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  • European Marine Science
  • 2018-2022
  • Open Access
  • Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Carole Berthod; Etienne Médard; Patrick Bachèlery; Lucia Gurioli; +20 Authors

    Deep-sea submarine eruptions are the least known type of volcanic activity, due to the difficulty of detecting, monitoring, and sampling them. Following an intense seismic crisis in May 2018, a large submarine effusive eruption offshore the island of Mayotte (Indian Ocean) has extruded at least 6.5 km3 of magma to date, making it the largest monitored submarine eruption as well as the largest effusive eruption on Earth since Iceland's 1783 Laki eruption. This volcano is located along a WNW-ESE volcanic ridge, extending from the island of Petite Terre (east side of Mayotte) to about 3,500 m of water depth. We present a detailed petrological and geochemical description of the erupted lavas sampled by the MAYOBS 1, 2, and 4 cruises between May and July 2019 and use these to infer characteristics and changes through time for the whole magmatic system and its dynamics from the source to the surface. These cruises provide an exceptional time-series of bathymetric, textural, petrological, and geochemical data for the 2018-2019 eruptive period, and hence bring an invaluable opportunity to better constrain the evolution of magma storage and transfer processes during a long-lived submarine eruption. Integrating the petrological signatures of dredged lavas with geophysical data, we show that the crystal-poor and gas-rich evolved basanitic magma was stored at mantle depth (>37 km) in a large (≥10 km3) reservoir and that the eruption was tectonically triggered. As the eruption proceeded, a decrease in ascent rate and/or a pathway change resulted in the incorporation of preexisting differentiated magma stored at a shallower level. Magma transfer from the deep mantle reservoir is syn-eruptive, as indicated by transfer times estimated from diffusion in zoned olivine crystals that are much shorter than the total eruption duration. Our petrological model has important hazard implications concerning the rapid and stealthy awakening of a deep gas-rich magma reservoirs that can produce unusually high output rates and long-lived eruption. Sudden tapping of large crystal poor reservoirs may be the trigger mechanism for other rarely witnessed high-volume (>1 km3) effusive events. International audience Co-auteur étranger

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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    Authors: Nugroho D. Hananto; Asmoune Boudarine; Helene Carton; S. C. Singh; +8 Authors

    The Wharton Basin in the Indian Ocean is one of the most extensively deforming ocean basins, as confirmed by the occurrence of several very large earthquakes starting from January 12, 2012 with Mw 7.2 followed by the great earthquakes of April 11, 2012 with Mw 8.6 and Mw 8.2. Although the Mw 7.2 and Mw 8.2 earthquakes seem to have ruptured the re-activated N–S striking fracture zones, the largest event (Mw 8.6) required the rupturing of several faults, oblique to each other, in a very complex manner. In order to understand the nature of deformation in these earthquakes rupture zones, we recently acquired 90 000 km2 of bathymetry, 11 400 km of sub-bottom profiling, gravity and magnetic data covering the rupture areas of the 2012 earthquakes east of the Ninety-East Ridge, in the northwestern Wharton Basin. These new data reveal six N8°E striking re-activated fracture zones (F5b, F6a, f6b, F7a, F7b and F8), where the fracture zone F6a can be followed for over 400 km and seems to be most active. The epicenters of the Mw 8.6 and Mw 8.2 earthquakes lie on the fracture zones F6a and F7b, respectively. The newly observed fracture F5b in the east is short, and has an extensional basin at its southern tip. The fracture zone F8 defines the eastern boundary of the Ninety-East Ridge. The presence of en echelon faults and pull-apart basins indicate left-lateral motion along these fracture zones. In between these fracture zones, we observe pervasive 290° striking right-lateral shear zones at 4–8 km intervals; one of which has cut through a seamount that might have ruptured during the Mw 8.6 earthquake. We also observe another N20°E striking left-lateral shear zones in the vicinity of F7b and F8, which is coincident with the strike of one of the nodal planes of the Mw 8.6 focal mechanism. These N20°E striking shear zones are interpreted as R Riedel shears and the N290°E striking shear zones as R′ Riedel shears. These shear zones are formed by a series of N335°E striking en echelon normal faults. Our data also show the presence of N65°E striking thrust faults east of the Ninety-East Ridge, orthogonal to the regional principal direction of compression. Furthermore, extensive bending-related faulting is also observed close to the Sumatra trench with normal faults also striking at N335°E, similar to the normal faults that form the shear zones. Normal faults with a similar orientation are also present at the southern tip of F5b. We explain all these observations with a single coherent model of deformation in the Wharton Basin, where a dominant part of the regional NW–SE compressional stress is accommodated along the N8°E re-activated fracture zones, and the rest is distributed along shear zones, thrust and normal faults between these fracture zones. The thrust and normal faults are orthogonal to each other and define the direction of principal compressive and extensive stresses in the region whereas the two shear zone systems form a conjugate pair. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) MOE (Min. of Education, S’pore) Published version

