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  • European Marine Science
  • 2013-2022
  • Master thesis

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ivan Barić;

    Geopolitics of the sea is a new and unexplored area of research, although it is wide enough to have become a distinct component within the geopolitical theory in general. Moreover, the cruise industry, the fastest-growing branch of tourism and one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, has been neglected for a long time and there is not enough literature dealing with it or systematizing all the effects that the industry is producing. This paper is a synthesis of two unexplored areas of research, which are combined in the third chapter to form a geopolitics of the cruise industry, in order to encompass two complex subjects within one term. This paper has proven that the geopolitics of the cruise industry has to become a significant matter in the research of geopolitics, international law of the sea and navigation since cruise lines are slowly starting to overtake countries as the most significant entities in the geopolitics of the sea. The legal system, the geopolitical theoretical frameworks, and coastal states need to implement various changes as soon as possible in order to adjust to the dynamic demands that the new era of tourism, marked by mega-cruisers, is making. Geopolitika mora novo je i neistraženo područje, iako je dovoljno sveobuhvatno da postane svojevrsna zasebna disciplina unutar same geopolitičke teorije. Isto tako, cruise industrija, najbrže rastuća grana turizma i jedna od najbrže rastućih industrija općenito, zanemarivana je te ne postoji dovoljno literature koja bi se njome bavila i sistematizirala sve njene učinke. Ovaj rad sinteza je dvaju neistraženih područja, koja se unutar njega spajaju u geopolitiku cruise industrije, kako bi unutar istog termina bila obuhvaćena dva kompleksna predmeta. U radu je zaključeno da bi geopolitika cruise industrije trebala zauzimati značajno mjesto u proučavanju geopolitike, međunarodnog prava mora i nautike, budući da cruise kompanije polako preuzimaju vodeću ulogu u geopolitici mora, ostavljajući iza sebe čak i države. Pravni sustav, teorijski geopolitički okviri i obalne države moraju što prije uvesti promjene kako bi se prilagodili dinamičnim zahtjevima novog doba turizma, koje obilježavaju mega cruiseri.

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    Authors: Araújo, Alice Ferreira;

    As macrófitas aquáticas colonizam principalmente os braços de reservatórios e ou áreas protegidas da ação do vento e das correntezas. Estudos a cerca da ictiofauna associada a banco macrófitas aquáticas demonstram que a presença desse tipo de vegetação é fundamental na seleção de habitats pelos peixes. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a composição taxonômica, riqueza e diversidade da ictiofauna associada à macrófitas aquáticas no rio Areias. As coletas foram realizadas trimestralmente entre os meses de janeiro a outubro de 2016, em bancos de macrófitas aquáticas misto. Foram coletados 1.333 indivíduos, pertencentes a 21 espécies, distribuídas em cinco ordens e 11 famílias. Os Characiformes caracterizaram como a ordem dominante em todo o período do estudo. Sendo que as espécies Hyphessobrycon moniliger, Hemigrammus ora e Hemigrammus rodwayi foram as mais capturadas. The macrophytes aquatic colonize mainly the arms of the reservoirs and / or areas protected from the action of the wind and of the currents. Studies about the fish fauna associated with the bank macrophytes aquatic demonstrate that the presence of this type of vegetation is fundamental in the selection of habitats by the fish. The objective of this work is to characterize the composition, taxonomic, and richness and diversity of the fish fauna associated with the macrophyte water in the river Areias. The collections were carried out quarterly between the months of January to October 2016, banks of macrophytes aquatic mixed. Were collected 1.333 individuals, belonging to 21 species, distributed in five orders and 11 families. The Characiformes were characterized as the dominant order throughout the period of the study. Being that the species Hyphessobrycon moniliger, Hemigrammus ora and Hemigrammus rodwayi were the most captured.

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    Authors: Acosta Villota, Gyna Gysela;

    La tecnología GMT ®(Tilapia genéticamente macho) se convierte en una alternativa viable para producir lotes monosexo machos de tilapia sin el uso de hormonas, pero como primer paso es necesario producir e identificar neohembras XY. El principal problema es identificar neohembras de hembras normales, sin necesidad de emplear pruebas de progenie que implica la producción de múltiples generaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue producir ejemplares de neohembras de tilapia roja e identificar el genotipo de neohembras por citogenética clásica y molecular. Se feminizaron 800 larvas de tilapia suministrando una dosis de hormona 17β-estradiol a razón de 200mg/Kg de alimento por 30 días y un tratamiento control de 200 larvas sin hormona feminizante. A los 350g de peso se realizó sexaje manual por inspección de la papila urogenital y marcación con microchip para su posterior identificación. Los cromosomas se obtuvieron mediante la técnica de cultivo de linfocitos de sangre periférica y se emplearon las técnicas de bandeo cromosómico C, Q, G y NOR. Se genotipificaron los individuos de los dos tratamientos con el microsatélite UNH898, y se empleó una sonda que contenía el genotipo 260/290, específica para machos normales en la técnica FISH. Los resultados de los análisis mostraron que la especie Oreochromis sp., posee 2n=44 cromosomas y se encontraron patrones únicos de banda C sin evidencia de cromosomas sexuales. Se encontró un genotipo recurrente en machos, pero mediante citogenética molecular se logró evidenciar que no es exclusivo para machos porque hibridó en dispersiones cromosómicas de hembras. //Abstract: GMT ® technology (genetically male tilapia) becomes a viable alternative to produce male monosex lots of tilapia without the use of hormones, but as a first step, it is necessary to produce and identify neofemales XY. The main problem is to identify neofemales of normal females, without the need to use progeny tests that involve the production of multiple generations. The objective of this study was to produce neofemales from red tilapia and identify the genotype of neofemales by classical and molecular cytogenetics. About 800 tilapia larvae were feminized by supplying a dose of 17β-estradiol hormone at a rate of 200 mg / kg of feed for 30 days and a control treatment of 200 larvae without a feminizing hormone. At 350g of weight, manual sexing was performed by inspection of the urogenital papilla and microchip marking for later identification. Chromosomes were obtained by the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture technique and then used chromosome banding techniques C, Q, G and NOR. Individuals of the two treatments were genotyped with the UNH898 microsatellite, and a probe containing the genotype 260/290, specific for normal males in the FISH technique, was used. The results of the analysis showed that the species Oreochromis sp., has 2n = 44 chromosomes and unique C-band patterns were found without evidence of sex chromosomes. A recurrent genotype was found in males, but through molecular cytogenetics it was found that it is not exclusive for males because it hybridized in female chromosomal dispersions. Maestría

