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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tronczynski, Jacek; Saussey, Lauriane; Ponzevera, Emmanuel;

    With the new global sulphur shipping emission regulations of International Maritime Organization (IMO), remarkable increase of exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) installations was noted recently. EGCS, also known as “scrubbers”, is an alternative technical solution reducing air emission of sulphur oxides, appeared as an attractive, less-expensive solution for many ship companies. EGCS allows ships to continue to use low-cost, high-sulfur heavy fuel oil (HFO) and consequently the shipping industry remains main market for HFO. In the scrubber, the ship exhaust gas is washed out by a high flow rate of the seawater and this process results in the effective reduction of sulphur air emission and in the discharge overboard into surrounding environments of a large amount of polluted washwaters. The resulting discharged washwaters contain a chemical mixture of acidifying and eutrophying substances and toxic pollutants such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which together with SOx are effectively washed out from the ship exhausts. The use of scrubbers generates thus a new stream of shipping liquid wastes, which will dominate metals and PAH discharges from ships. In this context, there is a growing need to elaborate and improve the methods for evaluation of pollutant discharge through scrubbers and the routine monitoring of this chemical pollution transferred from air to marine waters. In the present report the focus is given primarily on emission discharges of heavy metals and PAHs that is two groups of ship exhaust contaminants, which were less studied and regulated. In essence, the proposed method for scrubber emission discharge evaluation, is built on the same basis as approved methods developed for green-house gases (GHGs) and main shipping air pollutant emission inventories. In this respect, the proposed approach is based on the estimates using pollutant emission factors, washwater volumes and flow rates, assumed scrubber trapping efficiencies, ship fuel consumption and energy demand. The case study of the metals and PAHs discharge estimation is proposed for the model Ro-Pax ferry - one ship scenario and its real-world operation between two ports Marseille and Ajaccio (France). A larger scale projection is also presented, consisting of the potential pollutant discharges by EGCS of 11 Ro-Pax ships fleet also operating in the Gulf of Lion and the Ligurian Sea basins, between mainland France and Corsica. Furthermore, building on the recent work by Osipova et al. (2021) on the global assessment of the mass of washwater discharges from vessels using scrubbers, our report provides various scenarios of washwater and pollutant loads into French Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The calculations are presented for the entire French EEZ as well as the French Mediterranean EEZ and its ports in the Gulf of Lion (GoL) and Corsica. It appears that in France about 75 % of scrubber washwater discharges occur beyond territorial sea of 12 nautical miles, whereas 15 % is released in the territorial seas (TS), 6 % in internal waters (IW) and 4% in their ports. The distribution of pollutant loads will follow washwater discharges. Pollutant quantities amounting to hundreds and thousands of kilograms of main metals (V, Fe, Ni, Zn) and PAHs discharged annually by a given fleet of 11 Ro-Pax ships into the Western Mediterranean Sea come into the same category as other large-scale environmental inputs and emissions of these compounds. The estimated annual EGCS potential loads to the Gulf of Lion and the Ligurian Sea compare to the amounts of vanadium, nickel and ƩPAH16 dumped with major oil spills or to the Rhone river annual flux of PAHs entering the Gulf of Lion. These estimates clearly indicate that ship scrubber washwaters may represent significant source of pollutants entering the western Mediterranean Sea.

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    Authors: Zunino Rodriguez, Patricia; Rannou, Jean Philippe;

    This document is the C-RAID project activity report in automn 2022.

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    Authors: Liefmann, Stephanie; Dauvin, Jean-Claude; Delahaye, Marc; Domingo, Camille; +7 Authors