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    Digital Repository of NTU
    Article . 2018
    License: © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Digital Repository of NTU
      Article . 2018
      License: © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alan M. Seltzer; Jessica Ng; Jeffrey P. Severinghaus;

    Abstract Dissolved noble gases are ideal conservative tracers of physical processes in the Earth system due to their chemical and biological inertness. Although bulk concentrations of dissolved Ar, Kr, and Xe are commonly measured to constrain physical models of atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial hydrosphere processes, stable isotope ratios of these gases (e.g. 136Xe/129Xe) are seldom used because of low signal-to-noise ratios. Here we present the first results from a new method of dissolved gas sampling, extraction and analysis that permits measurement of stable Ar, Kr, and Xe isotope ratios at or below ∼5 per meg amu−1 precision (1σ), two orders-of-magnitude below conventional Kr and Xe isotopic measurements. This gain in precision was achieved by quantitative extraction and subsequent purification of dissolved noble gases from 2-L water samples via helium sparging and viscous dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry. We have determined the solubility fractionation factors ( α sol ) for stable Ar, Kr, and Xe isotope ratios between ∼2 and 20 °C via laboratory equilibration experiments. We have also conducted temperature-controlled air-water gas exchange experiments to estimate the kinetic fractionation factors ( α kin ) of these isotope ratios. We find that both α sol and α kin , normalized by isotopic mass difference (Δm), decrease in magnitude with atomic number but are proportional to Δm for isotope ratios of the same element. With the new ability for high precision isotopic measurements, we suggest that dissolved Kr and Xe isotope ratios in groundwater represent a promising, novel geochemical tool with important applications for groundwater modeling, water resource management, and paleoclimate.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ eScholarship - Unive...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Emily R. Newsom; Andrew F. Thompson; Jess F. Adkins; Eric D. Galbraith;

    Abstract The modern Indo-Pacific oceans absorb more heat from the atmosphere than they release. The resulting energy surplus is exported from the Indo-Pacific by the ocean circulation and lost to the atmosphere from other ocean basins. This heat transport ultimately sustains much of the buoyancy lost to deep water formation at high latitudes, a key component of the global overturning circulation. Despite the fundamental link between inter-basin ocean heat transport and global overturning in today's climate, there is no general understanding of how these phenomena vary with climate state. Here, we use an unprecedented suite of fully-coupled climate model simulations, equilibrated for thousands of years to a wide range of CO2 levels, to demonstrate that major differences in overturning between climates are related to systematic shifts in ocean heat transport between basins. Uniformly, equilibration to higher CO2 levels strengthens inter-basin ocean heat transport and global deep water formation. These changes are sustained by increased surface heat uptake within the Indo-Pacific oceans, and increased high-latitude heat loss outside of the Indo-Pacific oceans as the climate warms. However, poleward heat transport and high-latitude heat loss do not increase symmetrically between hemispheres. Between glacial and modern-like states, North Atlantic heat loss intensifies and overturning in the Atlantic strengthens. In contrast, between modern-like and hot climates, heat loss and overturning strengthens in the Southern Ocean. We propose that these differences are linked to a shift in the relative efficiency of northward and southward ocean heat transport — dominated by advection in the North Atlantic and eddy diffusion in the Southern Ocean — with climate state. Our results suggest that, under high CO2, future ocean heat transport towards Antarctica would increase disproportionately compared to its changes since the last ice age.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mischa Haas; Franziska Baumann; Daniel Castella; Negar Haghipour; +4 Authors

