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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: MOUGNE, Caroline; BAIGL, Jean-Philippe; EPHREM, Brice; FARAGO-SZEKERES, Bernard; +2 Authors

    actes des XXXVIIe Rencontres internationales d'Archéologie et d'Histoire d'Antibes & XIIe coll. AGER), 2017, 370 p. - Actes des Rencontres Internationales d'Archéologie et d'Histoire et d'Antibes; International audience; This article is about the use and exploitation of marine resources (fish, shellfish, crabs and sea urchins) by the populations of Saintes/Mediolanum (Charente-Maritime) from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD. The methodology developed since 2014 (soil samples sieved through a fine mesh) allows the collection of abundant and hitherto unseen archaeological material. The study of four domestic and three burial sites, com¬plete with bibliographic research, provides an initial assessment of the importance of aquatic fauna in the economy of subsistence, funeral practices, and activities linked to art and architecture in the city.; Cet article porte sur l’utilisation et l’exploitation des ressources marines (poissons, coquillages, crabes et oursins) par les populations vivant à Saintes-Mediolanum (Charente- Maritime) du ier siècle av. notre ère au ve siècle de notre ère. La méthodologie mise en place depuis 2014 (prélèvements sédimentaires tamisés à maille fine) permet d’obte¬nir un matériel abondant et inédit. L’étude de quatre sites domestiques et trois funé¬raires, complétée par une recherche bibliographique, apporte un premier bilan sur la place des faunes aquatiques dans l’économie de subsistance, les pratiques funéraires et cultuelles et les activités liées à l’art et à l’architecture dans cette ville.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Oskar Bordeaux
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2017
    Data sources: Oskar Bordeaux
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bennis, Anne-Claire; Ardhuin, Fabrice; Dumas, Franck;

    Many theoretical approaches and implementations have been proposed for the coupling of the three-dimensional ocean circulation with waves. The theoretical models are reviewed and it is shown that the formulation in terms of the quasi-Eulerian velocity circumvents the essential difficulty of alternative formulations for the Lagrangian mean velocity. Namely, models based on this Lagrangian velocity require an estimation of wave-induced motions to first order in the horizontal gradients of the wave field in order to estimate the vertical flux of wave pseudo-momentum. So far, only three-dimensional wave models have been able to provide these estimates, and all published theories based on the simpler Airy theory are not consistent at the leading order, because they ignore or incorrectly estimate the vertical momentum flux. With an adiabatic example on a sloping bottom it is shown that this inconsistency produces very large spurious velocities. These errors are independent of the slope for the inviscid case, and are still significant when a realistic vertical mixing is applied. A quick diagnostic of the potential accuracy of a theoretical model is the vertical profile of the wave-induced forcing terms: if it is not uniform over depth in adiabatic conditions then it will produce spurious artificial flow patterns in conditions with shoaling waves. Although conceptually more challenging, the quasi-Eulerian velocity theories only introduce minor modifications of the solution procedure for the standard primitive equations: a modification of the surface boundary condition for the mass conservation, the addition of the Stokes drift in the tracer advection equations, and sources of momentum and turbulent kinetic energy with associated surface and bottom fluxes. All the necessary modifications of primitive equation models are given in detail. This implementation is illustrated with the MARS3D model, which passes the test of the adiabatic shoaling waves. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL Descartes; Mémoi...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Other literature type . 2010
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2011
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dörfler, Walter; Feeser, Ingo; van den Bogaard, Christel; Dreibrodt, Stefan; +4 Authors

    The annually laminated record of Lake Belau offers an exceptional opportunity to investigate with high temporal resolution Holocene environmental change, aspects of climate history and human impact on the landscape. A new chronology based on varve counts, 14C-datings and heavy metal history has been established, covering the last 9400 years. Based on multiple varve counting on two core sequences, the easily countable laminated section spans about 7850 varve years (modelled age range c. 9430 to 1630 cal. BP). Not all of the record is of the same quality but approximately 69% of the varves sequence is classified to be of high quality and only c. 5% of low quality. The new chronology suggests dates generally c. 260 years older than previously assumed for the laminated section of the record. The implications for the vegetation and land-use history of the region as well as revised datings for pollen stratigraphical events are discussed. Tephra analysis allowed the identification of several cryptotephra layers. New dates for volcanic eruptions are presented for the Lairg B event ( c. 6848 cal. BP, 2s range 6930–6713 cal. BP), the Hekla 4 event ( c. 4396 cal. BP, 2s range 4417–4266 cal. BP), and Hekla 3 eruption ( c. 3095 cal. BP, 2s range 3120–3068 cal. BP).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ OceanReparrow_drop_down
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    The Holocene
    Article
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    The Holocene
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
    License: SAGE TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bianchini, Roberta; Dalibard, Anne-Laure;