    Les professionnels de la pêche en Normandie et Hauts-de-France ont initié le projet IPREM (Impact des engins de Pêche sur les fonds marins et la Résilience Ecologique du Milieu) avec pour but de faire un état des lieux bibliographique de l'impact des arts traînants en contact avec le fond marin sur les communautés et habitats benthiques, spécifiques aux eaux de la Manche. Les engins de pêche considérés sont la drague (DRB), le chalut à panneaux (OTB), le chalut à perche (TBB) et les sennes écossaises et danoises (SSC et SDN respectivement). Pour caractériser l'impact sur les habitats, l'effort de pêche auquel est soumis chaque habitat et leur sensibilité ont été pris en considération. L'habitat le plus impacté est le sable circalittoral au large, suivi du sédiment grossier circalittoral au large, du sable circalittoral et du sédiment grossier circalittoral. Le fait que la Manche soit une mer à fort hydrodynamisme peut conférer une résistance plus forte aux communautés benthiques présentes. Cela pourrait expliquer qu’au fil des années, il n'a pas été observé de grands changements au niveau des habitats. Cependant, il faut prendre en compte que la Manche est une mer très anthropisée et intensément pêchée depuis des dizaines d’années. Les communautés présentes reflètent les assemblages d’espèces ayant pu résister à cette pression de pêche élevée. Des mesures pour réduire l’impact sont néanmoins nécessaires et doivent être appuyées sur un travail scientifique prenant en compte les intérêts et besoins des professionnels de la pêche. Fishing professionals in Normandy and Hauts-de-France have initiated the IPREM project (Impact des engins de Pêche sur les fonds marins et la Résilience Ecologique du Milieu) with the aim of conducting a bibliographic review of the impact of towed gear in contact with the seabed on benthic communities and habitats, specific to the waters of the Channel. The fishing gears considered are the dredge (DRB), otter trawl (OTB), beam trawl (TBB) and Scottish and Danish seines (SSC and SDN respectively). To characterize the impact on the habitats, the fishing effort to which each habitat is subjected and their sensitivity were considered. The most impacted habitat is offshore circalittoral sand, followed by offshore circalittoral coarse sediment, circalittoral sand and circalittoral coarse sediment. The fact that the Channel is a sea with strong hydrodynamics may confer a stronger resistance to the benthic communities present. This could explain why, over the years, no major changes in habitats have been observed. However, it must be taken into account that the Channel is a highly anthropized sea that has been intensively fished for decades. The communities present reflect the species assemblages that have been able to resist this high fishing pressure. Measures to reduce the impact are nevertheless necessary and must be supported by scientific work taking into account the interests and needs of fishing professionals.

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    Authors: Lissardy, Muriel; Rigouin, Loic; Ganthy, Florian; Auby, Isabelle;

    Le projet IDHEBARC s’intéresse à l’impact potentiel des travaux maritimes (nettoyage des friches ostréicoles, dragage des ports, …) sur les herbiers de zostères du Bassin d’Arcachon. Ce projet pluriannuel comporte des actions de modélisation hydrosédimentaire visant à cartographier l’intensité des impacts potentiels, et un suivi de l’évolution de l’emprise et du recouvrement des herbiers et de la composition de leur fond sédimentaire. Ce rapport présente les premiers résultats du suivi réalisé dans le secteur de La Teste de Buch (Bassin d’Arcachon) où des travaux de dragage ont été réalisés début 2021.

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    Authors: Zunino Rodriguez, Patricia; Rannou, Jean Philippe; Hamon, Mathieu; Carval, Thierry;

    This document is the quality control manual for drifter data processed in the framework of the C-RAID project. It is derived from “Argo Quality Control Manual for CTD and Trajectory Data” (http://dx.doi.org/10.13155/33951). Specific information about the drifting buoy was also recovered from the “Guide to Drifting Data Buoys”, UNESCO, 1988 (https://www.oceandocs.org/handle/1834/2734). The document describes two levels of quality control: - Real Time Quality Control (RTQC) tests that perform a set of agreed automatic checks; - Delayed-Mode Quality Control (DMQC) tests and procedures to be performed by an operator.