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    Authors: Franco, Fábio Esidério;

    A globalização e a necessidade de aumentar a qualidade dos produtos alimentares impulsionaram a incorporação dos sistemas de rastreabilidade, capazes de dar resposta à otimização da cadeia de fornecimento. Os mecanismos de rastreabilidade devem assim assegurar o seguimento do produto desde a produção até ao consumidor final. O presente trabalho visa avaliar o conhecimento do conceito rastreabilidade e os principais fatores que influenciam as decisões de compra dos géneros alimentícios para os consumidores, em particular para as seguintes categorias alimentares: carne e peixe. Para o efeito, foram realizados 164 inquéritos a indivíduos em Portugal Continental, entre 1 de maio a 30 de novembro de 2013. Os inquiridos relevaram não conhecer o significado da palavra rastreabilidade no contexto alimentar e demonstram insegurança nos sistemas de rastreabilidade. No entanto, para as categorias de produto carne e peixe, a realização deste estudo exploratório permite afirmar que os consumidores portugueses valorizam os produtos nacionais, verificando-se ainda que o fator referido pelos inquiridos como o mais valorizado quer para a carne como para o peixe foi o aspeto, seguido do modo de criação e captura no mar, para aquisição de carne e peixe, respetivamente. Conclui-se ainda que apesar da situação económica, os consumidores portugueses estão dispostos a adquirir produtos certificados embora sejam mais dispendiosos. Globalization and the need to increase the quality of food products boosted the incorporation of traceability systems capable of responding to the optimization of the supply chain. Traceability mechanisms should therefore ensure follow-up of the product from production to the final consumer. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge of traceability concept and the main factors that influence the purchase decisions of food for consumers, particularly for the following food categories: meat and fish. To this end, 164 surveys were carried out to individuals in Portugal, from 1 May to 30 November 2013. Respondents showed not know the meaning of traceability in food insecurity in context and demonstrate traceability systems. However, for the categories of meat and fish products, the realization of this exploratory study to suggest that the Portuguese consumers value domestic products, checking also that the factor mentioned by respondents as the most prized both for meat and for fish was the appearance, followed by the creation mode and capture at sea, for the purchase of meat and fish, respectively. It is concluded that even though the economic situation, the Portuguese consumers are willing to purchase certified products although they are more expensive. Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências do Consumo Alimentar apresentada à Universidade Aberta

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    Authors: Kipçak, Kemal Süleyman;

    Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de denizyolu konteyner taşımacılığında yaşanan sorunlar, eksiklikler ve Türkiye'nin gerek dünyadaki gerekse bölgemizdeki konteyner taşımalarından yeterince pay alamadığı tespit edilmiş ve bu durumun düzeltilmesi için nelerin yapılması gerektiğinin ortaya konması hedeflenmiştir.Bu amaçla konteyner taşımacılığının dünyadaki ve Türkiye'deki mevcut durumu detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilerek, hem bölgemizde hem de dünyada yaşanan gelişmeler, değişimler incelenmiştir. In this paper; problems of seaborne container transportation, deficiencies and the fact that Turkey's not gaining enough share in our region and the world are indicated. Also, it is aimed to exert what kinds of things should be done to improve those deficiencies.For this purpose, the current state of container transportation in Turkey and world is analyzed in a detailed way and developments both in Turkey and in the region are investigated. 135

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    Authors: Valero Marco, Estela;

