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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Horneck, G.; Walter, N.; Westall, F.; Grenfell, J.L.; +16 Authors

    Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. The project AstRoMap within the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (FP7) of the European Union 1.2. The European astrobiology environment and landscape in Europe 1.3. Setting the scene: timeline and astrobiology concepts 2. The Astrobiology Roadmap for Europe 3. Research Topic 1: Origin and Evolution of Planetary Systems 3.1. State of the art 3.2. Key objectives 3.3. Approach to achieve the key objectives 3.4. European strengths and needs 4. Research Topic 2: Origins of Organic Compounds in Space 4.1. State of the art 4.2. Key objectives 4.3. Approach to achieve the key objectives 4.4. European strengths and needs 5. Research Topic 3: Rock-Water-Carbon Interactions, Organic Synthesis on Earth, and Steps to Life 5.1. State of the art 5.2. Key objectives 5.3. Approach to achieve the key objectives 5.4. European strengths and needs 6. Research Topic 4: Life and Habitability 6.1. State of the art 6.2. Key objectives 6.3. Approach to achieve the key objectives 6.4. European strengths and needs 7. Research Topic 5: Biosignatures as Facilitating Life Detection 7.1. State of the art 7.2. Key objectives 7.3. Approach to achieve the key objectives 7.4. European strengths and needs 8. Conclusions and Recommendations 8.1. Cross-cutting issues of relevance 8.2. Towards a better coordination of astrobiology research in Europe—the need for a pan-European platform Acknowledgments References Abbreviations Used Abstract The European AstRoMap project (supported by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme) surveyed the state of the art of astrobiology in Europe and beyond and produced the first European roadmap for astrobiology research. In the context of this roadmap, astrobiology is understood as the study of the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the context of cosmic evolution; this includes habitability in the Solar System and beyond. The AstRoMap Roadmap identifies five research topics, specifies several key scientific objectives for each topic, and suggests ways to achieve all the objectives. The five AstRoMap Research Topics are • Research Topic 1: Origin and Evolution of Planetary Systems• Research Topic 2: Origins of Organic Compounds in Space• Research Topic 3: Rock-Water-Carbon Interactions, Organic Synthesis on Earth, and Steps to Life• Research Topic 4: Life and Habitability• Research Topic 5: Biosignatures as Facilitating Life Detection It is strongly recommended that steps be taken towards the definition and implementation of a European Astrobiology Platform (or Institute) to streamline and optimize the scientific return by using a coordinated infrastructure and funding system. Key Words: Astrobiology roadmap—Europe—Origin and evolution of life—Habitability—Life detection—Life in extreme environments. Astrobiology 16, 201–243.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
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    Astrobiology
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    Authors: Brannigan, Liam; Johnson, Helen; Lique, Camille; Nycander, Jonas; +1 Authors

    Isolated anticyclones are frequently observed below the mixed layer in the Arctic Ocean. Some of these sub-surface anticyclones are thought to originate at surface fronts. However, previous idealized simulations with no surface stress show that only cyclone-anticyclone dipoles can propagate away from baroclinically unstable surface fronts. Numerical simulations of fronts subject to a surface stress presented here show that a surface stress in the same direction as the geostrophic flow inhibits dipole propagation away from the front. On the other hand, a surface stress in the opposite direction to the geostrophic flow helps dipoles to propagate away from the front. Regardless of the surface stress at the point of dipole formation, these dipoles can be broken up on a timescale of days when a surface stress is applied in the right direction. The dipole breakup leads to the deeper anticyclonic component becoming an isolated sub-surface eddy. The breakup of the dipole occurs because the cyclonic component of the dipole in the mixed layer is subject to an additional advection due to the Ekman flow. When the Ekman transport has a component oriented from the anticyclonic part of the dipole towards the cyclonic part then the cyclone is advected away from the anticyclone and the dipole is broken up. When the Ekman transport is in other directions relative to the dipole axis it also leads to deviations in the trajectory of the dipole. A scaling is presented for the rate at which the surface cyclone is advected that holds across a range of mixed layer depths and surface stress magnitudes in these simulations. The results may be relevant to other regions of the ocean with similar near-surface stratification profiles. International audience

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    Authors: Riley, Teal R.; Flowerdew, Michael J.; Pankhurst, Robert J.; Curtis, Mike L.; +3 Authors

