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Antarctic precipitation is the main positive component in the surface mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet, thus it is closely related to the evolution of the sea level worldwide. The lack of observations, at both surface and the vertical structure, have hindered the understanding of this important component. Recently a study of the vertical structure of the precipitation in Antarctica have been carried out using micro rain radar (MRR) observations (Durán-Alarcón et al., 2019, TC) at two different sites: Dumont d'Urville (DDU) and Princess Elisabeth (PE) stations. The present collection consists in 2-years of vertical profiles of effective reflectivity (Ze), mean Doppler velocity (W), spectral width (SW) and snowfall rate (S) derived from a K-band vertically-pointing micro rain radar (MRR), obtained at DDU in the framework of the Antarctic Precipitation Remote Sensing from Surface and Space project (APRES3). The observation range of the profiles is between 300 m and 3 km above ground level, with 100m and 1h of vertical and temporal resolutions, respectively. Vertical profiles were separated into surface precipitation and virga (i.e., precipitation that completely sublimes before reaching the surface) to evaluate the impact of virga on the structure of the vertical profiles. The strong katabatic winds blowing at DDU induce a decrease in Ze near to the ground due to the sublimation of the snowfall particles, and the W and SW increases as the height decreases. It was observed that virga is a frequent phenomenon at DDU, since more than a third (36%) of the profiles of precipitation observed with MRR corresponded to virga cases (more details in Durán-Alarcón et al., 2019, TC). This unique dataset of Antarctic precipitation observations in the low troposphere represents a great opportunity to better understand the current numerical models and satellite observations. Supplement to: Durán-Alarcón, Claudio; Boudevillain, Brice; Genthon, Christophe; Grazioli, Jacopo; Souverijns, Niels; van Lipzig, Nicole P M; Gorodetskaya, Irina V; Berne, Alexis (2019): The vertical structure of precipitation at two stations in East Antarctica derived from micro rain radars. The Cryosphere, 13(1), 247-264

Spatial information on past weather contributes to better understand the processes behind day-to-day weather variability and to assess the risks arising from weather extremes. This dataset provides daily, high-resolution reconstructions of precipitation and temperature fields for Switzerland back to 1864. Reconstructions are provided as "raw" data resulting from an analogue resampling method (ARM), as well as post-processed data (using an ensemble Kalman fitting approach for temperature and quantile mapping for precipitation. For further information, the reader is referred to the references.The dataset comprises the following files:- 2019-10-06_precip_ARM_1864-01-01-2017-12-31.nc (precipitation, analogue reconstructions)- 2019-10-06_precip_qmap_1864-01-01-2017-12-31.nc (precipitation, post-processed)- 2019-10-06_temp_ARM_1864-01-01-2017-12-31.nc (temperature, analogue reconstructions)- 2019-10-06_temp_EnKF_1864-01-01-2017-12-31.nc (temperature, post-processed) Supplement to: Pfister, Lucas; Brönnimann, Stefan; Schwander, Mikhaël; Isotta, Francesco Alessandro; Horton, Pascal; Rohr, Christian (2020): Statistical reconstruction of daily precipitation and temperature fields in Switzerland back to 1864. Climate of the Past, 16(2), 663-678

