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This submission consists of 40 eddy covariance datasets collected from six shallow sites in the Baltic Sea over an 18 month period. Hourly fluxes were extracted from the high-density data streams and were used to compute daily rates of benthic metabolism (gross primary production (GPP), respiration (R), and net ecosystem metabolism (NEM); in mmol O2 m-2 d-1). These were converted to C assuming an O2 : C of 1.0 for GPP and R. A description of the flux data processing protocol is given in the manuscript. These datasets were used to compute annual rates of GPP, R, and NEM at each habitat site. The annual rates were then used to investigate (i) phototrophic biomass turnover rates, by comparing the GPP rates with standing phototrophic biomass measurements, and (ii) the regional importance of benthic metabolism, by upscaling the annual rates to habitat distribution maps. This dataset includes all data on standing biomass and habitat extent. Attard et al. LO LettersDaily benthic metabolism rates, annual integrated rates, biomass turnover rates, and spatial upscaling estimates presented in Attard et al. LO LettersMetadata template_Attard et alMetadata template for Attard et al. LO Letters dataset

AdultsThis file contains all phenotypic and reproductive success data, and population assignment details for each individual adult salmon sampled at the main study site, lower Utsjoki, over for cohort years (2011-15), and the secondary site, Akujoki, for 2011 cohort year.Microsatellite genotypesThis file contains all microsatellite genotype data for adults and offspring used in parentage assignments, for all years and sampling locations. Microsatellite loci are listed in two columns, (a) for the first allele and (b) for the second allele.Genotypes.csvMateChoiceThis file contains data for each pair of adults identified from offspring parentage assignments as having mated together. These data were used to test for assortative mating and other aspects of mate choice.Parentage AssignmentsThis file contains the output of the pedigree fit, i.e. parentage assignments, for all sampled offspring. For ease of interpretation, the origin (local or disperser) and the natal population of the mother and father are also provided.ParentageAssignments.csvPop assignment - adult genotypesGenotype file for adults from lower Utsjoki and Akujoki used for population assignment in ONCOR.Pop assignment - baseline sample genotypesGenotype file for adults sampled from baseline populations in Vaha et al. 2017 used for population assignment in ONCOR. A long-held, but poorly tested, assumption in natural populations is that individuals that disperse into new areas for reproduction are at a disadvantage compared to individuals that reproduce in their natal habitat, underpinning the eco-evolutionary processes of local adaptation and ecological speciation. Here, we capitalize on fine-scale population structure and natural dispersal events to compare the reproductive success of local and dispersing individuals captured on the same spawning ground in four consecutive parent-offspring cohorts of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Parentage analysis conducted on adults and juvenile fish showed that local females and males had 9.6 and 2.9 times higher reproductive success than dispersers, respectively. Our results reveal how higher reproductive success in local spawners compared to dispersers may act in natural populations to drive population divergence and promote local adaptation over microgeographic spatial scales without clear morphological differences between populations.

This anonymized data set contains information regarding oral contraceptive use and measures relevant for relationship quality from a sample of Finnish women. The SPSS (.sav) file contains complete labels for all items and response options.

The tethered balloon system BELUGA (Balloon-bornE moduLar Utility for profilinG the lower Atmosphere) was operated during leg 4 of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC). The balloon was operated from the Balloon Town site in the central observatory, close to RV Polarstern (Shupe et al., 2022, Elementa). Balloon payload included an extended meteorological package, an ultrasonic anemometer package, a broadband radiation package, the video ice particle sampler, and the cubic aerosol measurement platform. An overview showing the value of the combined observation is displayed by Lonardi et al. (in review). The data processing is described in Pilz et al. (in preparation). The present dataset covers the solar irradiances measured by the broadband radiation package on 18 flights between 29 June and 27 July 2020. Profiles of downward and upward raw solar radiation, latitude, longitude, roll, pitch, yaw, and radiometer icing flag. Geopotential height is derived from the pressure.

Measurements of the stable isotopic composition (dD(H2) or dD) of atmospheric molecular hydrogen (H2) are a useful addition to mixing ratio (X(H2)) measurements for understanding the atmospheric H2 cycle. dD datasets published so far consist mostly of observations at background locations. We complement these with observations from the Cabauw tall tower at the CESAR site, situated in a densely populated region of the Netherlands. Our measurements show a large anthropogenic influence on the local H2 cycle, with frequently occurring pollution events that are characterized by X(H2) values that reach up to 1 ppm and low dD values. An isotopic source signature analysis yields an apparent source signature below -400 per mil, which is much more D-depleted than the fossil fuel combustion source signature commonly used in H2 budget studies. Two diurnal cycles that were sampled at a suburban site near London also show a more D-depleted source signature (-340 per mil), though not as extremely depleted as at Cabauw. The source signature of the Northwest European vehicle fleet may have shifted to somewhat lower values due to changes in vehicle technology and driving conditions. Even so, the surprisingly depleted apparent source signature at Cabauw requires additional explanation; microbial H2 production seems the most likely cause. The Cabauw tower site also allowed us to sample vertical profiles. We found no decrease in (H2) at lower sampling levels (20 and 60m) with respect to higher sampling levels (120 and 200m). There was a significant shift to lower median dD values at the lower levels. This confirms the limited role of soil uptake around Cabauw, and again points to microbial H2 production during an extended growing season, as well as to possible differences in average fossil fuel combustion source signature between the different footprint areas of the sampling levels. So, although knowledge of the background cycle of H2 has improved over the last decade, surprising features come to light when a non-background location is studied, revealing remaining gaps in our understanding. Please cite the original AtmosEnv article (doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.058) when using these data.The paper also contains more information about how these data were collected and calibrated, and on how the quality control flags were assigned.All samples were collected at the Cabauw tower, at the CESAR site (51.971° N, 4.927° E, http://www.cesar-observatory.nl/). H2 and deltaD(H2) are calibrated using one to four laboratory reference air cylinders, depending on measurement period. The H2 mixing ratio of the reference cylinders was determined by UHEI-IUP, MPI-BGC, or the IMAU isotope laboratory. The deltaD(H2) of the reference cylinders is, sometimes indirectly, linked to the VSMOW scale by measurements of air mixtures containing H2 standards of known isotopic composition.H2 scale: MPI2009, Jordan and Steinberg, AMT, 2011, doi:10.5194/amt-4-509-2011deltaD(H2) units: permil deviation from VSMOW, Gonfiantini et al., IAEA-TECDOC-825, IAEA Supplement to: Batenburg, Anneke M; Popa, M Elena; Vermeulen, Alexander T; Van den Bulk, Willem CM; Jongejan, Piet AC; Fisher, Rebecca E; Lowry, David; Nisbet, Euan G; Röckmann, Thomas (2016): Observations of molecular hydrogen mixing ratio and stable isotopic composition at the Cabauw tall tower in the Netherlands. Atmospheric Environment, 147, 98-108