    Early Jurassic silicic volcanic rocks of the Chon Aike Province (V1: 187 – 182 Ma) are recognized from many localities in the southern Antarctic Peninsula and NE Patagonia and are essentially coeval with the extensive Karoo (182 Ma) and Ferrar (183 Ma) large igneous provinces of pre-breakup Gondwana. Until recently, plutonic rocks of this age were considered either rare in or absent from the Antarctic Peninsula batholith, which was thought to have been mainly constructed during the Middle Jurassic and the mid-Cretaceous. New U–Pb zircon geochronology from the Antarctic Peninsula and recently published U–Pb ages from elsewhere in the Peninsula and Patagonia are used to demonstrate the more widespread nature of Early Jurassic plutonism. Eight samples are dated here from the central and southern Antarctic Peninsula. They are all moderately to strongly foliated granitoids (tonalite, granite, granodiorite) and locally represent the crystalline basement. They yield ages in the range 188 – 181 Ma, which overlap with published ages of 185 – 180 Ma from granitoids from elsewhere on the Antarctic Peninsula and from the Subcordilleran plutonic belt of Patagonia (185 – 181 Ma). Whereas Early Jurassic plutons of the Subcordilleran plutonic belt of Patagonia are directly related to subduction processes along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana, coeval volcanic rocks of the Chon Aike Province are interpreted to be directly associated with extension and plume activity during the initial stages of Gondwana breakup. This indicates that subduction was continuing when Chon Aike Province volcanism started. The Early Jurassic plutonism on the Antarctic Peninsula is transitional between subduction-related and breakup-related magmatism. Supplementary material : Cathodoluminescence images of analysed zircon grains from sites on the Antarctic Peninsula are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3521973

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of the Geological Society
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    License: STM Policy #2
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of the Geological Society
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
      License: STM Policy #2
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    Authors: Chirico, Angelica;

    Tropical seagrass beds and coral reefs are among the most productive and diverse ecosystems on Earth and provide ecosystem services, such as fish production and coastal protection, and support livelihoods of millions of people. At the same time, these ecosystems are threatened globally by anthropogenic disturbances, such as overfishing, pollution and global warming. Implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs) is one of the main strategy to achieve conservation goals and has proven to restore biodiversity and fish stocks, at least on coral reefs. However, studies assessing protection effects on seagrass communities are scarce. Moreover, many MPAs are government-managed and increasingly criticized for excluding and marginalizing local communities. Therefore, MPAs that are managed by the communities themselves, i.e. community-managed MPAs, constitute a promising yet poorly studied alternative. The aim of this thesis was to investigate ecological effects of government- and community-managed MPAs on seagrasses, corals, and their associated benthic and fish communities in the tropical seascape. We used a space-for-time replacement approach and surveyed coral and seagrass communities in fished areas, recently established community MPAs (1-6 years of protection) and old government MPAs (20-44 years) in coastal Kenya, East Africa. Results suggest that only a few years of protection in community MPAs can increase diversity of benthic communities (Paper I), and also protect economically valuable fish stocks (Paper II). Protection also appeared to induce a community shift, from dominance of pioneering and stress-tolerant coral and seagrass species in fished areas, to structurally complex climax species in old government MPAs (Paper I). Additionally, effects of protection on seagrass communities seems to be most apparent in the mid-lagoon by favoring seagrass species with high shoot density; an effect that was mostly caused by species turnover but also phenotypic plasticity. Meanwhile, effects in the shallow intertidal and reef zones were weak or non-existing (Paper III). Finally, a two-year field experiment suggests that a community MPA speeds up seagrass recovery and decrease sediment erosion following experimental disturbance, most likely by reducing additional disturbances (e.g. fishing practices) on recovering plants and sediments (Paper IV). Based on these results I make three conclusions. First, MPAs seem to protect seagrasses in a similar way as they protect corals, suggesting that MPAs can aid local seagrass conservation. Seagrass beds should therefore be actively incorporated in marine spatial planning. Second, even though recently established community MPAs were not as effective as the old government MPAs, they appear to benefit both seagrass and coral communities (Paper I, II, IV). Given that previous studies show that they can also fulfill socio-economic community level-values (e.g. involvement in MPA design and enforcement), our findings emphasize their potential as a complement to government MPAs. Third, MPAs are an effective tool to protect seagrass and coral communities from local disturbances, particularly in mid-lagoon and reef areas, but they do not appear to protect the shallow intertidal seagrass beds (Paper III), possibly because of MPA-related tourism activities. This highlights the need for more detailed MPA evaluations, but also the need for more holistic conservation approaches, like integrated coastal zone management. At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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    Authors: Björnerås, C.; Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.; Evans, C. D.; Gessner, M. O.; +17 Authors