    [ES] Los insectos presentan una serie de características que resultan beneficiosas en el momento que se estos consumen. Algunos de los beneficios de su consumo son su alto valor nutritivo ya que aportan una gran cantidad de proteínas de alto valor biológico, ácidos grasos y minerales. Por otra parte, su cría emite menos gases de efecto invernadero que la ganadería tradicional, por lo que su producción tiene un bajo impacto ambiental. Además, existe una gran variedad de insectos comestibles y de formatos disponibles, donde destaca la harina de insecto, obtenida de su secado y molienda. Los piensos animales están compuestos, principalmente, de harina de pescado y/o harina de soja. Sin embargo, estos son ingredientes de baja disponibilidad en Europa y con un elevado coste económico. Por ello, se está estudiando la posibilidad de sustituirlos por otros ingredientes de características similares, con menor coste y mayor disponibilidad. Existe una evaluación de riesgos sobre el uso de insectos para alimentación animal y humana por parte de la EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), en la que se tienen en cuenta problemas biológicos y químicos, además de peligros ambientales. Aunque los riesgos descritos no difieren sustancialmente de los que presentan otras fuentes de proteína, dichos posibles riesgos dependen del tipo de insecto, del método de producción, de la alimentación recibida y de los métodos de procesado empleados. No obstante y considerando los riesgos, tanto la OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud) como la FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) recomiendan el uso de insectos como ingrediente en el desarrollo de piensos para animales, sobre todo en peces. La mayoría de líneas de investigación existentes relacionadas con la sustitución de los ingredientes tradicionales de los piensos por harina de insecto se centran en piensos para acuicultura y para aves. Los insectos mayormente estudiados para el desarrollo de piensos en acuicultura pertenecen a cinco órdenes diferentes: Orthopera (saltamontes y langostas), Isoptera (termitas), Cleoptera (gusano de la harina, escarabajos y súper gusano), Lepidoptera (gusano de seda) y Diptera (mosca doméstica común y mosca soldado negra), mientras que los estudiados para los piensos de aves son principalmente la mosca doméstica y saltamontes. [EN] Insects have a series of characteristics that are beneficial when they are consumed. Some of the benefits of consuming insects are their high nutritional value since they provide a large amount of proteins of high biological value, fatty acids and minerals. On the other hand, their breeding emits less greenhouse gases than traditional livestock, so their production has a low environmental impact. In addition, there is a wide variety of edible insects and formats available. One of these formats is insect meal, which is obtained from its drying and grinding. Animal feed is mainly composed of fishmeal and/or soybean meal. However, these are low available ingredients in Europe and at have a high cost. For this reason, the possibility of substituting this fishmeal for other ingredients with similar characteristics, with lower cost and more availability, is being studied. There is a risk assessment on the use of insects for animal and human food by the EFSA, which takes into account biological and chemical problems, as well as environmental hazards. Although the risks do not vary according to those of other protein sources, these possible risks depend on the type of insect, the production method, the feed received and the processing methods used. However and with the risks, both the WHO and the FAO recommend the use of insects as ingredients in the development of animal feed, especially in fish. Most existing lines of research related to the substitution of traditional feed ingredients for insect meal focus on feed for aquaculture and poultry. The mostly studied insects for the development of feed in aquaculture belong to five different orders: Orthopera (grasshoppers and lobsters), Isoptera (termites), Cleoptera (mealworm, beetles and super worm), Lepidoptera (silkworm) and Diptera (fly common housefly and black soldier fly), while those studied for bird feed are mainly houseflies and grasshoppers.

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    Master thesis . 2020
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    Authors: Bulut, Önder;

    YÖK Tez No: 551419 Araştırmanın amacı özel ve kamu gemilerinde çalışan gemi adamlarının çalışma ortamlarında karşılarına çıkan sorunlara karşı psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyleri ile kişilik tipleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Bu bağlamda araştırmaya 2018-2019 yıllarında Türkiye genelindeki kamuya ait veya ticari faaliyet gösteren gemilerde çalışan 306 gemi adamı katılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında Beş Faktör Kişilik Envanteri ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeğinden yararlanılmıştır. İstatistiki analizlerde Bağımsız Örnekler T-testi, Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi ve Pearson Korelasyon Analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada gemi adamlarının psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyleri ile dışadönüklük, nevrotizm/duygusal denge, sorumluluk, gelişim ve uyumluluk/yumuşak başlılık arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir etkileşim olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kişilik tipleri arasından dışadönüklük ve sorumluluk özelliklerine sahip kişilerin diğer kişilik tiplerine sahip olanlara kıyasla daha yüksek bir psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyine sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between personality levels and psychological resistance levels of the seafarers working in maritime transportation enterprises to the problems they encounter in their working environments. In this context, 306 seaman employees both public and private marine transportation sector, across Turkey participated the survey during 2018-2019 years. Five factors were collected by Personality Inventory and Psychological Resilience Scale for Adults. Independent samples T-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Analysis were used for data analysis. In the study, it was determined that there was a positive correlation between the levels of psychological resilience of seafarers and extraversion, neuroticism / emotional balance, responsibility, development and adaptability / softness. Among the personality types, the level of psychological resilience of individuals with extraversion and responsibility characteristics was higher than those of other personality types.