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    Authors: Lepetit, Camille; Boymond-Morales, Romane; Payet, Fanny; Barichasse, Eliott; +2 Authors

    Le projet “Indicateurs populationnels et écosystémiques pour une gestion durable des ressources en poissons démersaux récifaux et profonds (1 - 500 m) à La Réunion (IPERDMX)” vise à établir un état des connaissances sur l’état des stocks de poissons démersaux récifaux et profonds à La Réunion. Le volet 3 de ce projet vise à décrire les activités de pêche au sein des aires marines protégées. Cent-vingt-sept sorties standardisées ont permis d’observer, décrire et quantifier l’effort de pêche dans la Réserve Naturelle Marine de La Réunion par comptage visuel aux jumelles et au drone depuis le trait de côte, ainsi que deux sorties embarquées dans la Réserve Naturelle de Sainte-Rose. Les pêches les plus pratiquées sont la pêche à pied, à la canne à pêche au moulinet ou à la gaulette traditionnelle, suivie des pêches embarquées professionnelle et de plaisance. La fréquentation est dépendante de facteurs environnementaux (agitation de la mer, intensité du vent, état du ciel, dynamique de la marée) et temporels (moment de la journée, jour de la semaine, saison). La répartition spatiale des pêcheurs est déterminée par le niveau de réglementation, l’accessibilité et les conditions environnementales.

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    Authors: Mayer, Igor;
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    Authors: Rigouin, Loic; Ganthy, Florian;

    Le projet IDHEBARC s’intéresse à l’impact potentiel des travaux maritimes (nettoyage des friches ostréicoles, dragage des ports, …) sur les herbiers de zostères du Bassin d’Arcachon. Ce projet pluriannuel comporte des actions de modélisation hydrosédimentaire visant à cartographier l’intensité des impacts potentiels, et un suivi de l’évolution de l’emprise et du recouvrement des herbiers et de la composition de leur fond sédimentaire. Ce rapport présente les résultats du suivi réalisé dans le secteur du Tès (Bassin d’Arcachon) où des travaux de réhabilitation du Domaine Public Maritime ont été réalisés entre février 2022 et mai 2022.

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    Authors: Gerigny, Olivia; Lacroix, Camille; Brun, Mélanie; Olsommer, Maxime; +6 Authors

    Le descripteur D10 considère les macro- et les micro-déchets dans plusieurs compartiments de l’environnement marin (sur le littoral, en surface et sur les fonds marins) ainsi que leurs impacts (ingestion, étranglements et emmêlements) sur les organismes marins (fulmar boréal, tortue caouanne, cormoran huppé) à l’échelle des Sous-Régions-Marines (SRM) Manche Mer du Nord (MMN), Mers Celtiques (MC), Golfe de Gascogne (GdG) et Méditerranée Occidentale (MO). Pour l’indicateur “déchets (hors micro-déchets)” sur le littoral associé au critère D10C1, l’atteinte du Bon État Écologique (BEE) est définie par l’évaluation de l’atteinte du seuil de 20 déchets/100m. Pour les autres indicateurs des critères D10C1 et D10C2 et en l’absence de niveau de base et de seuil (en cours de définition par le TG ML), les tendances « quantité totale de déchets flottants », « quantité totale de déchets sur les fonds » et « quantité totale de micro-déchets flottants » sont utilisées pour qualifier le statut du paramètre. Lorsque cette tendance exprime une amélioration (diminution de la pollution par les déchets), un niveau stable (pas de changement) ou une tendance « inconnue » (raison statistique), elle ne permet pas de conclure sur la réalisation du paramètre qui est alors considéré comme « inconnu ». Lorsque la tendance exprime une augmentation de la pollution par les déchets (augmentation significative) alors le paramètre est « non atteint », conformément au principe DCSMM de non-détérioration de l'État. En l’absence de règles d’intégration, l’atteinte du BEE se fait au niveau des indicateurs comme préconisé dans la révision du document guide relatif à l’Article 8 de la DCSMM (Commission Européenne, 2022). Pour le cycle 3, les résultats pour chaque indicateur sont renseignés dans le Tableau 1 : Le critère D10C3, indicateur « déchets ingérés par les tortues » a fait l’objet d’une évaluation, cependant en l’absence de seuil et de règle d’intégration des paramètres, le statut de l’indicateur a été renseigné en « inconnu » comme préconisé dans la révision du document guide relatif à l’Art. 8. Le critère D10C4 n’a pas pu faire l’objet d’une évaluation, puisque les indicateurs associés sont en cours de développement. Cependant, une fiche « indicateur candidat » a été proposée pour l’indicateur « Macro-déchets dans les nids de Cormorans huppés ». The descriptor D10 considers macro- and micro- litter in several compartments in marine environment (on the coastline, in the surface layer of the water column and on the seafloor) and their impacts (ingestion, entanglement) on marine species (northern fulmar, loggerhead sea turtle, common shag) at marine sub-region scale (MSR) in Channel-North Sea (CNS), Celtic Seas (CS), Bay of Biscay (BoB) and Western Mediterranean (WM). For the indicator “litter (excluding micro-litter) on the coastline” related with the criterion D10C1, the achievement of Good Environmental Status (GES) is defined by the assessment of the achievement of the threshold of 20 litter/100m. For the other indicators of criteria D10C1 and D10C2, and in the absence of a baseline and threshold (currently being defined by the TG ML), the trends "total quantity of floating litter", "total quantity of seabed litter" and "total quantity of floating micro-litter" are used to qualify the status of the parameter. When this trend expresses an improvement (decrease in litter pollution), a stable level (no change) or an "unknown" trend (statistical reason), it does not allow to conclude on the realization of the parameter, which is then considered as "unknown". When the trend expresses an increase in litter pollution (significant increase), then the parameter is "not achieved", in accordance with the DCSMM principle of non-deterioration of the state. In the absence of rules of integration, the achievement of GES is established at indicator’s level as recommended in the review of the Guidance Document related to the Article 8 of the MSFD (European Commission, 2022). For the MSFD cycle 3, the results for each indicator are filled in the Table 1. The criterion D10C3, indicator “litter ingested by marine turtles” has been evaluated. But, in the absence of threshold value and rules of integration, the status of indicator has been filled « unknown » as recommended in the revision of Art. 8. The criterion D10C4 could not be assessed, because the associated indicators are still in development. However, a “candidate indicator” form has been suggested for “Litter in Cormoran’s nest”.