Radiolarians are a very diverse microzooplanktonic group, often distributed in regionally restricted assemblages and responding to specific environmental factors. These properties of radiolarian assemblages make the group more conducive for the development and application of basin-wide ecological models. Here we use a new surface sediment data set from the western Pacific to demonstrate that ecological patterns derived from basin-wide open-ocean data sets cannot be transferred on semirestricted marginal seas. The data set consists of 160 surface sediment samples from three tropical-subtropical regions (East China Sea, South China Sea, and western Pacific), combining 54 new assemblage counts with taxonomically harmonized data from previous studies. Multivariate statistical analyses indicate that winter sea surface temperature at 10 m depth (SSTw) was the most significant environmental variable affecting the composition of radiolarian assemblages, allowing the development of an optimal calibration model (Locally Weighted-Weighted Averaging regression inverse deshrinking, R2cv = 0.88, root-mean-square error of prediction = 1.6°C). The dominant effect of SSTw on radiolarian assemblage composition in the western Pacific is attributed to the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM), which is particularly strong in the marginal seas. To test the applicability of the calibration model on fossil radiolarian assemblages from the marginal seas, the calibration model was applied to two downcore records from the Okinawa Trough, covering the last 18 ka. We observe that these assemblages find most appropriate analogs among modern samples from the marginal basins (East China Sea and South China Sea). Downcore temperature reconstructions at both sites show similarities to known regional SST reconstructions, providing proof of concept for the new radiolarian-based SSTw calibration model. Supplement to: Hernández-Almeida, Iván; Cortese, Giuseppe; Yu, Pai-Sen; Chen, Min-Te; Kucera, Michal (2017): Environmental determinants of radiolarian assemblages in the western Pacific since the last deglaciation. Paleoceanography, 32(8), 830-847

Transgenerational effects can buffer populations against environmental change, yet little is known about underlying mechanisms, their persistence, or the influence of environmental cue timing. We investigated mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and gene expression of marine sticklebacks that experienced acute or developmental acclimation to simulated ocean warming (21°C) across three generations. Previous work showed that acute acclimation of grandmothers to 21°C led to lower (optimised) offspring MRCs. Here, developmental acclimation of mothers to 21°C led to higher, but more efficient offspring MRCs. Offspring with a 21°Cx17°C grandmother-mother environment mismatch showed metabolic compensation: their MRCs were as low as offspring with a 17°C thermal history across generations. Transcriptional analyses showed primarily maternal but also grandmaternal environment effects: genes involved in metabolism and mitochondrial protein biosynthesis were differentially expressed when mothers developed at 21°C, whereas 21°C grandmothers influenced genes involved in hemostasis and apoptosis. Genes involved in mitochondrial respiration all showed higher expression when mothers developed at 21° and lower expression in the 21°Cx17°C group, matching the phenotypic pattern for MRCs. Our study links transcriptomics to physiology under climate change, and demonstrates that mechanisms underlying transgenerational effects persist across multiple generations with specific outcomes depending on acclimation type and environmental mismatch between generations. Supplement to: Shama, Lisa N S; Mark, Felix Christopher; Strobel, Anneli; Lokmer, Ana; John, Uwe; Wegner, K Mathias (2016): Transgenerational effects persist down the maternal line in marine sticklebacks: gene expression matches physiology in a warming ocean. Evolutionary Applications, 9(9), 1096-1111

Supplement to: Ausín, Blanca; Haghipour, Negar; Wacker, Lukas; Voelker, Antje H L; Hodell, David A; Magill, Clayton; Looser, Nathan; Bernasconi, Stefano M; Eglinton, Timothy Ian (2019): Radiocarbon Age Offsets Between Two Surface Dwelling Planktonic Foraminifera Species During Abrupt Climate Events in the SW Iberian Margin. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34(1), 63-78 Age model for core SHAK06-5K based on monospecific samples of the planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides. Convention radiocarbon ages and associated 1σ uncertainties have been rounded according to convention Measured at ETH Zurich.