    Gathering together some existing results, we show that the solutions to the one-dimensional Burgers equation converge for long times towards the stationary solutions to the steady Burgers equation, whose Fourier spectrum is not integrable. This is one of the main features of wave turbulence. Comment: Contribution to the Springer-UMI book of proceedings for the Winter School FLUDYDIQUA 2018 in Bressanone

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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2020
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2020
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
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      arXiv.org e-Print Archive
      Other literature type . Preprint . 2020
      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2020
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      Article . 2020
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Landolfi , A.; Oschlies , A.; Sanders , R.;

    International audience; To enable an accurate estimate of total excess nitrogen (N) in the North Atlantic a new tracer, TNxs, is defined which includes the contribution of organic nutrients to the assessment of N:P stoichiometric anomalies. We estimate the spatial distribution of TNxs within the North Atlantic using data from a trans-Atlantic section across 24.5° N conducted in 2004. We then employ three different approaches to infer rates of total excess nitrogen accumulation using pCFC-12 derived ventilation ages (a TNxs vertical integration, a one end-member and a two-end member mixing model). Despite some variability among the different methods the dissolved organic nutrient fraction always contributes to about half of the TNxs accumulation, which is in the order of 9.38±4.18×1011 mol N y?1. Here we suggest that neglecting organic nutrients in stoichiometric balances of the marine N and P inventories can lead to systematic errors when estimating a nitrogen excess or deficit relative to the Redfield ratio in the oceans. For the North Atlantic the inclusion of the organic fraction leads to an upward revision of the N supply by N2 fixation to 10.2±6.9×1011 mol N y?1. This enhanced estimate of nitrogen fixation reconciles the geochemical estimates of N2 fixation derived from excess nitrate and the direct estimates from N2 fixation measurements.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL Descartes; HAL-P...arrow_drop_down
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    Biogeosciences
    Article . 2008
    Data sources: DOAJ-Articles
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-...
    Preprint . 2008
    License: CC BY
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    Biogeosciences (BG)
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Biogeosciences; CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Biogeosciences
    Article . Preprint
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2008
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    Copernicus Publications
    Other literature type . 2018
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL Descartes; HAL-P...arrow_drop_down
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      Biogeosciences
      Article . 2008
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-...
      Preprint . 2008
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      Biogeosciences (BG)
      Other literature type . 2018
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      Biogeosciences; CNR ExploRA
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Biogeosciences
      Article . Preprint
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      DOAJ
      Article . 2008
      Data sources: DOAJ
      Copernicus Publications
      Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Pierce , Graham J.; Belcari , Paola; Bustamante , Paco; Challier , Laurence; +24 Authors

    info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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    OceanRep
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2010
    Data sources: OceanRep
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    Authors: Cornet, Veronique; Armand, Leanne; Queguiner, Bernard;

    Linear measurements of 31 Southern Ocean diatom species or genus groupings are presented and used in the derivation of species-specific biovolume, biomass and surface to volume ratios. Species measurements are in tune with summarised values in the literature and range from 2.6 to 2296 pm in length and 8.5 to 140 pm in diameter. Average cell volume ranged from 63 to 1.43 x 105 mu m(3) and biomass from 10 to 3686 pg C cell(-1), the values being smallest in pennate shaped species and greatest in cylindrical centrics. The 31 species can be divided into 7 small, 12 intermediate and 12 large biomass contributors based on their cell volume and/or their surface to volume ratio. Carbon biomass estimates from biovolume equations are discussed and suggest that future work including large Southern Ocean species is warranted. Species-specific biomass values reported here should serve as a baseline for future analyses of major diatom carbon contributors in the generally high nutrient, low chlorophyll Southern Ocean.