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    Authors: Elidolu, Gizem;

    Maritime transportation is one of the fundamental industries that contribute to continuity and development of world trade. Having larger cargo capacity and being more economical than other transportation modes, has led to an increase in the demand for this sector. It is of utmost importance that the crew have the knowledge and adequate equipment in order to carry out the ship operations in a safe manner. Failure in practising the safety rules, crew's simple negligence or wrong decisions may result in a variety of ship-related accidents. These negativities may also lead to unfortunate consequences such as injury, death, damage to the ship's structure, damage to terminals and port areas, and large scale marine pollution, which will have long-lasting effects in physical and biological terms. Preventing the number of accidents on board or reducing the level of harm in case of an accident as much as possible, is highly dependent on the ability of the crew to work safely.When the causes of the accidents are inspected, it is seen that the human factor has a very important role. In literature, various studies stated that the human errors may be up top 80% of causes of maritime accidents. Therefore, seafarers are the key element in the cause analysis of ship accidents. Seafarers have duties on navigation, maneuvering, cargo-bunker operations, engine maintenance, and they are required to perform these tasks with great care to sustain safe operations of ship. Owing to many reasons such as fatigue, stress, work pressure, wrong behavior of supervisors and colleagues on safety issues, lack of training, insufficient nutrition support and social activities on board, seafarers may violate safe work. Consequently, occupational accidents, collision, grounding, fire, explosion, and cargo leakage may occur on ships that are not operated under safe conditions. In cases where these accidents occur, besides the loss of lives, the world heritage marine ecosystem, countries' economies and reputation may suffer from enormous losses.The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has made important decisions to ensure safety on board and increase safe operation. The most important of these is the Convention on the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) as one of the basic laws of maritime, the first version of which was created in 1914 immediately after the Titanic disaster. The main purpose of the Convention is to determine minimum standarts and requirements on structural, equipment and operational issues that all merchant ships must carry in order to have safe working environments.As one of the chapters of SOLAS, the International Safety Management Code (ISM) intends to improve safe management of ships. The reasons for the creation of International Safety Management Code go back to the late 1980s, when ship accidents involving poor management standards prevailed. In various investigations, it is understood that there are serious errors arising from ship management. In 1998, The Code was entered into force at IMO with this increasing need for correct and safe management of ships. A working environment created by observing this code on ships has become an indispensable requirement for the safety of ships, seafarers and the protection of the environment.In most of the academic studies on safe working environments and perceptions, the concept of safety climate has been emphasized. As a general summary of the definitions in the literature; it can be explained as the environment that shapes the thoughts and behaviors of the employees working in a workplace by being influenced from each other, rules and procedures on safety issues. It has been shown that the quality of safety climate has a direct effect on workplace accidents. According to studies on other industries such as construction, mining, production etc. safety climate has a significant effect on safe working performance in addition to lack of knowledge, lack of motivation and other factors. As learnt from many accidents analyses, the reason for the accidents is due to perform ship operations unsafely. Therefore, it is critical to understand the knowledge and perception of seafarers about safe working to eliminate or reduce accidents.In this thesis, the concept of safety climate is given and the connections of ship personnel with safe working trends are examined. Following that, a questionnaire that can measure people's perceptions is prepared. Some of the questionnaire questions have been formed by taking as example the hypothesis questions used in the studies analyzing the safety climate and safe working orientations in the literature. It includes 9 decisive parts that covers 51 questions, whose contexts' are mostly used in the literature, and 7 comment questions. For the options of the questions, a 5-point Likert-type scale was used frequently in the survey studies to measure the average attitudes of the participants on a particular subject. Masters, chief engineers, chief officers, second engineers, junior officers and engineers, cadets, ratings from many ships, and others who have sea experience are participated in the survey. A total of 115 people are interviewed face to face and online.The aim of this thesis is to understand the perceptions of seafarers about safety issues and to predict these perceptions. Besides safe working behavior, seafarers' job satisfaction levels were predicted due to the existence of questions that can help to understand the their occupational satisfaction. In order to achieve prediction, machine learning method which is applied in many fields is used. Since this method has a