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    Authors: Danto, Jules; Daures, Fabienne; Desroy, Nicolas; Savina-Rolland, Marie; +2 Authors

    La pression sociétale et médiatique sur la filière pêche pour qu'elle augmente ses standards environnementaux et sociaux est forte. En Europe et en France en particulier la pêche a fait l'objet au cours de ces dernières années de débats sociétaux : pêche profonde, pêche au chalut électrique, équité de l'accès à la ressource (bar, thon rouge), empreinte carbone des activités de pêche, captures accidentelles de dauphins, qui se sont accompagnés d'une implication accrue des ONG et de la montée en puissance de nouveaux groupes d'opinion représentant la petite pêche et les pêcheurs de loisir. Dans ce contexte, un petit groupe multidisciplinaire constitué à l'Ifremer a travaillé à ré-explorer les différentes dimensions de la durabilité dans le contexte de la pêche commerciale, non pas pour certifier ou non telle ou telle pêcherie, mais pour se donner les moyens en tant que scientifiques de répondre aux questions sociétales liées aux stratégies de durabilité à mettre en oeuvre pour la pêche française, en tenant compte de l'évolution de la société, des usages et des ressources du milieu marin. Nous avons travaillé sur un cadre théorique, en élaborant une liste de critères nécessaires à notre sens pour évaluer la durabilité d'une activité de pêche, sans se préoccuper des indicateurs ou des données disponibles, mais bien des besoins. Nous nous sommes penchés sur les indicateurs permettant de renseigner ces critères dans un second temps, en nous appuyant sur le travail conséquent existant déjà, en particulier pour les volets Dynamique des stocks exploités et Economique, et en identifiant les manques. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés aux dimensions moins explorées (sociales, qualité du produit et bien-être animal, valorisation des co-produits, impact sur les habitats par technique de pêche) pour à terme produire des indicateurs qui pourraient venir compléter ceux existants. L'application de ce cadre à des cas d'étude impliquera nécessairement de travailler sur l'intégration de l'ensemble des critères pour répondre à la question posée. Les méthodes de décisions multicritères font l'objet d'une revue bibliographique en dernière partie de ce rapport.

