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Tutorial held at the Workshop "Mathematical Approach to Climate Change Impacts", Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica Francesco Severi (INdAM), Rome, Italy, 2017.03.15/16. Summary. Ice sheets (with their attached ice shelves), ice caps and glaciers are active, dynamic components of the climate system of the Earth. As a common feature, these ice bodies show gravity-driven creep flow ("glacial flow"), sustained by the underlying land. This leads to thinning and horizontal spreading, which is essentially compensated by snow accumulation in the higher (interior) areas and melting and calving in the lower (marginal) areas. Any imbalance of this dynamic equilibrium leads to either growing or shrinking ice masses. In this tutorial, we will first review the underlying field theories of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics. Basic concepts are the tensorial measures for stress and strain, and the balance equations for mass, momentum and energy. We will then discuss the material (rheological) properties of polycrystalline ice, which are expressed by Glen's flow law (or variations thereof), Fourier's law of heat conduction and a caloric equation of state. Combining the balance and material equations leads to the field equations for the flow of ice sheets, ice shelves, ice caps and glaciers, which must be complemented by suitable boundary conditions. We will treat a hierarchy of simplifications of the field equations, from the most sophisticated full Stokes formulation to the most simplified shallow-ice and shallow-shelf approximations. Analytical solutions only exist for highly simplified problems, while in general numerical solution techniques must be applied. We will present some examples of numerical solutions for selected problems of ice sheet and glacier flow.

The ocean makes planet Earth a habitable place to live and the marine environment is a source of vital human health benefits. Some of the invaluable benefits and services the ocean provides include: Food: Seafood is a major food staple and protein source. Transportation: 90% of all EU external trade is transported by sea and European ship owners control almost 40% of the world fleet (1). Recreation: The benefits that can be derived from spending time around the ocean are intangible. Marine tourism is the second most valuable world marine industry after shipping and transport (2). Inspiration: The ocean has provided the inspiration for many great works of art. Medicine: Biomedical products derived from marine plants and animals provide important medicinal products and health benefits. Climate Regulation: The ocean plays a key role in climate regulation especially in buffering the effects of increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and rising global temperatures. Economy: Ocean-related industries provide revenue through fishing, seafood distribution, tourism, recreation and transportation. According to the EU Blue Growth programme, the ‘blue’ economy in Europe represents 5.4 million jobs and generates a gross added value of almost €500 billion a year, with further growth possible (3). The ocean is vitally important to Europe. The EU Member States have between them the largest maritime territory in the world and all of us depend on the ocean and its resources. Despite the importance of Europe’s sea areas, their sustainable development and protection faces threats from natural and human pressures. By better understanding the relationships between ourselves and the sea, we will be better able to protect these precious resources. SEA CHANGE PROJECT The Sea Change project aims to establish a fundamental "Sea Change" in the way European citizens view their relationship with the sea, by empowering them, as Ocean Literate citizens, to take direct and sustainable action towards a healthy ocean, healthy communities and ultimately a healthy planet. Most European citizens are not aware of the full extent of the medical, economic, social, political and environmental importance of the ocean to Europe and indeed to the rest of the world. Many of us are not aware of how our day-to-day actions can have a cumulative effect on the health of the ocean – a necessary resource that must be protected for all life on the planet Earth to exist. Sea Change creates deeper understanding of how the health of European citizens depends on the health of our ocean, and how the health of our ocean depends on the actions of our citizens. For more information on the project, ways in which you can get involved and resources please visit http://www.seachangeproject.eu/http://www.seachangeproject.eu/

This is a lesson plan for high school biology developed by DTU Aqua in collaboration with Copenhagen International School as a part of the Horizon 2020 project Sea Change. {"references": ["Behrens et al. 2017"]}

An interactive PowerPoint slideshow made for home school children in the UK. The presentation includes basic information about the Arctic, its environment, animals, and their importance. There is also a small section on climate change and its effects on the Arctic environment. Finally, it ends with a child-friendly quiz to test their knowledge.