    AbstractRecent reports of increasing iron (Fe) concentrations in freshwaters are of concern, given the fundamental role of Fe in biogeochemical processes. Still, little is known about the frequency and geographical distribution of Fe trends or about the underlying drivers. We analyzed temporal trends of Fe concentrations across 340 water bodies distributed over 10 countries in northern Europe and North America in order to gain a clearer understanding of where, to what extent, and why Fe concentrations are on the rise. We found that Fe concentrations have significantly increased in 28% of sites, and decreased in 4%, with most positive trends located in northern Europe. Regions with rising Fe concentrations tend to coincide with those with organic carbon (OC) increases. Fe and OC increases may not be directly mechanistically linked, but may nevertheless be responding to common regional‐scale drivers such as declining sulfur deposition or hydrological changes. A role of hydrological factors was supported by covarying trends in Fe and dissolved silica, as these elements tend to stem from similar soil depths. A positive relationship between Fe increases and conifer cover suggests that changing land use and expanded forestry could have contributed to enhanced Fe export, although increases were also observed in nonforested areas. We conclude that the phenomenon of increasing Fe concentrations is widespread, especially in northern Europe, with potentially significant implications for wider ecosystem biogeochemistry, and for the current browning of freshwaters.

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    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Global Biogeochemical Cycles
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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    Authors: Kluting, Kerri L.; Clemmensen, Karina; Jonaitis, Stanislovas; Vasaitis, Rimvydas; +3 Authors

    ABSTRACT In boreal systems, soil profiles typically consist of distinct stratified horizons, with organic layers at the surface overlying deeper mineral horizons providing microhabitat variation along a depth gradient, and vertical stratification of fungal communities along such soil profiles is commonly observed. We studied fungal community structure in a coastal pine forest along a gradient of decreasing influence from the coast. In this system, the vertical stratification pattern of soil microhabitats (defined here as organic, mineral with roots and mineral without roots: O, MR and MN, respectively) is non-uniform; organic horizons are sometimes buried under drifting sand dunes. Our results show that soil microhabitats are distinct with respect to physiochemical characteristics, community composition and OTU richness. While community composition was partly related to depth and distance from the coastal forest edge, microhabitat appeared to have the strongest influence. A closer inspection of the OTUs with the highest relative sequence abundance within each microhabitat revealed that microhabitats support functionally distinct fungal communities with respect to trophic mode and growth morphology. These results suggest that in coastal pine forests, variation in soil microhabitats contributes to the high fungal diversity found belowground and may play an important role in optimizing nutrient cycling. Soil fungal communities are shaped by microhabitat characteristics, such as organic vs mineral soil and the presence or absence of roots, more so than soil depth.

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    FEMS Microbiology Ecology
    Article
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    FEMS Microbiology Ecology
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      FEMS Microbiology Ecology
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      FEMS Microbiology Ecology
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Hall, Per O. J.; Almroth Rosell, Elin; Bonaglia, Stefano; Dale, Andrew W.; +6 Authors

    At the end of 2014, a Major Baltic Inflow (MBI) brought oxygenated, salty water into the Baltic proper and reached the long-term anoxic Eastern Gotland Basin (EGB) by March 2015. In July 2015, we measured benthic fluxes of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and silicon (Si) nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in situ using an autonomous benthic lander at deep sites (170-210 m) in the EGB, where the bottom water oxygen concentration was 30-45 μM. The same in situ methodology was used to measure benthic fluxes at the same sites in 2008-2010, but then under anoxic conditions. The high efflux of phosphate under anoxic conditions became lower upon oxygenation, and turned into an influx in about 50% of the flux measurements. The C:P and N:P ratios of the benthic solute flux changed from clearly below the Redfield ratio (on average about 70 and 3-4, respectively) under anoxia to approaching or being well above the Redfield ratio upon oxygenation. These observations demonstrate retention of P in newly oxygenated sediments. We found no significant effect of oxygenation on the benthic ammonium, silicate and DIC flux. We also measured benthic denitrification, anammox, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) rates at the same sites using isotope-pairing techniques. The bottom water of the long-term anoxic EGB contained less than 0.5 μM nitrate in 2008-2010, but the oxygenation event created bottom water nitrate concentrations of about 10 μM in July 2015 and the benthic flux of nitrate was consistently directed into the sediment. Nitrate reduction to both dinitrogen gas (denitrification) and ammonium (DNRA) was initiated in the newly oxygenated sediments, while anammox activity was negligible. We estimated the influence of this oxygenation event on the magnitudes of the integrated benthic P flux (the internal P load) and the fixed N removal through benthic and pelagic denitrification by comparing with a hypothetical scenario without the MBI. Our calculations suggest that the oxygenation triggered by the MBI in July 2015, extrapolated to the basin-wide scale of the Baltic proper, decreased the internal P load by 23% and increased the total (benthic plus pelagic) denitrification by 18%.