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    Authors: Tronczynski, Jacek; Saussey, Lauriane; Ponzevera, Emmanuel;

    With the new global sulphur shipping emission regulations of International Maritime Organization (IMO), remarkable increase of exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) installations was noted recently. EGCS, also known as “scrubbers”, is an alternative technical solution reducing air emission of sulphur oxides, appeared as an attractive, less-expensive solution for many ship companies. EGCS allows ships to continue to use low-cost, high-sulfur heavy fuel oil (HFO) and consequently the shipping industry remains main market for HFO. In the scrubber, the ship exhaust gas is washed out by a high flow rate of the seawater and this process results in the effective reduction of sulphur air emission and in the discharge overboard into surrounding environments of a large amount of polluted washwaters. The resulting discharged washwaters contain a chemical mixture of acidifying and eutrophying substances and toxic pollutants such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which together with SOx are effectively washed out from the ship exhausts. The use of scrubbers generates thus a new stream of shipping liquid wastes, which will dominate metals and PAH discharges from ships. In this context, there is a growing need to elaborate and improve the methods for evaluation of pollutant discharge through scrubbers and the routine monitoring of this chemical pollution transferred from air to marine waters. In the present report the focus is given primarily on emission discharges of heavy metals and PAHs that is two groups of ship exhaust contaminants, which were less studied and regulated. In essence, the proposed method for scrubber emission discharge evaluation, is built on the same basis as approved methods developed for green-house gases (GHGs) and main shipping air pollutant emission inventories. In this respect, the proposed approach is based on the estimates using pollutant emission factors, washwater volumes and flow rates, assumed scrubber trapping efficiencies, ship fuel consumption and energy demand. The case study of the metals and PAHs discharge estimation is proposed for the model Ro-Pax ferry - one ship scenario and its real-world operation between two ports Marseille and Ajaccio (France). A larger scale projection is also presented, consisting of the potential pollutant discharges by EGCS of 11 Ro-Pax ships fleet also operating in the Gulf of Lion and the Ligurian Sea basins, between mainland France and Corsica. Furthermore, building on the recent work by Osipova et al. (2021) on the global assessment of the mass of washwater discharges from vessels using scrubbers, our report provides various scenarios of washwater and pollutant loads into French Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The calculations are presented for the entire French EEZ as well as the French Mediterranean EEZ and its ports in the Gulf of Lion (GoL) and Corsica. It appears that in France about 75 % of scrubber washwater discharges occur beyond territorial sea of 12 nautical miles, whereas 15 % is released in the territorial seas (TS), 6 % in internal waters (IW) and 4% in their ports. The distribution of pollutant loads will follow washwater discharges. Pollutant quantities amounting to hundreds and thousands of kilograms of main metals (V, Fe, Ni, Zn) and PAHs discharged annually by a given fleet of 11 Ro-Pax ships into the Western Mediterranean Sea come into the same category as other large-scale environmental inputs and emissions of these compounds. The estimated annual EGCS potential loads to the Gulf of Lion and the Ligurian Sea compare to the amounts of vanadium, nickel and ƩPAH16 dumped with major oil spills or to the Rhone river annual flux of PAHs entering the Gulf of Lion. These estimates clearly indicate that ship scrubber washwaters may represent significant source of pollutants entering the western Mediterranean Sea.

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    Authors: Zunino Rodriguez, Patricia; Rannou, Jean Philippe;

    This document is the C-RAID project activity report in automn 2022.

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    Authors: Liefmann, Stephanie; Dauvin, Jean-Claude; Delahaye, Marc; Domingo, Camille; +7 Authors