    Abstract Land cover transformations have accompanied the rise and fall of civilizations for thousands of years, exerting strong influence on the surrounding environment. Soil erosion and the associated outwash of nutrients are a main cause of eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. Despite the great challenges of water protection in the face of climate change, large uncertainties remain concerning the timescales for recovery of aquatic ecosystems impacted by hypoxia. This study seeks to address this issue by investigating the sedimentary record of Lake Murten (Switzerland), which witnessed several phases of intensive human land-use over the past 2000 years. Application of geophysical and geochemical methods to a 10 m-long sediment core revealed that soil erosion increased drastically with the rise of the Roman City of Aventicum (30 CE). During this period, the radiocarbon age of the bulk sedimentary organic carbon (OC) increasingly deviated from the modeled deposition age, indicating rapid flushing of old soil OC from the surrounding catchment driven by intensive land-use. Enhanced nutrient delivery resulted in an episode of cultural eutrophication, as shown by the deposition of varved sediments. Human activity drastically decreased towards the end of the Roman period (3rd century CE), resulting in land abandonment and renaturation. Recovery of the lake ecosystem from bottom-water hypoxia after the peak in human activity took around 50 years, while approximately 300 years passed until sediment accumulation reached steady state conditions on the surrounding landscape. These findings suggest that the legacy of anthropogenic perturbation to watersheds may persist for centuries.

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Yuxin Zhou; Jerry F. McManus; Allison W Jacobel; Kassandra M Costa; +2 Authors

    Abstract A series of catastrophic iceberg and meltwater discharges to the North Atlantic, termed Heinrich events, punctuated the last ice age. During Heinrich events, coarse terrigenous debris released from the drifting icebergs was preserved in deep-sea sediments, serving as an indicator of iceberg passage. Quantifying the vertical flux of ice-rafted debris (IRD) in open-ocean settings can resolve questions regarding the timing and spatial variation in ice sheet calving intensity. In this study, 230Thxs-based IRD flux throughout the last glacial period was measured in a deep-sea sediment core from the western North Atlantic, and complemented by data spanning 0-32 ka from a sediment core in the Labrador Sea. The cores were recovered from sites downstream from Hudson Strait, a likely conduit for icebergs calving from the Laurentide ice sheet (LIS). We compare our results with equivalent existing data from the eastern North Atlantic and show that the two cores in our study have higher IRD fluxes during all Heinrich events, notably including events H3 (∼31 ka) and H6 (∼60 ka). This study demonstrates that the LIS played a role in all Heinrich events, and raises the likelihood that a single mechanism can account for the genesis of these events.

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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    Authors: P. Bonnand; Stefan V. Lalonde; Maud Boyet; Christoph Heubeck; +5 Authors

    Precambrian banded iron formations (BIF) are chemical sedimentary deposits whose trace element signatures have been widely used to interrogate the chemical composition and redox state of ancient seawater. Here we investigated trace element signatures in BIF of the 3.22 Ga Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa), which are interbedded with near-shore siliciclastic sedimentary rocks and represent one of the oldest known shallow-water occurrences of BIF. Unusual rare earth element (REE) signatures, notably with pronounced negative Ce anomalies in shale-normalized spectra, have been previously reported for chemical sediments of the Moodies Group, which we confirm here through an expanded dataset for Moodies BIF spanning three different localities. We find negative Ce anomalies as low as 0.2 Ce/Ce* that are associated with unusual enrichment of LREE relative to HREE in the sample set. While total REE abundances and certain REE features appear strongly related to the concentration of detrital indicators (e.g., Zr), and are likely primary, other features, notably LREE enrichment, cannot be explained as a primary feature of the sediment. This is better explained by later addition of REE from a LREE-enriched but Ce-depleted fluid that generated the significant negative Ce anomalies observed in surface samples of Moodies Group BIF. This REE addition event influenced both Sm-Nd and La-Ce isotope systematics, the latter yielding an isochron of 60 +/- 32 Ma, thus constraining the timing of emplacement of the negative Ce anomalies to the past 100 Ma, possibly upon surface exposure of the Barberton Greenstone Belt to wetter conditions during the Cenozoic. Our findings constitute a cautionary tale in that even the most immobile elemental redox proxies may be more sensitive to post-depositional modification than previously thought, and demonstrate the clear advantage offered by paleoredox proxies coupled to radiometric geochronometers to enable the direct dating of ancient signals of Earth surface oxygenation. International audience

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    UCL Discovery
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: UCL Discovery
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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2020
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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    Authors: Chenguang Sun; Rajdeep Dasgupta;