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    DI-fusion
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Frontiers in Marine Science
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      DI-fusion
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      Frontiers in Marine Science
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Anderson, Leif G.; Björk, Göran; Holby, Ola; Jutterström, Sara; +9 Authors

    Extensive biogeochemical transformation of organic matter takes place in the shallow continental shelf seas of Siberia. This, in combination with brine production from sea-ice formation, results in cold bottom waters with relatively high salinity and nutrient concentrations, as well as low oxygen and pH levels. Data from the SWERUS-C3 expedition with icebreaker Oden, from July to September 2014, show the distribution of such nutrient-rich, cold bottom waters along the continental margin from about 140 to 180 degrees E. The water with maximum nutrient concentration, classically named the upper halocline, is absent over the Lomonosov Ridge at 140 degrees E, while it appears in the Makarov Basin at 150 degrees E and intensifies further eastwards. At the intercept between the Mendeleev Ridge and the East Siberian continental shelf slope, the nutrient maximum is still intense, but distributed across a larger depth interval. The nutrient-rich water is found here at salinities of up to similar to 34.5, i.e. in the water classically named lower halocline. East of 170 degrees E transient tracers show significantly less ventilated waters below about 150 m water depth. This likely results from a local isolation of waters over the Chukchi Abyssal Plain as the boundary current from the west is steered away from this area by the bathymetry of the Mendeleev Ridge. The water with salinities of similar to 34.5 has high nutrients and low oxygen concentrations as well as low pH, typically indicating decay of organic matter. A deficit in nitrate relative to phosphate suggests that this process partly occurs under hypoxia. We conclude that the high nutrient water with salinity similar to 34.5 are formed on the shelf slope in the Mendeleev Ridge region from interior basin water that is trapped for enough time to attain its signature through interaction with the sediment.

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Ocean Science
    Article . 2017
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    Article . 2017
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    Authors: Martin I. Lind; Kylie Yarlett; Julia Reger; Mauricio J. Carter; +1 Authors

    Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to produce more than one phenotype in order to match the environment. Recent theory proposes that the major axis of genetic variation in a phenotypically plastic population can align with the direction of selection. Therefore, theory predicts that plasticity directly aids adaptation by increasing genetic variation in the direction favoured by selection and reflected in plasticity. We evaluated this theory in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia pulex , facing predation risk from two contrasting size-selective predators. We estimated plasticity in several life-history traits, the G matrix of these traits, the selection gradients on reproduction and survival, and the predicted responses to selection. Using these data, we tested whether the genetic lines of least resistance and the predicted response to selection aligned with plasticity. We found predator environment-specific G matrices, but shared genetic architecture across environments resulted in more constraint in the G matrix than in the plasticity of the traits, sometimes preventing alignment of the two. However, as the importance of survival selection increased, the difference between environments in their predicted response to selection increased and resulted in closer alignment between the plasticity and the predicted selection response. Therefore, plasticity may indeed aid adaptation to new environments.

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    Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Pilar Ríos; Álvaro Altuna; Inmaculada Frutos; Eugenia Manjón-Cabeza; +18 Authors

    Ríos, P., Altuna, Á., Frutos, I., Manjón-Cabeza, E., García-Guillén, L., Macías-Ramírez, A., Ibarrola, T.P., Gofas, S., Taboada, S., Souto, J., Álvarez, F., Saiz-Salinas, J.I., Cárdenas, P., Rodríguez-Cabello, C., Lourido, A., Boza, C., Rodríguez-Basalo, A., Prado, E., Abad-Uribarren, A., Parra, S., Sánchez, F., Cristobo, J. The study of Avilés Canyon System has been done within the framework of the EU-funded Nature + LIFE INDEMARES (07/NAT/E/ 000732) and INTEMARES (LIFE15 IPE ES 012) projects; ST received funding from the grant PID2020-117115GA-100 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001103 (...)