functioning structure that imitates the learning and prediction capability of the human brain, it is thought that it will be reliable and will provide estimations with high accuracy for the subject of the thesis.In addition to the variables such as age, sex, marital status, position on board, sea experience, score values of participants' from the questionnaire was used as input variables. Some portion of 115 seafarers' data was taught to the system as training data for the computer's learning process. The remainder data was separated as test data that is used at the stage where the computer performs the prediction.The system links specific algorithms to the inputs and outputs in the training data and completes the learning process. Following then it shows its performance by estimating the output values in the test data.It was used different machine learning techniques on the computer for estimation process. By comparing the performance and efficiency of these techniques such as random forest, decision tree, multi linear regression, support vector regression, both safe working perceptions of seafarers' and their job satisfaction levels were estimated. All steps of data processing have been performed in Python programming language. In this thesis, it is concluded that multiple linear regression is more successful than other methods in the predictions about both safe working behaviors and job satisfaction levels. Deniz taşımacılığı dünya ticaretinin devamlılığına ve gelişmesine en çok katkısı olan sektörlerden biridir. Tek seferde fazla miktarda yüklemeler yapılabilmesi, diğer taşımacılık biçimlerine göre daha ekonomik olması ile denizcilik günümüzde yüksek talep gören ulaştırma tiplerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Devamlı ve güvenilir bir taşımanın gerçekleştirilmesi için öncelikle gemilerdeki çalışma ortamlarının iyileştirilmesi gereklidir. Gemiadamlarının bu aşamada bilgili ve tecrübeli olması, güçlü bir emniyet anlayışına sahip olması son derece önem arz eder. Aksi durumda en basit dikkatsizliklerle bile zaman zaman büyük çaplı kazalara neden olunabilmektedir.Yaşanmış bazı kazaların sebep analizlerine bakıldığında insan faktörünün önemli bir payı olduğu görülmüştür. Yorgunluk, stres, baskı, çalışma arkadaşlarının emniyetle ilgili hususlardaki hatalı tutumları, gemideki sosyal aktivitelerin azlığı gibi sebeplere bağlı olarak gemi çalışanları emniyetli çalışmak konusunda yetersiz kalabilmektedirler. Emniyetli çalışma ortamlarının sağlanamadığı gemilerde ne yazık ki gemi personelinin yaralanmasıyla ve ölümüyle sonuçlanan mesleki kazaların yanında geminin, yükün ve denizlerin tehlikeye gireceği çatışma, karaya oturma, yük sızıntısı gibi sonuçlarla da karşı karşıya kalınabilmektedir. Bu kazaların mümkün olduğunca azaltılması ve yaşanan kazaların zararlılık seviyelerinin düşürülmesi büyük oranda gemi personelinin emniyetli çalışma kabiliyetine bağlıdır.Gemilerde emniyeti sağlamak ve emniyetli çalışmayı geliştirebilmek adına Uluslararası Denizcilik Örgütü (IMO) kuruluşundan bu yana önemli kararlar almıştır. Bunların başında Titanik faciasından hemen sonra 1914'te ilk versiyonu oluşturulan, denizciliğin temel kanunlarından Denizde Can Emniyeti Sözleşmesi (SOLAS) gelmektedir. SOLAS'ın bölümlerden biri olarak bugün uygulanmakta olan ve özellikle gemilerin emniyetli yönetimi konusunda düzenlemeler getiren Uluslararası Emniyetli Yönetim Kodu (ISM), şirketlere ve gemilere kritik sorumluluklar yüklemektedir. Gemilerde bu koda riayet edilerek yaratılan bir çalışma ortamı, başta gemi çalışanlarının sağlığı ve can emniyeti olmak üzere gemilerin selameti, denizlerin ve çevrenin korunması açısından eksikliği kabul edilemez bir ihtiyaç haline gelmiştir.Emniyetli çalışma ortamları ve yönelimlerine dair yapılan akademik çalışmaların çoğunda özellikle emniyet iklimi kavramı üzerinde durulmuştur. Literatürdeki tanımlarının genel bir özeti olarak bu kavram; bir işyerinde çalışan kişilerin emniyet ile ilgili hususlarda birbirlerinden, kural ve prosedürlerden etkilenmesi yoluyla düşüncelerini ve davranışlarını şekillendiren ortam olarak izah edilebilir. Bu tez çalışmasında da emniyet iklimi kavramına yer verilmiş olup, gemi personelinin emniyetli çalışma yönelimleriyle olan bağlantıları incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, kişilerin yönelimlerini ölçebilecek nitelikte sorular içeren bir anket çalışması oluşturulmuştur. Anket içeriğinde 9 belirleyici kısım, bu kısımlar içerisinde toplam 51 soru ve 7 adet yorum sorusu bulunmaktadır. Gemide çalışmakta olan kaptan, başmühendis, ikinci kaptan ve ikinci mühendis, zabitler ve mühendisler, reis, yağcı, elektrikçi gibi tayfa sınıfı, stajyer ve öğrenciler anket uygulamasına katılan çalışan profilini oluşturmaktadır. Yüzyüze ve çevrimiçi olarak toplamda 115 kişiyle anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir.Çalışmanın hedefleri arasında yer alan tahminleme süreci için günümüzde birçok alanda tahminleme, sınıflandırma, tanılama, tespit etme gibi maksatlarla kullanılan makine öğrenmesi yönteminden faydalanılmıştır. Bu yöntemin temel olarak insan beyninin öğrenme ve fikir yürütebilme kabiliyetini taklit eden bir yapısı olduğu için çalışmada doğruluğu yüksek tahminler yapılabilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Literatürde insanların belli bir konu hakkındaki ortalama görüşlerini belirlemede sıkça kullanılan Likert tipi ölçekli sorularla hazırlanmış anket çalışması önce gemiadamlarına uygulanmış, elde edilen veriler makine öğrenmesi uygulanacak bilgisayara öğretilmiş ve sistemin test verilerini tahmin etmesi istenmiştir. Dört farklı yöntem ile uygulamalar yapılarak her birinin emniyetli çalışma yönelimlerini tahmin etmedeki performansı karşılaştırılmıştır. 76