    Abstract Cratonic lithosphere is believed to have been chemically buoyant and mechanically resistant to destruction over billions of years. Yet the absence of cratonic roots at some Archean terrains casts doubt on the craton stability and longevity on a global scale. As unique mantle-derived melts at ancient continents, silica-poor, kimberlitic melts are ideal tools to constrain the temporal variation of lithosphere thickness and the processes affecting the lithosphere root. However, no reliable thermobarometer exists to date for strongly silica-undersaturated, mantle-derived melts. Here we develop a new thermobarometer for silica-poor, CO2-rich melts using high-temperature, high-pressure experimental data. Our barometer is calibrated based on a new observation of pressure-dependent variation of Al2O3 in partial melts saturated with garnet and olivine, while our thermometer is calibrated based on the well-known olivine-melt Mg-exchange. For applications to natural magmas, we also establish a correction scheme to estimate their primary melt compositions. Applying this liquid-based thermobarometer to the estimated primary melt compositions for a global kimberlite dataset, we show that the equilibration depths between primary kimberlite melts and mantle peridotites indicate a decrease of up to ∼150 km in cratonic lithosphere thickness globally during the past ∼2 Gyr. Together with the temporal coupling between global kimberlite frequency and cold subduction flux since ∼2 Gyr ago, our results imply a causal link between lithosphere thinning and supply of CO2-rich melts enhanced by deep subduction of carbonated oceanic crusts. While hibernating at the lithosphere root, these melts chemically metasomatize and rheologically weaken the rigid lithosphere and consequently facilitate destruction through convective removal in the ambient mantle or thermo-magmatic erosion during mantle plume activities.

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    Authors: Shichun Huang; Oliver Tschauner; S. Yang; Munir Humayun; +4 Authors

    Abstract Plume volcanism may sample mantle sources deeper than mid-ocean ridge and arc volcanism. Ocean island basalts (OIBs) are commonly related to plume volcanism, and their diverse isotopic and elemental compositions can be described using a limited number of mantle endmembers. However, the origins and depths of these mantle endmembers are highly debated. Here we show that the HIMU (high μ, μ = 238 U/204Pb) endmember may reside in the transition zone. Specifically, we report the geochemical signature of a high-pressure multiphase diamond inclusion, entrapped at 420–440 km depth and 1450 ± 50 K, which matches exactly the geochemical patterns of the HIMU-rich OIBs. Since the HIMU component is variably sampled by almost all OIBs, our finding implies that the transition zone causes a major overprint of the geochemical features of mantle plumes. Some mantle plumes, like those feeding Bermuda, St Helena, Tubuai and Mangaia, appear to be dominated by this source. Furthermore, our finding highlights the importance of the transition zone in highly incompatible element budget of the mantle.

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    Authors: Claudia J. Schröder-Adams; Jens O. Herrle; David Selby; Alex Quesnel; +1 Authors

    Emplacement of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) had a major effect on global climate, ocean chemistries as traced in sedimentary records and biotic turnovers. The linkage between LIPs and oceanic anoxic events has been documented with the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary event and Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2). The Caribbean LIP and High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP) are regarded as possible triggers. The pericratonic Arctic Sverdrup Basin is the partial location of the HALIP, where little is known about sedimentary, geochemical and biotic responses to the HALIP phases. Sedimentary strata at Glacier Fiord, Axel Heiberg Island, exhibit a dynamic Cretaceous polar carbon burial history within the lower to middle Cenomanian Bastion Ridge Formation and upper Cenomanian to Turonian part of the Kanguk Formation. We present the first initial 187Os/188Os (Osi) composition profile for a polar Cenomanian/Turonian boundary interval (∼100–93.9 Ma) linked to recently dated magmatic phases of the Strand Fiord Formation, part of the HALIP. The carbon isotope record coupled with the Osi profile show two events in the upper Cenomanian interval marked by positive carbon perturbations and shifts to more non-radiogenic Osi compositions. The earlier short-lived event is interpreted as result of weathering of the surrounding Strand Fiord volcanics causing a local non-radiogenic Osi signal. Coinciding transgressive shorelines let to an increase in marine and terrestrially derived organic matter. Subsequently, injection of mantle-derived basalts into organic rich sediments is credited with causing the release of methane documented in a distinct negative carbon isotope excursion. We speculate that the methane release of the HALIP was an important contribution for rapid global warming caused by increasing atmospheric CO2 levels associated with the OAE2 event likewise recognized in the Sverdrup Basin. As climate cooled in the middle and late Turonian, carbon burial decreased under increasingly oxygenated benthic conditions. Epifaunal foraminiferal species, adapted to low oxygen conditions, persisted during the OAE2. Our Cenomanian to Turonian multiproxy record of the Sverdrup Basin distinguishes between local and global signals within a restricted High Arctic basin. Our results demonstrate the interplay between basin tectonism and sea-level change, increased weathering during transgressive phases, seafloor processes such as hydrothermal activity and methane release and biotic response to a complex paleoceanography. With future reliable dated frameworks this unique polar record will facilitate correlations to other polar basins and records of lower paleolatitudes.