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    Authors: Horneck, G.; Walter, N.; Westall, F.; Grenfell, J.L.; +16 Authors

    Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. The project AstRoMap within the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (FP7) of the European Union 1.2. The European astrobiology environment and landscape in Europe 1.3. Setting the scene: timeline and astrobiology concepts 2. The Astrobiology Roadmap for Europe 3. Research Topic 1: Origin and Evolution of Planetary Systems 3.1. State of the art 3.2. Key objectives 3.3. Approach to achieve the key objectives 3.4. European strengths and needs 4. Research Topic 2: Origins of Organic Compounds in Space 4.1. State of the art 4.2. Key objectives 4.3. Approach to achieve the key objectives 4.4. European strengths and needs 5. Research Topic 3: Rock-Water-Carbon Interactions, Organic Synthesis on Earth, and Steps to Life 5.1. State of the art 5.2. Key objectives 5.3. Approach to achieve the key objectives 5.4. European strengths and needs 6. Research Topic 4: Life and Habitability 6.1. State of the art 6.2. Key objectives 6.3. Approach to achieve the key objectives 6.4. European strengths and needs 7. Research Topic 5: Biosignatures as Facilitating Life Detection 7.1. State of the art 7.2. Key objectives 7.3. Approach to achieve the key objectives 7.4. European strengths and needs 8. Conclusions and Recommendations 8.1. Cross-cutting issues of relevance 8.2. Towards a better coordination of astrobiology research in Europe—the need for a pan-European platform Acknowledgments References Abbreviations Used Abstract The European AstRoMap project (supported by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme) surveyed the state of the art of astrobiology in Europe and beyond and produced the first European roadmap for astrobiology research. In the context of this roadmap, astrobiology is understood as the study of the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the context of cosmic evolution; this includes habitability in the Solar System and beyond. The AstRoMap Roadmap identifies five research topics, specifies several key scientific objectives for each topic, and suggests ways to achieve all the objectives. The five AstRoMap Research Topics are • Research Topic 1: Origin and Evolution of Planetary Systems• Research Topic 2: Origins of Organic Compounds in Space• Research Topic 3: Rock-Water-Carbon Interactions, Organic Synthesis on Earth, and Steps to Life• Research Topic 4: Life and Habitability• Research Topic 5: Biosignatures as Facilitating Life Detection It is strongly recommended that steps be taken towards the definition and implementation of a European Astrobiology Platform (or Institute) to streamline and optimize the scientific return by using a coordinated infrastructure and funding system. Key Words: Astrobiology roadmap—Europe—Origin and evolution of life—Habitability—Life detection—Life in extreme environments. Astrobiology 16, 201–243.

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    Astrobiology
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    Authors: Brannigan, Liam; Johnson, Helen; Lique, Camille; Nycander, Jonas; +1 Authors

    Isolated anticyclones are frequently observed below the mixed layer in the Arctic Ocean. Some of these sub-surface anticyclones are thought to originate at surface fronts. However, previous idealized simulations with no surface stress show that only cyclone-anticyclone dipoles can propagate away from baroclinically unstable surface fronts. Numerical simulations of fronts subject to a surface stress presented here show that a surface stress in the same direction as the geostrophic flow inhibits dipole propagation away from the front. On the other hand, a surface stress in the opposite direction to the geostrophic flow helps dipoles to propagate away from the front. Regardless of the surface stress at the point of dipole formation, these dipoles can be broken up on a timescale of days when a surface stress is applied in the right direction. The dipole breakup leads to the deeper anticyclonic component becoming an isolated sub-surface eddy. The breakup of the dipole occurs because the cyclonic component of the dipole in the mixed layer is subject to an additional advection due to the Ekman flow. When the Ekman transport has a component oriented from the anticyclonic part of the dipole towards the cyclonic part then the cyclone is advected away from the anticyclone and the dipole is broken up. When the Ekman transport is in other directions relative to the dipole axis it also leads to deviations in the trajectory of the dipole. A scaling is presented for the rate at which the surface cyclone is advected that holds across a range of mixed layer depths and surface stress magnitudes in these simulations. The results may be relevant to other regions of the ocean with similar near-surface stratification profiles. International audience

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    Authors: Riley, Teal R.; Flowerdew, Michael J.; Pankhurst, Robert J.; Curtis, Mike L.; +3 Authors