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    Authors: Öztürk, Arif Onur;

    Turizmin önemli ve gelişen bir türü olan kruvaziyer turizmi ülke ekonomilerine önemli girdiler sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada kruvaziyer turizmin önemini belirtmek için dünyadaki durumu anlatılmış ve ekonomik etkileri belirtilmiştir. 2015 yılına kadar istikrarlı bir şekilde gelişen kruvaziyer turizmimiz, ülkemizde meydana gelen terör olayları sonucunda Avrupalı turistlerin güvenlik endişesi, Suriye'deki savaşın Akdeniz'deki olumsuz etkisi gibi nedenlerle 2015 yılından itibaren ciddi şekilde gerileme meydana gelmiştir. Bu nedenle İstanbul'a 2010 ile 2015 yılları arasında gelen kruvaziyer turist sayısı verileri ile 2016'ya yönelik gelmesi beklenen turist sayısı tahmin edilmiş ve tahmin ile gerçekleşen durum karşılaştırılarak 2016 yılında ülkemizin tahmini maddi kaybı hesaplanmıştır. Önemli bir turizm şehri olan İstanbul'un bu pazardan daha fazla pay alabilmesi için önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Cruise tourism, an important and developing type of tourism, provides important input to the country's economy. In this paper, the situation of the global cruise tourism is explained and its economic effects are stated in order to indicate the importance of cruise tourism. After 2015, there has been a serious decline due to European tourists' safety concerns as a result of terrorist incidents occured in our country and the negative impacts of the war in Syria on the Mediterranean. For this reason, the number of cruise tourists expected to arrive İstanbul in 2016 has been estimated by means of the datas of tourist numbers visited İstanbul between 2010 and 2015 and our country's estimated financial loss has been calculated by comparing the actual situation with the estimates. Some suggestions have been made about İstanbul, the important tourism city, to get more share from this market. 109

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    Authors: Yunus, Doruk Erdem;

    Gangway, used in shipping, is a temporary bridge that allows passing between the boat and land. The weight of a gangway is an important criterion that should be considered, especially in terms of ease of use. A gangway made of traditional materials has several disadvantages. While the ones with a good carrying capacity have a disadvantage of weight, on the other hand the carrying capacity of a light gangway is weak. The carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite gangway brings solution to both of these problems. It is light and has the capacity to carry more.In this context, a gangway, which can withstand to the intended load with minimum weight, is the basic condition for a successful production. In this study, the design and production of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite gangway are targeted within the framework of this basic condition. Gangway?s shape and structure were designed using computer aided design and engineering software. After the producing of this design, the displacement test was performed. In addition different sequences were analyzed using the finite element program. By comparing analysis with the test results, the accuracy of the finite element analysis was examined. Denizcilikte kullanılan Pasarella, tekne ve kara arasında geçiş sağlayan geçici bir köprüdür. Bir pasarellanın ağırlığı, özellikle kullanım kolaylığı açısından değerlendirilmesi gereken önemli bir kriterdir. Geleneksel malzemelerden üretilmiş yüksek bir taşıma kapasitesine sahip pasarellanın ağırlık gibi bir dezavantajı varken, hafif bir pasarellanın taşıma kapasitesi düşüktür. Karbon fiber destekli polimer kompozit pasarella bu iki probleme de çözüm getirir. Hafiftir ve daha fazla taşıma kapasitesine sahiptir.Bu bağlamda, hedeflenen yüke dayanabilen ve ağırlığı minimize edilmiş bir pasarella başarılı bir üretimin temel koşuludur. Bu çalışmada, karbon fiber destekli polimer kompozit pasarellanın bu temel koşul çerçevesinde tasarımı ve üretimi hedeflenmiştir. Pasarella geometrisi ve yapısı, bilgisayar destekli tasarım ve mühendislik yazılımları kullanılarak tasarlanmıştır. Belirlenen bu tasarımın prototip üretimi yapılıp, ardından deplasman testi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca değişik dizilimler, sonlu elemanlar programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Oluşan gerilmeler ve deplasmanlar prototip test sonuçlarıyla kıyaslanarak analizin doğruluğu araştırılmıştır. 95

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    Authors: Ivan Barić;

    Geopolitics of the sea is a new and unexplored area of research, although it is wide enough to have become a distinct component within the geopolitical theory in general. Moreover, the cruise industry, the fastest-growing branch of tourism and one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, has been neglected for a long time and there is not enough literature dealing with it or systematizing all the effects that the industry is producing. This paper is a synthesis of two unexplored areas of research, which are combined in the third chapter to form a geopolitics of the cruise industry, in order to encompass two complex subjects within one term. This paper has proven that the geopolitics of the cruise industry has to become a significant matter in the research of geopolitics, international law of the sea and navigation since cruise lines are slowly starting to overtake countries as the most significant entities in the geopolitics of the sea. The legal system, the geopolitical theoretical frameworks, and coastal states need to implement various changes as soon as possible in order to adjust to the dynamic demands that the new era of tourism, marked by mega-cruisers, is making. Geopolitika mora novo je i neistraženo područje, iako je dovoljno sveobuhvatno da postane svojevrsna zasebna disciplina unutar same geopolitičke teorije. Isto tako, cruise industrija, najbrže rastuća grana turizma i jedna od najbrže rastućih industrija općenito, zanemarivana je te ne postoji dovoljno literature koja bi se njome bavila i sistematizirala sve njene učinke. Ovaj rad sinteza je dvaju neistraženih područja, koja se unutar njega spajaju u geopolitiku cruise industrije, kako bi unutar istog termina bila obuhvaćena dva kompleksna predmeta. U radu je zaključeno da bi geopolitika cruise industrije trebala zauzimati značajno mjesto u proučavanju geopolitike, međunarodnog prava mora i nautike, budući da cruise kompanije polako preuzimaju vodeću ulogu u geopolitici mora, ostavljajući iza sebe čak i države. Pravni sustav, teorijski geopolitički okviri i obalne države moraju što prije uvesti promjene kako bi se prilagodili dinamičnim zahtjevima novog doba turizma, koje obilježavaju mega cruiseri.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://hrcak.srce.h...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Araújo, Alice Ferreira;