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    Aquatic Microbial Ecology
    Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Schütte, Béatrice;

    Résumé : Pour les entreprises pétrolières, l’exploration et l’exploitation gazières et pétrolières en mer continuent à être une affaire importante. L’offshore en tant que source de production est même susceptible d’augmenter à l’avenir. Malgré plusieurs accidents ayant causé une pollution de l’environnement marin et des dommages aux gens, aucun régime étendu concernant la responsabilité civile pour dommages causés au cours de l’exploration et l’exploitation gazières et pétrolières en mer n’est en vigueur au niveau de l’Union européenne. En se fondant sur l’idée que les règles deresponsabilité civile peuvent aider à augmenter le niveau de la protection de l’environnement, cette contribution présente et compare les cadres juridiques sur la pollution et la responsabilité civile, entre autres des conventions internationales, des directives de l’Union européenne et des lois nationales. Le résultat de l’analyse sert de base pour des réflexions quant à un possible cadre juridique harmonisé sur la responsabilité civile pour des dommages causés à l’occasion de l’exploration et de l’exploitation gazières et pétrolières en mer. Compte tenu des multiples impacts qui affectent le fragile environnement marin, il faut réglementer profondément ces activités afin de préserver les océans pour les futures générations. Abstract: For petroleum companies, the exploration and exploitation of offshore oil and gas remains an important business. Offshore source production is even likely to increase in the future. Despite a number of accidents causing both environmental pollution and harm to people, no overarching civil liability framework is yet in force for the EU. Based on the idea that liability rules can help to increase the level of environmental protection, this paper presents and compares regulatory frameworks on pollution and liability, among them International Conventions, EU Frameworks and selected national laws of EU Member States. The result of the analysis is taken as a starting point for reflections as to what a harmonised civil liability framework could look like. Given the manifold forms of impact on the delicate marine environment,these activities must be thoroughly regulated in order to preserve the oceans for future generations. International audience

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    Authors: Tyrrell, T.; Schneider, B.; Charalampopoulou, A.; Riebesell, U.;

    The Baltic and Black Seas are both brackish, that is to say both have salinities intermediate between freshwater and seawater. The coccolithophore <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> is abundant in one, the Black Sea, but absent from the other, the Baltic Sea. Here we present summertime coccolithophore measurements confirming this difference, as well as data on the calcium carbonate saturation state of the Baltic Sea. We find that the Baltic Sea becomes undersaturated (or nearly so) in winter, with respect to both the aragonite and calcite mineral forms of CaCO<sub>3</sub>. Data for the Black Sea are more limited, but it appears to remain strongly supersaturated year-round. The absence of <i>E. huxleyi</i> from the Baltic Sea could therefore potentially be explained by dissolution of their coccoliths in winter, suggesting that minimum annual (wintertime) saturation states could be most important in determining future ocean acidification impacts. In addition to this potential importance of winter saturation state, alternative explanations are also possible, either related to differences in salinity or else to differences in silicate concentrations.

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    Biogeosciences
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-...
    Preprint . 2007
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    Biogeosciences
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-...
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    Authors: Pichot, Geraldine;

    Cet article présente les avancées concernant la modélisation et la simulation numérique de l'écoulement autour de la poche d'un chalut. Nous présentons tout d'abord la campagne expérimentale menée en Novembre 2004 au bassin d'essais de l'IFREMER de Boulogne-sur-Mer afin de collecter des données hydrodynamiques sur l'écoulement autour d'une poche de chalut rigide axisymétrique. Nous exposons dans une deuxième partie le modèle fluide utilisé, basé sur les équations de Navier-Stokes/Brinkman avec viscosité turbulente couplées à un modèle de turbulence à une équation. Enfin, nous testons la capacité du modèle à reproduire l'écoulement dans le cas simple de la maquette de Boulogne-sur-Mer par l'intermédiaire du code de calcul que nous avons écrit pour le logiciel Freefem++ This paper is devoted to the presentation of modelling procedures and of numerical simulations of the flow in the surroundings of the end part of a trawl, where fish are caught. We present first the hydrodynamical data collected in November 2004 at the IFREMER tank of Boulogne-sur-Mer around and inside an axisymmetric rigid net model. Then we show the use of averaged Navier-Stokes/Brinkman equations with an eddy viscosity coupled with an equation for the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) (RANS type model of order one) as for a turbulent fluid model. Finally, we test this last model by comparing the numerical results obtained with the code that we have written in Freefem++ and the experimental data available. National audience