    Early Jurassic silicic volcanic rocks of the Chon Aike Province (V1: 187 – 182 Ma) are recognized from many localities in the southern Antarctic Peninsula and NE Patagonia and are essentially coeval with the extensive Karoo (182 Ma) and Ferrar (183 Ma) large igneous provinces of pre-breakup Gondwana. Until recently, plutonic rocks of this age were considered either rare in or absent from the Antarctic Peninsula batholith, which was thought to have been mainly constructed during the Middle Jurassic and the mid-Cretaceous. New U–Pb zircon geochronology from the Antarctic Peninsula and recently published U–Pb ages from elsewhere in the Peninsula and Patagonia are used to demonstrate the more widespread nature of Early Jurassic plutonism. Eight samples are dated here from the central and southern Antarctic Peninsula. They are all moderately to strongly foliated granitoids (tonalite, granite, granodiorite) and locally represent the crystalline basement. They yield ages in the range 188 – 181 Ma, which overlap with published ages of 185 – 180 Ma from granitoids from elsewhere on the Antarctic Peninsula and from the Subcordilleran plutonic belt of Patagonia (185 – 181 Ma). Whereas Early Jurassic plutons of the Subcordilleran plutonic belt of Patagonia are directly related to subduction processes along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana, coeval volcanic rocks of the Chon Aike Province are interpreted to be directly associated with extension and plume activity during the initial stages of Gondwana breakup. This indicates that subduction was continuing when Chon Aike Province volcanism started. The Early Jurassic plutonism on the Antarctic Peninsula is transitional between subduction-related and breakup-related magmatism. Supplementary material : Cathodoluminescence images of analysed zircon grains from sites on the Antarctic Peninsula are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3521973

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    Journal of the Geological Society
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      Journal of the Geological Society
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    Authors: Chirico, Angelica;

    Tropical seagrass beds and coral reefs are among the most productive and diverse ecosystems on Earth and provide ecosystem services, such as fish production and coastal protection, and support livelihoods of millions of people. At the same time, these ecosystems are threatened globally by anthropogenic disturbances, such as overfishing, pollution and global warming. Implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs) is one of the main strategy to achieve conservation goals and has proven to restore biodiversity and fish stocks, at least on coral reefs. However, studies assessing protection effects on seagrass communities are scarce. Moreover, many MPAs are government-managed and increasingly criticized for excluding and marginalizing local communities. Therefore, MPAs that are managed by the communities themselves, i.e. community-managed MPAs, constitute a promising yet poorly studied alternative. The aim of this thesis was to investigate ecological effects of government- and community-managed MPAs on seagrasses, corals, and their associated benthic and fish communities in the tropical seascape. We used a space-for-time replacement approach and surveyed coral and seagrass communities in fished areas, recently established community MPAs (1-6 years of protection) and old government MPAs (20-44 years) in coastal Kenya, East Africa. Results suggest that only a few years of protection in community MPAs can increase diversity of benthic communities (Paper I), and also protect economically valuable fish stocks (Paper II). Protection also appeared to induce a community shift, from dominance of pioneering and stress-tolerant coral and seagrass species in fished areas, to structurally complex climax species in old government MPAs (Paper I). Additionally, effects of protection on seagrass communities seems to be most apparent in the mid-lagoon by favoring seagrass species with high shoot density; an effect that was mostly caused by species turnover but also phenotypic plasticity. Meanwhile, effects in the shallow intertidal and reef zones were weak or non-existing (Paper III). Finally, a two-year field experiment suggests that a community MPA speeds up seagrass recovery and decrease sediment erosion following experimental disturbance, most likely by reducing additional disturbances (e.g. fishing practices) on recovering plants and sediments (Paper IV). Based on these results I make three conclusions. First, MPAs seem to protect seagrasses in a similar way as they protect corals, suggesting that MPAs can aid local seagrass conservation. Seagrass beds should therefore be actively incorporated in marine spatial planning. Second, even though recently established community MPAs were not as effective as the old government MPAs, they appear to benefit both seagrass and coral communities (Paper I, II, IV). Given that previous studies show that they can also fulfill socio-economic community level-values (e.g. involvement in MPA design and enforcement), our findings emphasize their potential as a complement to government MPAs. Third, MPAs are an effective tool to protect seagrass and coral communities from local disturbances, particularly in mid-lagoon and reef areas, but they do not appear to protect the shallow intertidal seagrass beds (Paper III), possibly because of MPA-related tourism activities. This highlights the need for more detailed MPA evaluations, but also the need for more holistic conservation approaches, like integrated coastal zone management. At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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    Authors: Björnerås, C.; Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.; Evans, C. D.; Gessner, M. O.; +17 Authors

