typically, the ratio is 7:3 odometer positions to GPS positions. In the case of one particular trip, OMMGPS provides a mean error of position of 8.8 m compared with 53.7 m for raw GPS alone.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Maynooth University ...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Computers Environment and Urban Systems
    Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Maynooth University ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Computers Environment and Urban Systems
      Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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