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    Authors: MOUGNE, Caroline; BAIGL, Jean-Philippe; EPHREM, Brice; FARAGO-SZEKERES, Bernard; +2 Authors

    actes des XXXVIIe Rencontres internationales d'Archéologie et d'Histoire d'Antibes & XIIe coll. AGER), 2017, 370 p. - Actes des Rencontres Internationales d'Archéologie et d'Histoire et d'Antibes; International audience; This article is about the use and exploitation of marine resources (fish, shellfish, crabs and sea urchins) by the populations of Saintes/Mediolanum (Charente-Maritime) from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD. The methodology developed since 2014 (soil samples sieved through a fine mesh) allows the collection of abundant and hitherto unseen archaeological material. The study of four domestic and three burial sites, com¬plete with bibliographic research, provides an initial assessment of the importance of aquatic fauna in the economy of subsistence, funeral practices, and activities linked to art and architecture in the city.; Cet article porte sur l’utilisation et l’exploitation des ressources marines (poissons, coquillages, crabes et oursins) par les populations vivant à Saintes-Mediolanum (Charente- Maritime) du ier siècle av. notre ère au ve siècle de notre ère. La méthodologie mise en place depuis 2014 (prélèvements sédimentaires tamisés à maille fine) permet d’obte¬nir un matériel abondant et inédit. L’étude de quatre sites domestiques et trois funé¬raires, complétée par une recherche bibliographique, apporte un premier bilan sur la place des faunes aquatiques dans l’économie de subsistance, les pratiques funéraires et cultuelles et les activités liées à l’art et à l’architecture dans cette ville.

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    Oskar Bordeaux
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2017
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    Authors: Bennis, Anne-Claire; Ardhuin, Fabrice; Dumas, Franck;

    Many theoretical approaches and implementations have been proposed for the coupling of the three-dimensional ocean circulation with waves. The theoretical models are reviewed and it is shown that the formulation in terms of the quasi-Eulerian velocity circumvents the essential difficulty of alternative formulations for the Lagrangian mean velocity. Namely, models based on this Lagrangian velocity require an estimation of wave-induced motions to first order in the horizontal gradients of the wave field in order to estimate the vertical flux of wave pseudo-momentum. So far, only three-dimensional wave models have been able to provide these estimates, and all published theories based on the simpler Airy theory are not consistent at the leading order, because they ignore or incorrectly estimate the vertical momentum flux. With an adiabatic example on a sloping bottom it is shown that this inconsistency produces very large spurious velocities. These errors are independent of the slope for the inviscid case, and are still significant when a realistic vertical mixing is applied. A quick diagnostic of the potential accuracy of a theoretical model is the vertical profile of the wave-induced forcing terms: if it is not uniform over depth in adiabatic conditions then it will produce spurious artificial flow patterns in conditions with shoaling waves. Although conceptually more challenging, the quasi-Eulerian velocity theories only introduce minor modifications of the solution procedure for the standard primitive equations: a modification of the surface boundary condition for the mass conservation, the addition of the Stokes drift in the tracer advection equations, and sources of momentum and turbulent kinetic energy with associated surface and bottom fluxes. All the necessary modifications of primitive equation models are given in detail. This implementation is illustrated with the MARS3D model, which passes the test of the adiabatic shoaling waves. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Other literature type . 2010
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2011
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    Authors: Dörfler, Walter; Feeser, Ingo; van den Bogaard, Christel; Dreibrodt, Stefan; +4 Authors