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: OceanRep
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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
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    Authors: Carole Berthod; Etienne Médard; Patrick Bachèlery; Lucia Gurioli; +20 Authors

    Deep-sea submarine eruptions are the least known type of volcanic activity, due to the difficulty of detecting, monitoring, and sampling them. Following an intense seismic crisis in May 2018, a large submarine effusive eruption offshore the island of Mayotte (Indian Ocean) has extruded at least 6.5 km3 of magma to date, making it the largest monitored submarine eruption as well as the largest effusive eruption on Earth since Iceland's 1783 Laki eruption. This volcano is located along a WNW-ESE volcanic ridge, extending from the island of Petite Terre (east side of Mayotte) to about 3,500 m of water depth. We present a detailed petrological and geochemical description of the erupted lavas sampled by the MAYOBS 1, 2, and 4 cruises between May and July 2019 and use these to infer characteristics and changes through time for the whole magmatic system and its dynamics from the source to the surface. These cruises provide an exceptional time-series of bathymetric, textural, petrological, and geochemical data for the 2018-2019 eruptive period, and hence bring an invaluable opportunity to better constrain the evolution of magma storage and transfer processes during a long-lived submarine eruption. Integrating the petrological signatures of dredged lavas with geophysical data, we show that the crystal-poor and gas-rich evolved basanitic magma was stored at mantle depth (>37 km) in a large (≥10 km3) reservoir and that the eruption was tectonically triggered. As the eruption proceeded, a decrease in ascent rate and/or a pathway change resulted in the incorporation of preexisting differentiated magma stored at a shallower level. Magma transfer from the deep mantle reservoir is syn-eruptive, as indicated by transfer times estimated from diffusion in zoned olivine crystals that are much shorter than the total eruption duration. Our petrological model has important hazard implications concerning the rapid and stealthy awakening of a deep gas-rich magma reservoirs that can produce unusually high output rates and long-lived eruption. Sudden tapping of large crystal poor reservoirs may be the trigger mechanism for other rarely witnessed high-volume (>1 km3) effusive events. International audience Co-auteur étranger

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
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    Authors: Nugroho D. Hananto; Asmoune Boudarine; Helene Carton; S. C. Singh; +8 Authors

    The Wharton Basin in the Indian Ocean is one of the most extensively deforming ocean basins, as confirmed by the occurrence of several very large earthquakes starting from January 12, 2012 with Mw 7.2 followed by the great earthquakes of April 11, 2012 with Mw 8.6 and Mw 8.2. Although the Mw 7.2 and Mw 8.2 earthquakes seem to have ruptured the re-activated N–S striking fracture zones, the largest event (Mw 8.6) required the rupturing of several faults, oblique to each other, in a very complex manner. In order to understand the nature of deformation in these earthquakes rupture zones, we recently acquired 90 000 km2 of bathymetry, 11 400 km of sub-bottom profiling, gravity and magnetic data covering the rupture areas of the 2012 earthquakes east of the Ninety-East Ridge, in the northwestern Wharton Basin. These new data reveal six N8°E striking re-activated fracture zones (F5b, F6a, f6b, F7a, F7b and F8), where the fracture zone F6a can be followed for over 400 km and seems to be most active. The epicenters of the Mw 8.6 and Mw 8.2 earthquakes lie on the fracture zones F6a and F7b, respectively. The newly observed fracture F5b in the east is short, and has an extensional basin at its southern tip. The fracture zone F8 defines the eastern boundary of the Ninety-East Ridge. The presence of en echelon faults and pull-apart basins indicate left-lateral motion along these fracture zones. In between these fracture zones, we observe pervasive 290° striking right-lateral shear zones at 4–8 km intervals; one of which has cut through a seamount that might have ruptured during the Mw 8.6 earthquake. We also observe another N20°E striking left-lateral shear zones in the vicinity of F7b and F8, which is coincident with the strike of one of the nodal planes of the Mw 8.6 focal mechanism. These N20°E striking shear zones are interpreted as R Riedel shears and the N290°E striking shear zones as R′ Riedel shears. These shear zones are formed by a series of N335°E striking en echelon normal faults. Our data also show the presence of N65°E striking thrust faults east of the Ninety-East Ridge, orthogonal to the regional principal direction of compression. Furthermore, extensive bending-related faulting is also observed close to the Sumatra trench with normal faults also striking at N335°E, similar to the normal faults that form the shear zones. Normal faults with a similar orientation are also present at the southern tip of F5b. We explain all these observations with a single coherent model of deformation in the Wharton Basin, where a dominant part of the regional NW–SE compressional stress is accommodated along the N8°E re-activated fracture zones, and the rest is distributed along shear zones, thrust and normal faults between these fracture zones. The thrust and normal faults are orthogonal to each other and define the direction of principal compressive and extensive stresses in the region whereas the two shear zone systems form a conjugate pair. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) MOE (Min. of Education, S’pore) Published version