Elucidating the genetic basis of adaptation to the local environment can improve our understanding of how the diversity of life has evolved. In this study we used a dense SNP array to identify candidate loci potentially underlying fine-scale local adaptation within a large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population. By combining outlier, gene–environment association, and haplotype homozygosity analyses, we identified multiple regions of the genome with strong evidence for diversifying selection. Several of these candidate regions had previously been identified in other studies, demonstrating that the same loci could be adaptively important in Atlantic salmon at sub-drainage, regional and continental scales. Notably, we identified signals consistent with local selection around genes associated with variation in sexual maturation, energy homeostasis, and immune defence. These included the large-effect age-at-maturity gene vgll3, the known obesity gene mc4r, and major histocompatibility complex II. Most strikingly, we confirmed a genomic region on Ssa09 that was extremely differentiated among subpopulations, and that is also a candidate for local selection over the global range of Atlantic salmon. This region co-localized with a haplotype strongly associated with spawning ecotype in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), with circumstantial evidence that the same gene (six6) may be the selective target in both cases. The phenotypic effect of this region in Atlantic salmon remains cryptic, although allelic variation is related to upstream catchment area and co-varies with timing of the return spawning migration. Our results further inform management of Atlantic salmon and open multiple avenues for future research. SsalLocSeln_genotypes.tarTar.gz archive containing genotype data in Plink PED format.SsalLocSeln_code.tarTar.gz archive containing code and necessary files for running analyses.SsalLocSeln_results.tarTar.gz archive containing final results for all analyses and all SNPs, including package-specific significance tests.SsalLocSeln_raw_results.tarTar.gz archive containing raw output files from analyses.SsalLocSeln_ggplot.tarTar.gz archive containing ggplot2 code and data files for making the figures in the manuscript.

Permafrost dynamics play an important role in high-latitude peatland carbon balance and are key to understanding the future response of soil carbon stocks. Permafrost aggradation can control the magnitude of the carbon feedback in peatlands through effects on peat properties. We compiled peatland plant macrofossil records for the northern permafrost zone (515 cores from 280 sites) and classified samples by vegetation type and environmental class (fen, bog, tundra and boreal permafrost, thawed permafrost). We examined differences in peat properties (bulk density, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and organic matter content, C/N ratio) and C accumulation rates among vegetation types and environmental classes. Supplement to: Treat, Claire C; Jones, Miriam C; Camill, Philip; Gallego-Sala, Angela V; Garneau, Michelle; Harden, Jennifer W; Hugelius, Gustaf; Klein, Eric S; Kokfelt, Ulla; Kuhry, Peter; Loisel, Julie; Mathijssen, Paul J H; O'Donnell, Jonathan A; Oksanen, Pirita O; Ronkainen, Tiina M; Sannel, A Britta K; Talbot, Julie; Tarnocai, Charles; Väliranta, Minna (2016): Effects of permafrost aggradation on peat properties as determined from a pan-Arctic synthesis of plant macrofossils. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121(1), 78-94

The insect order Hymenoptera originated during the Permian nearly 300 million years ago. Ancestrally herbivorous hymenopteran lineages today make up the paraphyletic suborder 'Symphyta,' which encompasses circa 8200 species with very diverse host-plant associations. We used phylogeny-based statistical analyses to explore drivers of diversity dynamics within the 'Symphyta,' with a particular focus on the hypothesis that diversification of herbivorous insects has been driven by the explosive radiation of angiosperms during and after the Cretaceous. Our ancestral-state estimates reveal that the first symphytans fed on gymnosperms, and that shifts onto angiosperms and pteridophytes—and back—have occurred at different time intervals in different groups. Trait-dependent analyses indicate that average net diversification rates do not differ between symphytan lineages feeding on angiosperms, gymnosperms, or pteridophytes, but trait-independent models show that the highest diversification rates are found in a few angiosperm-feeding lineages that may have been favored by the radiations of their host taxa during the Cenozoic. Intriguingly, lineages-through-time plots exhibit signs of an early Cretaceous mass extinction, with a recovery starting first in angiosperm-associated clades. Hence, the oft-invoked assumption of herbivore diversification driven by the rise of flowering plants may overlook a Cretaceous global turnover in insect herbivore communities during the rapid displacement of gymnosperm- and pteridophyte-dominated floras by angiosperms. Datasets and scripts used in the analyses of the articleThis zipped folder contains the datasets, R scripts and command files of all analyses of the article. Some intermediate results are also included.Dryad files.zip