    Les professionnels de la pêche en Normandie et Hauts-de-France ont initié le projet IPREM (Impact des engins de Pêche sur les fonds marins et la Résilience Ecologique du Milieu) avec pour but de faire un état des lieux bibliographique de l'impact des arts traînants en contact avec le fond marin sur les communautés et habitats benthiques, spécifiques aux eaux de la Manche. Les engins de pêche considérés sont la drague (DRB), le chalut à panneaux (OTB), le chalut à perche (TBB) et les sennes écossaises et danoises (SSC et SDN respectivement). Pour caractériser l'impact sur les habitats, l'effort de pêche auquel est soumis chaque habitat et leur sensibilité ont été pris en considération. L'habitat le plus impacté est le sable circalittoral au large, suivi du sédiment grossier circalittoral au large, du sable circalittoral et du sédiment grossier circalittoral. Le fait que la Manche soit une mer à fort hydrodynamisme peut conférer une résistance plus forte aux communautés benthiques présentes. Cela pourrait expliquer qu’au fil des années, il n'a pas été observé de grands changements au niveau des habitats. Cependant, il faut prendre en compte que la Manche est une mer très anthropisée et intensément pêchée depuis des dizaines d’années. Les communautés présentes reflètent les assemblages d’espèces ayant pu résister à cette pression de pêche élevée. Des mesures pour réduire l’impact sont néanmoins nécessaires et doivent être appuyées sur un travail scientifique prenant en compte les intérêts et besoins des professionnels de la pêche. Fishing professionals in Normandy and Hauts-de-France have initiated the IPREM project (Impact des engins de Pêche sur les fonds marins et la Résilience Ecologique du Milieu) with the aim of conducting a bibliographic review of the impact of towed gear in contact with the seabed on benthic communities and habitats, specific to the waters of the Channel. The fishing gears considered are the dredge (DRB), otter trawl (OTB), beam trawl (TBB) and Scottish and Danish seines (SSC and SDN respectively). To characterize the impact on the habitats, the fishing effort to which each habitat is subjected and their sensitivity were considered. The most impacted habitat is offshore circalittoral sand, followed by offshore circalittoral coarse sediment, circalittoral sand and circalittoral coarse sediment. The fact that the Channel is a sea with strong hydrodynamics may confer a stronger resistance to the benthic communities present. This could explain why, over the years, no major changes in habitats have been observed. However, it must be taken into account that the Channel is a highly anthropized sea that has been intensively fished for decades. The communities present reflect the species assemblages that have been able to resist this high fishing pressure. Measures to reduce the impact are nevertheless necessary and must be supported by scientific work taking into account the interests and needs of fishing professionals.

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    Authors: Lissardy, Muriel; Rigouin, Loic; Ganthy, Florian; Auby, Isabelle;

    Le projet IDHEBARC s’intéresse à l’impact potentiel des travaux maritimes (nettoyage des friches ostréicoles, dragage des ports, …) sur les herbiers de zostères du Bassin d’Arcachon. Ce projet pluriannuel comporte des actions de modélisation hydrosédimentaire visant à cartographier l’intensité des impacts potentiels, et un suivi de l’évolution de l’emprise et du recouvrement des herbiers et de la composition de leur fond sédimentaire. Ce rapport présente les premiers résultats du suivi réalisé dans le secteur de La Teste de Buch (Bassin d’Arcachon) où des travaux de dragage ont été réalisés début 2021.

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    Authors: Zunino Rodriguez, Patricia; Rannou, Jean Philippe; Hamon, Mathieu; Carval, Thierry;

    This document is the quality control manual for drifter data processed in the framework of the C-RAID project. It is derived from “Argo Quality Control Manual for CTD and Trajectory Data” (http://dx.doi.org/10.13155/33951). Specific information about the drifting buoy was also recovered from the “Guide to Drifting Data Buoys”, UNESCO, 1988 (https://www.oceandocs.org/handle/1834/2734). The document describes two levels of quality control: - Real Time Quality Control (RTQC) tests that perform a set of agreed automatic checks; - Delayed-Mode Quality Control (DMQC) tests and procedures to be performed by an operator.