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    Digital Repository of NTU
    Article . 2018
    License: © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      Digital Repository of NTU
      Article . 2018
      License: © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Alan M. Seltzer; Jessica Ng; Jeffrey P. Severinghaus;

    Abstract Dissolved noble gases are ideal conservative tracers of physical processes in the Earth system due to their chemical and biological inertness. Although bulk concentrations of dissolved Ar, Kr, and Xe are commonly measured to constrain physical models of atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial hydrosphere processes, stable isotope ratios of these gases (e.g. 136Xe/129Xe) are seldom used because of low signal-to-noise ratios. Here we present the first results from a new method of dissolved gas sampling, extraction and analysis that permits measurement of stable Ar, Kr, and Xe isotope ratios at or below ∼5 per meg amu−1 precision (1σ), two orders-of-magnitude below conventional Kr and Xe isotopic measurements. This gain in precision was achieved by quantitative extraction and subsequent purification of dissolved noble gases from 2-L water samples via helium sparging and viscous dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry. We have determined the solubility fractionation factors ( α sol ) for stable Ar, Kr, and Xe isotope ratios between ∼2 and 20 °C via laboratory equilibration experiments. We have also conducted temperature-controlled air-water gas exchange experiments to estimate the kinetic fractionation factors ( α kin ) of these isotope ratios. We find that both α sol and α kin , normalized by isotopic mass difference (Δm), decrease in magnitude with atomic number but are proportional to Δm for isotope ratios of the same element. With the new ability for high precision isotopic measurements, we suggest that dissolved Kr and Xe isotope ratios in groundwater represent a promising, novel geochemical tool with important applications for groundwater modeling, water resource management, and paleoclimate.

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Emily R. Newsom; Andrew F. Thompson; Jess F. Adkins; Eric D. Galbraith;

    Abstract The modern Indo-Pacific oceans absorb more heat from the atmosphere than they release. The resulting energy surplus is exported from the Indo-Pacific by the ocean circulation and lost to the atmosphere from other ocean basins. This heat transport ultimately sustains much of the buoyancy lost to deep water formation at high latitudes, a key component of the global overturning circulation. Despite the fundamental link between inter-basin ocean heat transport and global overturning in today's climate, there is no general understanding of how these phenomena vary with climate state. Here, we use an unprecedented suite of fully-coupled climate model simulations, equilibrated for thousands of years to a wide range of CO2 levels, to demonstrate that major differences in overturning between climates are related to systematic shifts in ocean heat transport between basins. Uniformly, equilibration to higher CO2 levels strengthens inter-basin ocean heat transport and global deep water formation. These changes are sustained by increased surface heat uptake within the Indo-Pacific oceans, and increased high-latitude heat loss outside of the Indo-Pacific oceans as the climate warms. However, poleward heat transport and high-latitude heat loss do not increase symmetrically between hemispheres. Between glacial and modern-like states, North Atlantic heat loss intensifies and overturning in the Atlantic strengthens. In contrast, between modern-like and hot climates, heat loss and overturning strengthens in the Southern Ocean. We propose that these differences are linked to a shift in the relative efficiency of northward and southward ocean heat transport — dominated by advection in the North Atlantic and eddy diffusion in the Southern Ocean — with climate state. Our results suggest that, under high CO2, future ocean heat transport towards Antarctica would increase disproportionately compared to its changes since the last ice age.

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
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    Authors: Mischa Haas; Franziska Baumann; Daniel Castella; Negar Haghipour; +4 Authors

    Abstract Land cover transformations have accompanied the rise and fall of civilizations for thousands of years, exerting strong influence on the surrounding environment. Soil erosion and the associated outwash of nutrients are a main cause of eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. Despite the great challenges of water protection in the face of climate change, large uncertainties remain concerning the timescales for recovery of aquatic ecosystems impacted by hypoxia. This study seeks to address this issue by investigating the sedimentary record of Lake Murten (Switzerland), which witnessed several phases of intensive human land-use over the past 2000 years. Application of geophysical and geochemical methods to a 10 m-long sediment core revealed that soil erosion increased drastically with the rise of the Roman City of Aventicum (30 CE). During this period, the radiocarbon age of the bulk sedimentary organic carbon (OC) increasingly deviated from the modeled deposition age, indicating rapid flushing of old soil OC from the surrounding catchment driven by intensive land-use. Enhanced nutrient delivery resulted in an episode of cultural eutrophication, as shown by the deposition of varved sediments. Human activity drastically decreased towards the end of the Roman period (3rd century CE), resulting in land abandonment and renaturation. Recovery of the lake ecosystem from bottom-water hypoxia after the peak in human activity took around 50 years, while approximately 300 years passed until sediment accumulation reached steady state conditions on the surrounding landscape. These findings suggest that the legacy of anthropogenic perturbation to watersheds may persist for centuries.