    AbstractRecent reports of increasing iron (Fe) concentrations in freshwaters are of concern, given the fundamental role of Fe in biogeochemical processes. Still, little is known about the frequency and geographical distribution of Fe trends or about the underlying drivers. We analyzed temporal trends of Fe concentrations across 340 water bodies distributed over 10 countries in northern Europe and North America in order to gain a clearer understanding of where, to what extent, and why Fe concentrations are on the rise. We found that Fe concentrations have significantly increased in 28% of sites, and decreased in 4%, with most positive trends located in northern Europe. Regions with rising Fe concentrations tend to coincide with those with organic carbon (OC) increases. Fe and OC increases may not be directly mechanistically linked, but may nevertheless be responding to common regional‐scale drivers such as declining sulfur deposition or hydrological changes. A role of hydrological factors was supported by covarying trends in Fe and dissolved silica, as these elements tend to stem from similar soil depths. A positive relationship between Fe increases and conifer cover suggests that changing land use and expanded forestry could have contributed to enhanced Fe export, although increases were also observed in nonforested areas. We conclude that the phenomenon of increasing Fe concentrations is widespread, especially in northern Europe, with potentially significant implications for wider ecosystem biogeochemistry, and for the current browning of freshwaters.

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    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
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      Global Biogeochemical Cycles
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    Authors: Kluting, Kerri L.; Clemmensen, Karina; Jonaitis, Stanislovas; Vasaitis, Rimvydas; +3 Authors

    ABSTRACT In boreal systems, soil profiles typically consist of distinct stratified horizons, with organic layers at the surface overlying deeper mineral horizons providing microhabitat variation along a depth gradient, and vertical stratification of fungal communities along such soil profiles is commonly observed. We studied fungal community structure in a coastal pine forest along a gradient of decreasing influence from the coast. In this system, the vertical stratification pattern of soil microhabitats (defined here as organic, mineral with roots and mineral without roots: O, MR and MN, respectively) is non-uniform; organic horizons are sometimes buried under drifting sand dunes. Our results show that soil microhabitats are distinct with respect to physiochemical characteristics, community composition and OTU richness. While community composition was partly related to depth and distance from the coastal forest edge, microhabitat appeared to have the strongest influence. A closer inspection of the OTUs with the highest relative sequence abundance within each microhabitat revealed that microhabitats support functionally distinct fungal communities with respect to trophic mode and growth morphology. These results suggest that in coastal pine forests, variation in soil microhabitats contributes to the high fungal diversity found belowground and may play an important role in optimizing nutrient cycling. Soil fungal communities are shaped by microhabitat characteristics, such as organic vs mineral soil and the presence or absence of roots, more so than soil depth.

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    FEMS Microbiology Ecology
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    FEMS Microbiology Ecology
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      FEMS Microbiology Ecology
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      FEMS Microbiology Ecology
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    Authors: Hall, Per O. J.; Almroth Rosell, Elin; Bonaglia, Stefano; Dale, Andrew W.; +6 Authors

    At the end of 2014, a Major Baltic Inflow (MBI) brought oxygenated, salty water into the Baltic proper and reached the long-term anoxic Eastern Gotland Basin (EGB) by March 2015. In July 2015, we measured benthic fluxes of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and silicon (Si) nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in situ using an autonomous benthic lander at deep sites (170-210 m) in the EGB, where the bottom water oxygen concentration was 30-45 μM. The same in situ methodology was used to measure benthic fluxes at the same sites in 2008-2010, but then under anoxic conditions. The high efflux of phosphate under anoxic conditions became lower upon oxygenation, and turned into an influx in about 50% of the flux measurements. The C:P and N:P ratios of the benthic solute flux changed from clearly below the Redfield ratio (on average about 70 and 3-4, respectively) under anoxia to approaching or being well above the Redfield ratio upon oxygenation. These observations demonstrate retention of P in newly oxygenated sediments. We found no significant effect of oxygenation on the benthic ammonium, silicate and DIC flux. We also measured benthic denitrification, anammox, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) rates at the same sites using isotope-pairing techniques. The bottom water of the long-term anoxic EGB contained less than 0.5 μM nitrate in 2008-2010, but the oxygenation event created bottom water nitrate concentrations of about 10 μM in July 2015 and the benthic flux of nitrate was consistently directed into the sediment. Nitrate reduction to both dinitrogen gas (denitrification) and ammonium (DNRA) was initiated in the newly oxygenated sediments, while anammox activity was negligible. We estimated the influence of this oxygenation event on the magnitudes of the integrated benthic P flux (the internal P load) and the fixed N removal through benthic and pelagic denitrification by comparing with a hypothetical scenario without the MBI. Our calculations suggest that the oxygenation triggered by the MBI in July 2015, extrapolated to the basin-wide scale of the Baltic proper, decreased the internal P load by 23% and increased the total (benthic plus pelagic) denitrification by 18%.