A new technique for on-line high resolution isotopic analysis of liquid water, tailored for ice core studies is presented. We built an interface between a Wavelength Scanned Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer (WS-CRDS) purchased from Picarro Inc. and a Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA) system. The system offers the possibility to perform simultaneuous water isotopic analysis of d18O and dD on a continuous stream of liquid water as generated from a continuously melted ice rod. Injection of sub µl amounts of liquid water is achieved by pumping sample through a fused silica capillary and instantaneously vaporizing it with 100% efficiency in a~home made oven at a temperature of 170 °C. A calibration procedure allows for proper reporting of the data on the VSMOW-SLAP scale. We apply the necessary corrections based on the assessed performance of the system regarding instrumental drifts and dependance on the water concentration in the optical cavity. The melt rates are monitored in order to assign a depth scale to the measured isotopic profiles. Application of spectral methods yields the combined uncertainty of the system at below 0.1 per mil and 0.5 per mil for d18O and dD, respectively. This performance is comparable to that achieved with mass spectrometry. Dispersion of the sample in the transfer lines limits the temporal resolution of the technique. In this work we investigate and assess these dispersion effects. By using an optimal filtering method we show how the measured profiles can be corrected for the smoothing effects resulting from the sample dispersion. Considering the significant advantages the technique offers, i.e. simultaneuous measurement of d18O and dD, potentially in combination with chemical components that are traditionally measured on CFA systems, notable reduction on analysis time and power consumption, we consider it as an alternative to traditional isotope ratio mass spectrometry with the possibility to be deployed for field ice core studies. We present data acquired in the field during the 2010 season as part of the NEEM deep ice core drilling project in North Greenland. Supplement to: Gkinis, Vasileios; Popp, Trevor; Blunier, Thomas; Bigler, Matthias; Schüpbach, Simon; Kettner, E; Johnsen, Sigfús Jóhann (2011): Water isotopic ratios from a continuously melted ice core sample. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 4(11), 2531-2542 Water stable isotopes measured with a Picarro 1102 coupled to a CFA system with a 0.5 cm resolution. An early Holocene section with an age around 10900 years BP.

We present the first high-resolution (500 m × 500 m) gridded methane (CH4) emission inventory for Switzerland, which integrates the national emission totals reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and recent CH4 flux studies conducted by research groups across Switzerland. In addition to anthropogenic emissions, we also include natural and semi-natural CH4 fluxes, i.e., emissions from lakes and reservoirs, wetlands, wild animals as well as uptake by forest soils. National CH4 emissions were disaggregated using detailed geostatistical information on source locations and their spatial extent and process- or area-specific emission factors. In Switzerland, the highest CH4 emissions in 2011 originated from the agricultural sector (150 Gg CH4/yr), mainly produced by ruminants and manure management, followed by emissions from waste management (15 Gg CH4/yr) mainly from landfills and the energy sector (12 Gg CH4/yr), which was dominated by emissions from natural gas distribution. Compared to the anthropogenic sources, emissions from natural and semi-natural sources were relatively small (6 Gg CH4/yr), making up only 3 % of the total emissions in Switzerland. CH4 fluxes from agricultural soils were estimated to be not significantly different from zero (between -1.5 and 0 Gg CH4/yr), while forest soils are a CH4 sink (approx. -2.8 Gg CH4/yr), partially offsetting other natural emissions. Estimates of uncertainties are provided for the different sources, including an estimate of spatial disaggregation errors deduced from a comparison with a global (EDGAR v4.2) and a European CH4 inventory (TNO/MACC). This new spatially-explicit emission inventory for Switzerland will provide valuable input for regional scale atmospheric modeling and inverse source estimation. Supplement to: Hiller, Rebecca V; Bretscher, Daniel; DelSontro, Tonya; Diem, Torsten; Eugster, Werner; Henneberger, Ruth; Hobi, Silas; Hodson, Elke; Imer, Dennis; Kreuzer, Michael; Künzle, Thomas; Merbold, Lutz; Niklaus, Pascal A; Rihm, Beat; Schellenberger, Andreas; Schroth, Martin H; Schubert, Carsten J; Siegrist, Hansruedi; Stieger, Jacqueline; Buchmann, N; Brunner, Dominik (2014): Anthropogenic and natural methane fluxes in Switzerland synthesized within a spatially explicit inventory. Biogeosciences, 11(7), 1941-1959

The data set contains plant wax biomarker and CaCO3 concentration data from the Darai Kalon loess section in Southern Tajikistan over the time-period of the last 250 thousand years. It includes long-chain n-alkane ACL data, long-chain n-carboxylic acid Index-C data as well as CPI and compound-specific δD data for both long-chain n-alkanes and long-chain n-carboxylic acids. Supplement to: Häggi, Christoph; Eglinton, Timothy Ian; Zech, Wolfgang; Sosin, Piotr; Zech, Roland (2019): A 250 ka leaf-wax δD record from a loess section in Darai Kalon, Southern Tajikistan. Quaternary Science Reviews, 208, 118-128