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    Authors: Lepetit, Camille; Boymond-Morales, Romane; Payet, Fanny; Barichasse, Eliott; +2 Authors

    Le projet “Indicateurs populationnels et écosystémiques pour une gestion durable des ressources en poissons démersaux récifaux et profonds (1 - 500 m) à La Réunion (IPERDMX)” vise à établir un état des connaissances sur l’état des stocks de poissons démersaux récifaux et profonds à La Réunion. Le volet 3 de ce projet vise à décrire les activités de pêche au sein des aires marines protégées. Cent-vingt-sept sorties standardisées ont permis d’observer, décrire et quantifier l’effort de pêche dans la Réserve Naturelle Marine de La Réunion par comptage visuel aux jumelles et au drone depuis le trait de côte, ainsi que deux sorties embarquées dans la Réserve Naturelle de Sainte-Rose. Les pêches les plus pratiquées sont la pêche à pied, à la canne à pêche au moulinet ou à la gaulette traditionnelle, suivie des pêches embarquées professionnelle et de plaisance. La fréquentation est dépendante de facteurs environnementaux (agitation de la mer, intensité du vent, état du ciel, dynamique de la marée) et temporels (moment de la journée, jour de la semaine, saison). La répartition spatiale des pêcheurs est déterminée par le niveau de réglementation, l’accessibilité et les conditions environnementales.

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    Authors: Mayer, Igor;
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    Authors: Rigouin, Loic; Ganthy, Florian;

    Le projet IDHEBARC s’intéresse à l’impact potentiel des travaux maritimes (nettoyage des friches ostréicoles, dragage des ports, …) sur les herbiers de zostères du Bassin d’Arcachon. Ce projet pluriannuel comporte des actions de modélisation hydrosédimentaire visant à cartographier l’intensité des impacts potentiels, et un suivi de l’évolution de l’emprise et du recouvrement des herbiers et de la composition de leur fond sédimentaire. Ce rapport présente les résultats du suivi réalisé dans le secteur du Tès (Bassin d’Arcachon) où des travaux de réhabilitation du Domaine Public Maritime ont été réalisés entre février 2022 et mai 2022.

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    Authors: Gerigny, Olivia; Lacroix, Camille; Brun, Mélanie; Olsommer, Maxime; +6 Authors

    Le descripteur D10 considère les macro- et les micro-déchets dans plusieurs compartiments de l’environnement marin (sur le littoral, en surface et sur les fonds marins) ainsi que leurs impacts (ingestion, étranglements et emmêlements) sur les organismes marins (fulmar boréal, tortue caouanne, cormoran huppé) à l’échelle des Sous-Régions-Marines (SRM) Manche Mer du Nord (MMN), Mers Celtiques (MC), Golfe de Gascogne (GdG) et Méditerranée Occidentale (MO). Pour l’indicateur “déchets (hors micro-déchets)” sur le littoral associé au critère D10C1, l’atteinte du Bon État Écologique (BEE) est définie par l’évaluation de l’atteinte du seuil de 20 déchets/100m. Pour les autres indicateurs des critères D10C1 et D10C2 et en l’absence de niveau de base et de seuil (en cours de définition par le TG ML), les tendances « quantité totale de déchets flottants », « quantité totale de déchets sur les fonds » et « quantité totale de micro-déchets flottants » sont utilisées pour qualifier le statut du paramètre. Lorsque cette tendance exprime une amélioration (diminution de la pollution par les déchets), un niveau stable (pas de changement) ou une tendance « inconnue » (raison statistique), elle ne permet pas de conclure sur la réalisation du paramètre qui est alors considéré comme « inconnu ». Lorsque la tendance exprime une augmentation de la pollution par les déchets (augmentation significative) alors le paramètre est « non atteint », conformément au principe DCSMM de non-détérioration de l'État. En l’absence de règles d’intégration, l’atteinte du BEE se fait au niveau des indicateurs comme préconisé dans la révision du document guide relatif à l’Article 8 de la DCSMM (Commission Européenne, 2022). Pour le cycle 3, les résultats pour chaque indicateur sont renseignés dans le Tableau 1 : Le critère D10C3, indicateur « déchets ingérés par les tortues » a fait l’objet d’une évaluation, cependant en l’absence de seuil et de règle d’intégration des paramètres, le statut de l’indicateur a été renseigné en « inconnu » comme préconisé dans la révision du document guide relatif à l’Art. 8. Le critère D10C4 n’a pas pu faire l’objet d’une évaluation, puisque les indicateurs associés sont en cours de développement. Cependant, une fiche « indicateur candidat » a été proposée pour l’indicateur « Macro-déchets dans les nids de Cormorans huppés ». The descriptor D10 considers macro- and micro- litter in several compartments in marine environment (on the coastline, in the surface layer of the water column and on the seafloor) and their impacts (ingestion, entanglement) on marine species (northern fulmar, loggerhead sea turtle, common shag) at marine sub-region scale (MSR) in Channel-North Sea (CNS), Celtic Seas (CS), Bay of Biscay (BoB) and Western Mediterranean (WM). For the indicator “litter (excluding micro-litter) on the coastline” related with the criterion D10C1, the achievement of Good Environmental Status (GES) is defined by the assessment of the achievement of the threshold of 20 litter/100m. For the other indicators of criteria D10C1 and D10C2, and in the absence of a baseline and threshold (currently being defined by the TG ML), the trends "total quantity of floating litter", "total quantity of seabed litter" and "total quantity of floating micro-litter" are used to qualify the status of the parameter. When this trend expresses an improvement (decrease in litter pollution), a stable level (no change) or an "unknown" trend (statistical reason), it does not allow to conclude on the realization of the parameter, which is then considered as "unknown". When the trend expresses an increase in litter pollution (significant increase), then the parameter is "not achieved", in accordance with the DCSMM principle of non-deterioration of the state. In the absence of rules of integration, the achievement of GES is established at indicator’s level as recommended in the review of the Guidance Document related to the Article 8 of the MSFD (European Commission, 2022). For the MSFD cycle 3, the results for each indicator are filled in the Table 1. The criterion D10C3, indicator “litter ingested by marine turtles” has been evaluated. But, in the absence of threshold value and rules of integration, the status of indicator has been filled « unknown » as recommended in the revision of Art. 8. The criterion D10C4 could not be assessed, because the associated indicators are still in development. However, a “candidate indicator” form has been suggested for “Litter in Cormoran’s nest”.