Dette er undervisningsmateriale til biologi på gymnasieniveau udviklet af DTU Aqua i samarbejde med Copenhagen International School som en del af Horizon 2020 projektet Sea Change

The 10 min lesson is part of an e-learning short course on general introduction to the various components and philosophies of Open Science, that can directly enrich each step of the scholarly lifecycle (Open Notebook Science, OpenData, Open Research Software, Open Access). The overall objective of the course is to provide an introduction to why Open Science is essential to rigorous, reproducible and transparent research, as well as to future research evaluation criteria focused on societal impact. Open Science is the practice of science in such a way that others can collaborate and contribute, where research data, lab notes and other research processes are freely available, under terms that enable reuse, redistribution and reproduction of the research and its underlying data and methods. The learning outcomes of this lesson are: Understand the relevance of OS in relation to research integrity, reproducibility and impact; Identify suitable tools to help you embrace OS at each stage of the research lifecycle; Understand the potential of OS in supporting innovation and economic growth. Greater insight on how to implement Open Data and Research Data Management, Open Access, copyright and e-infrastructures into the scholarly lifecycle and grant proposal preparation, can be found in the rest of the FOSTER courses (https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/courses). The first release of the e-learning course is reviewed by FP7 RRI Tools, and Graduate Schools in Finland. The video is also availabe on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbUFrMAaI1c&feature

The ocean makes planet Earth a habitable place to live and the marine environment is a source of vital human health benefits. Some of the invaluable benefits and services the ocean provides include: Food: Seafood is a major food staple and protein source. Transportation: 90% of all EU external trade is transported by sea and European ship owners control almost 40% of the world fleet. Recreation: The benefits that can be derived from spending time around the ocean are intangible. Marine tourism is the second most valuable world marine industry after shipping and transport. Medicine: Biomedical products derived from marine plants and animals provide important medicinal products and health benefits. Climate Regulation:The ocean plays a key role in climate regulation especially in buffering the effects of increasing levels of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere and by moderating rising global temperatures. Economy: Ocean-related industries provide revenue through fishing, seafood distribution, tourism, recreation and transportation. According to the EU Blue Growth programme, the ‘blue’ economy in Europe represents 5.4 million jobs and generates a gross added value of almost €500 billion a year, with further growth possible. The ocean is vitally important to Europe. The 28 Member States have between them the largest maritime territory in the world (approximately 3.9 million square km) and all of us depend on the ocean and its resources. Despite the importance of Europe’s sea areas, their sustainable development and protection faces threats from natural and human pressures. By better understanding the relationships between ourselves and the ocean, we will be better able to protect these precious resources. Ocean Literacy Ocean literacy is an understanding of the ocean’s influence on you and your influence on the ocean. An ocean literate person: • understands the Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts about the ocean; • can communicate about the ocean in a meaningful way; and • Is able to make informed and responsible decisions regarding the ocean and its resources SEA CHANGE PROJECT The Sea Change project aims to establish a fundamental "Sea Change" in the way European citizens view their relationship with the sea, by empowering them, as Ocean Literate citizens, to take direct and sustainable action towards a healthy ocean, healthy communities and ultimately a healthy planet. Most European citizens are not aware of the full extent of the medical, economic, social, political and environmental importance of the ocean to Europe and indeed to the rest of the world. Many of us are not aware of how our day-to-day actions can have a cumulative effect on the health of the ocean – a necessary resource that must be protected for all life on the planet Earth to exist. Sea Change creates deeper understanding of how the health of European citizens depends on the health of our ocean, and how the health of our ocean depends on the actions of our citizens. For more information on the project, ways in which you can get involved and resources please visit http://www.seachangeproject.eu/http://www.seachangeproject.eu/