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Yuxin Zhou; Jerry F. McManus; Allison W Jacobel; Kassandra M Costa; +2 Authors

    Abstract A series of catastrophic iceberg and meltwater discharges to the North Atlantic, termed Heinrich events, punctuated the last ice age. During Heinrich events, coarse terrigenous debris released from the drifting icebergs was preserved in deep-sea sediments, serving as an indicator of iceberg passage. Quantifying the vertical flux of ice-rafted debris (IRD) in open-ocean settings can resolve questions regarding the timing and spatial variation in ice sheet calving intensity. In this study, 230Thxs-based IRD flux throughout the last glacial period was measured in a deep-sea sediment core from the western North Atlantic, and complemented by data spanning 0-32 ka from a sediment core in the Labrador Sea. The cores were recovered from sites downstream from Hudson Strait, a likely conduit for icebergs calving from the Laurentide ice sheet (LIS). We compare our results with equivalent existing data from the eastern North Atlantic and show that the two cores in our study have higher IRD fluxes during all Heinrich events, notably including events H3 (∼31 ka) and H6 (∼60 ka). This study demonstrates that the LIS played a role in all Heinrich events, and raises the likelihood that a single mechanism can account for the genesis of these events.

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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: P. Bonnand; Stefan V. Lalonde; Maud Boyet; Christoph Heubeck; +5 Authors

    Precambrian banded iron formations (BIF) are chemical sedimentary deposits whose trace element signatures have been widely used to interrogate the chemical composition and redox state of ancient seawater. Here we investigated trace element signatures in BIF of the 3.22 Ga Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa), which are interbedded with near-shore siliciclastic sedimentary rocks and represent one of the oldest known shallow-water occurrences of BIF. Unusual rare earth element (REE) signatures, notably with pronounced negative Ce anomalies in shale-normalized spectra, have been previously reported for chemical sediments of the Moodies Group, which we confirm here through an expanded dataset for Moodies BIF spanning three different localities. We find negative Ce anomalies as low as 0.2 Ce/Ce* that are associated with unusual enrichment of LREE relative to HREE in the sample set. While total REE abundances and certain REE features appear strongly related to the concentration of detrital indicators (e.g., Zr), and are likely primary, other features, notably LREE enrichment, cannot be explained as a primary feature of the sediment. This is better explained by later addition of REE from a LREE-enriched but Ce-depleted fluid that generated the significant negative Ce anomalies observed in surface samples of Moodies Group BIF. This REE addition event influenced both Sm-Nd and La-Ce isotope systematics, the latter yielding an isochron of 60 +/- 32 Ma, thus constraining the timing of emplacement of the negative Ce anomalies to the past 100 Ma, possibly upon surface exposure of the Barberton Greenstone Belt to wetter conditions during the Cenozoic. Our findings constitute a cautionary tale in that even the most immobile elemental redox proxies may be more sensitive to post-depositional modification than previously thought, and demonstrate the clear advantage offered by paleoredox proxies coupled to radiometric geochronometers to enable the direct dating of ancient signals of Earth surface oxygenation. International audience

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    UCL Discovery
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: UCL Discovery
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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2020
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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    Authors: Chenguang Sun; Rajdeep Dasgupta;