    The annually laminated record of Lake Belau offers an exceptional opportunity to investigate with high temporal resolution Holocene environmental change, aspects of climate history and human impact on the landscape. A new chronology based on varve counts, 14C-datings and heavy metal history has been established, covering the last 9400 years. Based on multiple varve counting on two core sequences, the easily countable laminated section spans about 7850 varve years (modelled age range c. 9430 to 1630 cal. BP). Not all of the record is of the same quality but approximately 69% of the varves sequence is classified to be of high quality and only c. 5% of low quality. The new chronology suggests dates generally c. 260 years older than previously assumed for the laminated section of the record. The implications for the vegetation and land-use history of the region as well as revised datings for pollen stratigraphical events are discussed. Tephra analysis allowed the identification of several cryptotephra layers. New dates for volcanic eruptions are presented for the Lairg B event ( c. 6848 cal. BP, 2s range 6930–6713 cal. BP), the Hekla 4 event ( c. 4396 cal. BP, 2s range 4417–4266 cal. BP), and Hekla 3 eruption ( c. 3095 cal. BP, 2s range 3120–3068 cal. BP).

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    The Holocene
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    The Holocene
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bianchini, Roberta; Dalibard, Anne-Laure;

    Gathering together some existing results, we show that the solutions to the one-dimensional Burgers equation converge for long times towards the stationary solutions to the steady Burgers equation, whose Fourier spectrum is not integrable. This is one of the main features of wave turbulence. Comment: Contribution to the Springer-UMI book of proceedings for the Winter School FLUDYDIQUA 2018 in Bressanone

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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: Landolfi , A.; Oschlies , A.; Sanders , R.;

    International audience; To enable an accurate estimate of total excess nitrogen (N) in the North Atlantic a new tracer, TNxs, is defined which includes the contribution of organic nutrients to the assessment of N:P stoichiometric anomalies. We estimate the spatial distribution of TNxs within the North Atlantic using data from a trans-Atlantic section across 24.5° N conducted in 2004. We then employ three different approaches to infer rates of total excess nitrogen accumulation using pCFC-12 derived ventilation ages (a TNxs vertical integration, a one end-member and a two-end member mixing model). Despite some variability among the different methods the dissolved organic nutrient fraction always contributes to about half of the TNxs accumulation, which is in the order of 9.38±4.18×1011 mol N y?1. Here we suggest that neglecting organic nutrients in stoichiometric balances of the marine N and P inventories can lead to systematic errors when estimating a nitrogen excess or deficit relative to the Redfield ratio in the oceans. For the North Atlantic the inclusion of the organic fraction leads to an upward revision of the N supply by N2 fixation to 10.2±6.9×1011 mol N y?1. This enhanced estimate of nitrogen fixation reconciles the geochemical estimates of N2 fixation derived from excess nitrate and the direct estimates from N2 fixation measurements.

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    Biogeosciences
    Article . 2008
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-...
    Preprint . 2008
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    Biogeosciences (BG)
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Biogeosciences; CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-...
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    Authors: Pierce , Graham J.; Belcari , Paola; Bustamante , Paco; Challier , Laurence; +24 Authors

    info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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    Authors: Cornet, Veronique; Armand, Leanne; Queguiner, Bernard;

    Linear measurements of 31 Southern Ocean diatom species or genus groupings are presented and used in the derivation of species-specific biovolume, biomass and surface to volume ratios. Species measurements are in tune with summarised values in the literature and range from 2.6 to 2296 pm in length and 8.5 to 140 pm in diameter. Average cell volume ranged from 63 to 1.43 x 105 mu m(3) and biomass from 10 to 3686 pg C cell(-1), the values being smallest in pennate shaped species and greatest in cylindrical centrics. The 31 species can be divided into 7 small, 12 intermediate and 12 large biomass contributors based on their cell volume and/or their surface to volume ratio. Carbon biomass estimates from biovolume equations are discussed and suggest that future work including large Southern Ocean species is warranted. Species-specific biomass values reported here should serve as a baseline for future analyses of major diatom carbon contributors in the generally high nutrient, low chlorophyll Southern Ocean.