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    Authors: Danto, Jules; Daures, Fabienne; Desroy, Nicolas; Savina-Rolland, Marie; +2 Authors

    La pression sociétale et médiatique sur la filière pêche pour qu'elle augmente ses standards environnementaux et sociaux est forte. En Europe et en France en particulier la pêche a fait l'objet au cours de ces dernières années de débats sociétaux : pêche profonde, pêche au chalut électrique, équité de l'accès à la ressource (bar, thon rouge), empreinte carbone des activités de pêche, captures accidentelles de dauphins, qui se sont accompagnés d'une implication accrue des ONG et de la montée en puissance de nouveaux groupes d'opinion représentant la petite pêche et les pêcheurs de loisir. Dans ce contexte, un petit groupe multidisciplinaire constitué à l'Ifremer a travaillé à ré-explorer les différentes dimensions de la durabilité dans le contexte de la pêche commerciale, non pas pour certifier ou non telle ou telle pêcherie, mais pour se donner les moyens en tant que scientifiques de répondre aux questions sociétales liées aux stratégies de durabilité à mettre en oeuvre pour la pêche française, en tenant compte de l'évolution de la société, des usages et des ressources du milieu marin. Nous avons travaillé sur un cadre théorique, en élaborant une liste de critères nécessaires à notre sens pour évaluer la durabilité d'une activité de pêche, sans se préoccuper des indicateurs ou des données disponibles, mais bien des besoins. Nous nous sommes penchés sur les indicateurs permettant de renseigner ces critères dans un second temps, en nous appuyant sur le travail conséquent existant déjà, en particulier pour les volets Dynamique des stocks exploités et Economique, et en identifiant les manques. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés aux dimensions moins explorées (sociales, qualité du produit et bien-être animal, valorisation des co-produits, impact sur les habitats par technique de pêche) pour à terme produire des indicateurs qui pourraient venir compléter ceux existants. L'application de ce cadre à des cas d'étude impliquera nécessairement de travailler sur l'intégration de l'ensemble des critères pour répondre à la question posée. Les méthodes de décisions multicritères font l'objet d'une revue bibliographique en dernière partie de ce rapport.

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