    As macrófitas aquáticas colonizam principalmente os braços de reservatórios e ou áreas protegidas da ação do vento e das correntezas. Estudos a cerca da ictiofauna associada a banco macrófitas aquáticas demonstram que a presença desse tipo de vegetação é fundamental na seleção de habitats pelos peixes. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a composição taxonômica, riqueza e diversidade da ictiofauna associada à macrófitas aquáticas no rio Areias. As coletas foram realizadas trimestralmente entre os meses de janeiro a outubro de 2016, em bancos de macrófitas aquáticas misto. Foram coletados 1.333 indivíduos, pertencentes a 21 espécies, distribuídas em cinco ordens e 11 famílias. Os Characiformes caracterizaram como a ordem dominante em todo o período do estudo. Sendo que as espécies Hyphessobrycon moniliger, Hemigrammus ora e Hemigrammus rodwayi foram as mais capturadas. The macrophytes aquatic colonize mainly the arms of the reservoirs and / or areas protected from the action of the wind and of the currents. Studies about the fish fauna associated with the bank macrophytes aquatic demonstrate that the presence of this type of vegetation is fundamental in the selection of habitats by the fish. The objective of this work is to characterize the composition, taxonomic, and richness and diversity of the fish fauna associated with the macrophyte water in the river Areias. The collections were carried out quarterly between the months of January to October 2016, banks of macrophytes aquatic mixed. Were collected 1.333 individuals, belonging to 21 species, distributed in five orders and 11 families. The Characiformes were characterized as the dominant order throughout the period of the study. Being that the species Hyphessobrycon moniliger, Hemigrammus ora and Hemigrammus rodwayi were the most captured.

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    Authors: Acosta Villota, Gyna Gysela;

    La tecnología GMT ®(Tilapia genéticamente macho) se convierte en una alternativa viable para producir lotes monosexo machos de tilapia sin el uso de hormonas, pero como primer paso es necesario producir e identificar neohembras XY. El principal problema es identificar neohembras de hembras normales, sin necesidad de emplear pruebas de progenie que implica la producción de múltiples generaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue producir ejemplares de neohembras de tilapia roja e identificar el genotipo de neohembras por citogenética clásica y molecular. Se feminizaron 800 larvas de tilapia suministrando una dosis de hormona 17β-estradiol a razón de 200mg/Kg de alimento por 30 días y un tratamiento control de 200 larvas sin hormona feminizante. A los 350g de peso se realizó sexaje manual por inspección de la papila urogenital y marcación con microchip para su posterior identificación. Los cromosomas se obtuvieron mediante la técnica de cultivo de linfocitos de sangre periférica y se emplearon las técnicas de bandeo cromosómico C, Q, G y NOR. Se genotipificaron los individuos de los dos tratamientos con el microsatélite UNH898, y se empleó una sonda que contenía el genotipo 260/290, específica para machos normales en la técnica FISH. Los resultados de los análisis mostraron que la especie Oreochromis sp., posee 2n=44 cromosomas y se encontraron patrones únicos de banda C sin evidencia de cromosomas sexuales. Se encontró un genotipo recurrente en machos, pero mediante citogenética molecular se logró evidenciar que no es exclusivo para machos porque hibridó en dispersiones cromosómicas de hembras. //Abstract: GMT ® technology (genetically male tilapia) becomes a viable alternative to produce male monosex lots of tilapia without the use of hormones, but as a first step, it is necessary to produce and identify neofemales XY. The main problem is to identify neofemales of normal females, without the need to use progeny tests that involve the production of multiple generations. The objective of this study was to produce neofemales from red tilapia and identify the genotype of neofemales by classical and molecular cytogenetics. About 800 tilapia larvae were feminized by supplying a dose of 17β-estradiol hormone at a rate of 200 mg / kg of feed for 30 days and a control treatment of 200 larvae without a feminizing hormone. At 350g of weight, manual sexing was performed by inspection of the urogenital papilla and microchip marking for later identification. Chromosomes were obtained by the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture technique and then used chromosome banding techniques C, Q, G and NOR. Individuals of the two treatments were genotyped with the UNH898 microsatellite, and a probe containing the genotype 260/290, specific for normal males in the FISH technique, was used. The results of the analysis showed that the species Oreochromis sp., has 2n = 44 chromosomes and unique C-band patterns were found without evidence of sex chromosomes. A recurrent genotype was found in males, but through molecular cytogenetics it was found that it is not exclusive for males because it hybridized in female chromosomal dispersions. Maestría

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    Authors: Franco, Fábio Esidério;