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    Aquatic Microbial Ecology
    Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Schütte, Béatrice;

    Résumé : Pour les entreprises pétrolières, l’exploration et l’exploitation gazières et pétrolières en mer continuent à être une affaire importante. L’offshore en tant que source de production est même susceptible d’augmenter à l’avenir. Malgré plusieurs accidents ayant causé une pollution de l’environnement marin et des dommages aux gens, aucun régime étendu concernant la responsabilité civile pour dommages causés au cours de l’exploration et l’exploitation gazières et pétrolières en mer n’est en vigueur au niveau de l’Union européenne. En se fondant sur l’idée que les règles deresponsabilité civile peuvent aider à augmenter le niveau de la protection de l’environnement, cette contribution présente et compare les cadres juridiques sur la pollution et la responsabilité civile, entre autres des conventions internationales, des directives de l’Union européenne et des lois nationales. Le résultat de l’analyse sert de base pour des réflexions quant à un possible cadre juridique harmonisé sur la responsabilité civile pour des dommages causés à l’occasion de l’exploration et de l’exploitation gazières et pétrolières en mer. Compte tenu des multiples impacts qui affectent le fragile environnement marin, il faut réglementer profondément ces activités afin de préserver les océans pour les futures générations. Abstract: For petroleum companies, the exploration and exploitation of offshore oil and gas remains an important business. Offshore source production is even likely to increase in the future. Despite a number of accidents causing both environmental pollution and harm to people, no overarching civil liability framework is yet in force for the EU. Based on the idea that liability rules can help to increase the level of environmental protection, this paper presents and compares regulatory frameworks on pollution and liability, among them International Conventions, EU Frameworks and selected national laws of EU Member States. The result of the analysis is taken as a starting point for reflections as to what a harmonised civil liability framework could look like. Given the manifold forms of impact on the delicate marine environment,these activities must be thoroughly regulated in order to preserve the oceans for future generations. International audience

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    Authors: Tyrrell, T.; Schneider, B.; Charalampopoulou, A.; Riebesell, U.;

    The Baltic and Black Seas are both brackish, that is to say both have salinities intermediate between freshwater and seawater. The coccolithophore <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> is abundant in one, the Black Sea, but absent from the other, the Baltic Sea. Here we present summertime coccolithophore measurements confirming this difference, as well as data on the calcium carbonate saturation state of the Baltic Sea. We find that the Baltic Sea becomes undersaturated (or nearly so) in winter, with respect to both the aragonite and calcite mineral forms of CaCO<sub>3</sub>. Data for the Black Sea are more limited, but it appears to remain strongly supersaturated year-round. The absence of <i>E. huxleyi</i> from the Baltic Sea could therefore potentially be explained by dissolution of their coccoliths in winter, suggesting that minimum annual (wintertime) saturation states could be most important in determining future ocean acidification impacts. In addition to this potential importance of winter saturation state, alternative explanations are also possible, either related to differences in salinity or else to differences in silicate concentrations.

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    Biogeosciences
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-...
    Preprint . 2007
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    Biogeosciences (BG)
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    Biogeosciences
    Article . 2008
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    Article . 2008
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    Biogeosciences
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      Biogeosciences
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-...
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      Biogeosciences
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    Authors: Pichot, Geraldine;

    Cet article présente les avancées concernant la modélisation et la simulation numérique de l'écoulement autour de la poche d'un chalut. Nous présentons tout d'abord la campagne expérimentale menée en Novembre 2004 au bassin d'essais de l'IFREMER de Boulogne-sur-Mer afin de collecter des données hydrodynamiques sur l'écoulement autour d'une poche de chalut rigide axisymétrique. Nous exposons dans une deuxième partie le modèle fluide utilisé, basé sur les équations de Navier-Stokes/Brinkman avec viscosité turbulente couplées à un modèle de turbulence à une équation. Enfin, nous testons la capacité du modèle à reproduire l'écoulement dans le cas simple de la maquette de Boulogne-sur-Mer par l'intermédiaire du code de calcul que nous avons écrit pour le logiciel Freefem++ This paper is devoted to the presentation of modelling procedures and of numerical simulations of the flow in the surroundings of the end part of a trawl, where fish are caught. We present first the hydrodynamical data collected in November 2004 at the IFREMER tank of Boulogne-sur-Mer around and inside an axisymmetric rigid net model. Then we show the use of averaged Navier-Stokes/Brinkman equations with an eddy viscosity coupled with an equation for the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) (RANS type model of order one) as for a turbulent fluid model. Finally, we test this last model by comparing the numerical results obtained with the code that we have written in Freefem++ and the experimental data available. National audience

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    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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