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    DI-fusion
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    Frontiers in Marine Science
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      DI-fusion
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      Frontiers in Marine Science
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Anderson, Leif G.; Björk, Göran; Holby, Ola; Jutterström, Sara; +9 Authors

    Extensive biogeochemical transformation of organic matter takes place in the shallow continental shelf seas of Siberia. This, in combination with brine production from sea-ice formation, results in cold bottom waters with relatively high salinity and nutrient concentrations, as well as low oxygen and pH levels. Data from the SWERUS-C3 expedition with icebreaker Oden, from July to September 2014, show the distribution of such nutrient-rich, cold bottom waters along the continental margin from about 140 to 180 degrees E. The water with maximum nutrient concentration, classically named the upper halocline, is absent over the Lomonosov Ridge at 140 degrees E, while it appears in the Makarov Basin at 150 degrees E and intensifies further eastwards. At the intercept between the Mendeleev Ridge and the East Siberian continental shelf slope, the nutrient maximum is still intense, but distributed across a larger depth interval. The nutrient-rich water is found here at salinities of up to similar to 34.5, i.e. in the water classically named lower halocline. East of 170 degrees E transient tracers show significantly less ventilated waters below about 150 m water depth. This likely results from a local isolation of waters over the Chukchi Abyssal Plain as the boundary current from the west is steered away from this area by the bathymetry of the Mendeleev Ridge. The water with salinities of similar to 34.5 has high nutrients and low oxygen concentrations as well as low pH, typically indicating decay of organic matter. A deficit in nitrate relative to phosphate suggests that this process partly occurs under hypoxia. We conclude that the high nutrient water with salinity similar to 34.5 are formed on the shelf slope in the Mendeleev Ridge region from interior basin water that is trapped for enough time to attain its signature through interaction with the sediment.

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Ocean Science
    Article . 2017
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    Copernicus Publications
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      OceanRep
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Ocean Science
      Article . 2017
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      Copernicus Publications
      Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Martin I. Lind; Kylie Yarlett; Julia Reger; Mauricio J. Carter; +1 Authors

    Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to produce more than one phenotype in order to match the environment. Recent theory proposes that the major axis of genetic variation in a phenotypically plastic population can align with the direction of selection. Therefore, theory predicts that plasticity directly aids adaptation by increasing genetic variation in the direction favoured by selection and reflected in plasticity. We evaluated this theory in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia pulex , facing predation risk from two contrasting size-selective predators. We estimated plasticity in several life-history traits, the G matrix of these traits, the selection gradients on reproduction and survival, and the predicted responses to selection. Using these data, we tested whether the genetic lines of least resistance and the predicted response to selection aligned with plasticity. We found predator environment-specific G matrices, but shared genetic architecture across environments resulted in more constraint in the G matrix than in the plasticity of the traits, sometimes preventing alignment of the two. However, as the importance of survival selection increased, the difference between environments in their predicted response to selection increased and resulted in closer alignment between the plasticity and the predicted selection response. Therefore, plasticity may indeed aid adaptation to new environments.

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    Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
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    Authors: Pilar Ríos; Álvaro Altuna; Inmaculada Frutos; Eugenia Manjón-Cabeza; +18 Authors

    Ríos, P., Altuna, Á., Frutos, I., Manjón-Cabeza, E., García-Guillén, L., Macías-Ramírez, A., Ibarrola, T.P., Gofas, S., Taboada, S., Souto, J., Álvarez, F., Saiz-Salinas, J.I., Cárdenas, P., Rodríguez-Cabello, C., Lourido, A., Boza, C., Rodríguez-Basalo, A., Prado, E., Abad-Uribarren, A., Parra, S., Sánchez, F., Cristobo, J. The study of Avilés Canyon System has been done within the framework of the EU-funded Nature + LIFE INDEMARES (07/NAT/E/ 000732) and INTEMARES (LIFE15 IPE ES 012) projects; ST received funding from the grant PID2020-117115GA-100 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001103 (...)

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