The ocean makes planet Earth a habitable place to live and the marine environment is a source of vital human health benefits. Some of the invaluable benefits and services the ocean provides include: Food: Seafood is a major food staple and protein source. Transportation: 90% of all EU external trade is transported by sea and European ship owners control almost 40% of the world fleet. Recreation: The benefits that can be derived from spending time around the Ocean are intangible. Marine tourism is the second most valuable world marine industry after shipping and transport. Medicine: Biomedical products derived from marine plants and animals provide important medicinal products and health benefits. Climate regulation: The Ocean plays a key role in climate regulation especially in buffering the effects of increasing levels of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere and by moderating rising global temperatures. Economy: Ocean-related industries provide revenue through fishing, seafood distribution, tourism, recreation and transportation. According to the EU Blue Growth programme, the “blue” economy in Europe represents 5.4 million jobs and generates a gross added value of almost €500 billion a year, with further growth possible. The ocean is vitally important to Europe. The 28 Member States have between them the largest maritime territory in the world (approximately 3.9 million km2) and all of us depend on the ocean and its resources. Despite the importance of Europe’s sea areas, their sustainable development and protection faces threats from natural and human pressures. By better understanding the relationships between us and the ocean, we will be better able to protect these precious resources. SEA CHANGE PROJECT The Sea Change project aims to establish a fundamental "Sea Change" in the way European citizens view their relationship with the sea, by empowering them, as Ocean Literate citizens, to take direct and sustainable action towards a healthy ocean, healthy communities and ultimately a healthy planet. Most European citizens are not aware of the full extent of the medical, economic, social, political and environmental importance of the ocean to Europe and indeed to the rest of the world. Many of us are not aware of how our day-to-day actions can have a cumulative effect on the health of the ocean – a necessary resource that must be protected for all life on the planet Earth to exist. Sea Change creates deeper understanding of how the health of European citizens depends on the health of our ocean, and how the health of our ocean depends on the actions of our citizens. For more information on the project, ways in which you can get involved and resources please visit http://www.seachangeproject.eu/http://www.seachangeproject.eu/

The Ocean makes planet Earth a habitable place to live and the marine environment is a source of vital human health benefits. Some of the invaluable benefits and services the Ocean provides include: Food: Seafood is a major food staple and protein source. Transportation: 90% of all EU external trade is transported by sea and European ship owners control almost 40% of the world fleet. Recreation: The benefits that can be derived from spending time around the Ocean are intangible. Marine tourism is the second most valuable world marine industry after shipping and transport. Medicine: Biomedical products derived from marine plants and animals provide important medicinal products and health benefits. Climate Regulation: The Ocean plays a key role in climate regulation - especially in buffering the effects of increasing levels of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere and by moderating rising global temperatures. Economy: Ocean - related industries provide revenue through fishing, seafood distribution, tourism, recreation and transportation. According to the EU Blue Growth programme, the ‘blue’ economy in Europe represents 5.4 million jobs and generates a gross added value of almost €500 billion a year, with further growth possible. The Ocean is vitally important to Europe. The 28 Member States have between them the largest maritime territory in the world (approximately 3.9 million km2 ) and all of us depend on the Ocean and its resources. Despite the importance of Europe’s sea areas, their sustainable development and protection faces threats from natural and human pressures. By better understanding the relationships between ourselves and the Ocean, we will be better able to protect these precious resources. SEA CHANGE PROJECT The Sea Change project aims to establish a fundamental "Sea Change" in the way European citizens view their relationship with the sea, by empowering them, as Ocean Literate citizens, to take direct and sustainable action towards a healthy ocean, healthy communities and ultimately a healthy planet. Most European citizens are not aware of the full extent of the medical, economic, social, political and environmental importance of the ocean to Europe and indeed to the rest of the world. Many of us are not aware of how our day-to-day actions can have a cumulative effect on the health of the ocean – a necessary resource that must be protected for all life on the planet Earth to exist. Sea Change creates deeper understanding of how the health of European citizens depends on the health of our ocean, and how the health of our ocean depends on the actions of our citizens. For more information on the project, ways in which you can get involved and resources please visit http://www.seachangeproject.eu/http://www.seachangeproject.eu/