    Abstract Cratonic lithosphere is believed to have been chemically buoyant and mechanically resistant to destruction over billions of years. Yet the absence of cratonic roots at some Archean terrains casts doubt on the craton stability and longevity on a global scale. As unique mantle-derived melts at ancient continents, silica-poor, kimberlitic melts are ideal tools to constrain the temporal variation of lithosphere thickness and the processes affecting the lithosphere root. However, no reliable thermobarometer exists to date for strongly silica-undersaturated, mantle-derived melts. Here we develop a new thermobarometer for silica-poor, CO2-rich melts using high-temperature, high-pressure experimental data. Our barometer is calibrated based on a new observation of pressure-dependent variation of Al2O3 in partial melts saturated with garnet and olivine, while our thermometer is calibrated based on the well-known olivine-melt Mg-exchange. For applications to natural magmas, we also establish a correction scheme to estimate their primary melt compositions. Applying this liquid-based thermobarometer to the estimated primary melt compositions for a global kimberlite dataset, we show that the equilibration depths between primary kimberlite melts and mantle peridotites indicate a decrease of up to ∼150 km in cratonic lithosphere thickness globally during the past ∼2 Gyr. Together with the temporal coupling between global kimberlite frequency and cold subduction flux since ∼2 Gyr ago, our results imply a causal link between lithosphere thinning and supply of CO2-rich melts enhanced by deep subduction of carbonated oceanic crusts. While hibernating at the lithosphere root, these melts chemically metasomatize and rheologically weaken the rigid lithosphere and consequently facilitate destruction through convective removal in the ambient mantle or thermo-magmatic erosion during mantle plume activities.

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    Authors: Shichun Huang; Oliver Tschauner; S. Yang; Munir Humayun; +4 Authors

    Abstract Plume volcanism may sample mantle sources deeper than mid-ocean ridge and arc volcanism. Ocean island basalts (OIBs) are commonly related to plume volcanism, and their diverse isotopic and elemental compositions can be described using a limited number of mantle endmembers. However, the origins and depths of these mantle endmembers are highly debated. Here we show that the HIMU (high μ, μ = 238 U/204Pb) endmember may reside in the transition zone. Specifically, we report the geochemical signature of a high-pressure multiphase diamond inclusion, entrapped at 420–440 km depth and 1450 ± 50 K, which matches exactly the geochemical patterns of the HIMU-rich OIBs. Since the HIMU component is variably sampled by almost all OIBs, our finding implies that the transition zone causes a major overprint of the geochemical features of mantle plumes. Some mantle plumes, like those feeding Bermuda, St Helena, Tubuai and Mangaia, appear to be dominated by this source. Furthermore, our finding highlights the importance of the transition zone in highly incompatible element budget of the mantle.

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    Authors: Claudia J. Schröder-Adams; Jens O. Herrle; David Selby; Alex Quesnel; +1 Authors

    Emplacement of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) had a major effect on global climate, ocean chemistries as traced in sedimentary records and biotic turnovers. The linkage between LIPs and oceanic anoxic events has been documented with the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary event and Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2). The Caribbean LIP and High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP) are regarded as possible triggers. The pericratonic Arctic Sverdrup Basin is the partial location of the HALIP, where little is known about sedimentary, geochemical and biotic responses to the HALIP phases. Sedimentary strata at Glacier Fiord, Axel Heiberg Island, exhibit a dynamic Cretaceous polar carbon burial history within the lower to middle Cenomanian Bastion Ridge Formation and upper Cenomanian to Turonian part of the Kanguk Formation. We present the first initial 187Os/188Os (Osi) composition profile for a polar Cenomanian/Turonian boundary interval (∼100–93.9 Ma) linked to recently dated magmatic phases of the Strand Fiord Formation, part of the HALIP. The carbon isotope record coupled with the Osi profile show two events in the upper Cenomanian interval marked by positive carbon perturbations and shifts to more non-radiogenic Osi compositions. The earlier short-lived event is interpreted as result of weathering of the surrounding Strand Fiord volcanics causing a local non-radiogenic Osi signal. Coinciding transgressive shorelines let to an increase in marine and terrestrially derived organic matter. Subsequently, injection of mantle-derived basalts into organic rich sediments is credited with causing the release of methane documented in a distinct negative carbon isotope excursion. We speculate that the methane release of the HALIP was an important contribution for rapid global warming caused by increasing atmospheric CO2 levels associated with the OAE2 event likewise recognized in the Sverdrup Basin. As climate cooled in the middle and late Turonian, carbon burial decreased under increasingly oxygenated benthic conditions. Epifaunal foraminiferal species, adapted to low oxygen conditions, persisted during the OAE2. Our Cenomanian to Turonian multiproxy record of the Sverdrup Basin distinguishes between local and global signals within a restricted High Arctic basin. Our results demonstrate the interplay between basin tectonism and sea-level change, increased weathering during transgressive phases, seafloor processes such as hydrothermal activity and methane release and biotic response to a complex paleoceanography. With future reliable dated frameworks this unique polar record will facilitate correlations to other polar basins and records of lower paleolatitudes.

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: OceanRep
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    Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      OceanRep
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth and Planetary Science Letters
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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