    A globalização e a necessidade de aumentar a qualidade dos produtos alimentares impulsionaram a incorporação dos sistemas de rastreabilidade, capazes de dar resposta à otimização da cadeia de fornecimento. Os mecanismos de rastreabilidade devem assim assegurar o seguimento do produto desde a produção até ao consumidor final. O presente trabalho visa avaliar o conhecimento do conceito rastreabilidade e os principais fatores que influenciam as decisões de compra dos géneros alimentícios para os consumidores, em particular para as seguintes categorias alimentares: carne e peixe. Para o efeito, foram realizados 164 inquéritos a indivíduos em Portugal Continental, entre 1 de maio a 30 de novembro de 2013. Os inquiridos relevaram não conhecer o significado da palavra rastreabilidade no contexto alimentar e demonstram insegurança nos sistemas de rastreabilidade. No entanto, para as categorias de produto carne e peixe, a realização deste estudo exploratório permite afirmar que os consumidores portugueses valorizam os produtos nacionais, verificando-se ainda que o fator referido pelos inquiridos como o mais valorizado quer para a carne como para o peixe foi o aspeto, seguido do modo de criação e captura no mar, para aquisição de carne e peixe, respetivamente. Conclui-se ainda que apesar da situação económica, os consumidores portugueses estão dispostos a adquirir produtos certificados embora sejam mais dispendiosos. Globalization and the need to increase the quality of food products boosted the incorporation of traceability systems capable of responding to the optimization of the supply chain. Traceability mechanisms should therefore ensure follow-up of the product from production to the final consumer. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge of traceability concept and the main factors that influence the purchase decisions of food for consumers, particularly for the following food categories: meat and fish. To this end, 164 surveys were carried out to individuals in Portugal, from 1 May to 30 November 2013. Respondents showed not know the meaning of traceability in food insecurity in context and demonstrate traceability systems. However, for the categories of meat and fish products, the realization of this exploratory study to suggest that the Portuguese consumers value domestic products, checking also that the factor mentioned by respondents as the most prized both for meat and for fish was the appearance, followed by the creation mode and capture at sea, for the purchase of meat and fish, respectively. It is concluded that even though the economic situation, the Portuguese consumers are willing to purchase certified products although they are more expensive. Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências do Consumo Alimentar apresentada à Universidade Aberta

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    Authors: Kipçak, Kemal Süleyman;

    Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de denizyolu konteyner taşımacılığında yaşanan sorunlar, eksiklikler ve Türkiye'nin gerek dünyadaki gerekse bölgemizdeki konteyner taşımalarından yeterince pay alamadığı tespit edilmiş ve bu durumun düzeltilmesi için nelerin yapılması gerektiğinin ortaya konması hedeflenmiştir.Bu amaçla konteyner taşımacılığının dünyadaki ve Türkiye'deki mevcut durumu detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilerek, hem bölgemizde hem de dünyada yaşanan gelişmeler, değişimler incelenmiştir. In this paper; problems of seaborne container transportation, deficiencies and the fact that Turkey's not gaining enough share in our region and the world are indicated. Also, it is aimed to exert what kinds of things should be done to improve those deficiencies.For this purpose, the current state of container transportation in Turkey and world is analyzed in a detailed way and developments both in Turkey and in the region are investigated. 135

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    Authors: Valero Marco, Estela;

    [ES] Los insectos presentan una serie de características que resultan beneficiosas en el momento que se estos consumen. Algunos de los beneficios de su consumo son su alto valor nutritivo ya que aportan una gran cantidad de proteínas de alto valor biológico, ácidos grasos y minerales. Por otra parte, su cría emite menos gases de efecto invernadero que la ganadería tradicional, por lo que su producción tiene un bajo impacto ambiental. Además, existe una gran variedad de insectos comestibles y de formatos disponibles, donde destaca la harina de insecto, obtenida de su secado y molienda. Los piensos animales están compuestos, principalmente, de harina de pescado y/o harina de soja. Sin embargo, estos son ingredientes de baja disponibilidad en Europa y con un elevado coste económico. Por ello, se está estudiando la posibilidad de sustituirlos por otros ingredientes de características similares, con menor coste y mayor disponibilidad. Existe una evaluación de riesgos sobre el uso de insectos para alimentación animal y humana por parte de la EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), en la que se tienen en cuenta problemas biológicos y químicos, además de peligros ambientales. Aunque los riesgos descritos no difieren sustancialmente de los que presentan otras fuentes de proteína, dichos posibles riesgos dependen del tipo de insecto, del método de producción, de la alimentación recibida y de los métodos de procesado empleados. No obstante y considerando los riesgos, tanto la OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud) como la FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) recomiendan el uso de insectos como ingrediente en el desarrollo de piensos para animales, sobre todo en peces. La mayoría de líneas de investigación existentes relacionadas con la sustitución de los ingredientes tradicionales de los piensos por harina de insecto se centran en piensos para acuicultura y para aves. Los insectos mayormente estudiados para el desarrollo de piensos en acuicultura pertenecen a cinco órdenes diferentes: Orthopera (saltamontes y langostas), Isoptera (termitas), Cleoptera (gusano de la harina, escarabajos y súper gusano), Lepidoptera (gusano de seda) y Diptera (mosca doméstica común y mosca soldado negra), mientras que los estudiados para los piensos de aves son principalmente la mosca doméstica y saltamontes. [EN] Insects have a series of characteristics that are beneficial when they are consumed. Some of the benefits of consuming insects are their high nutritional value since they provide a large amount of proteins of high biological value, fatty acids and minerals. On the other hand, their breeding emits less greenhouse gases than traditional livestock, so their production has a low environmental impact. In addition, there is a wide variety of edible insects and formats available. One of these formats is insect meal, which is obtained from its drying and grinding. Animal feed is mainly composed of fishmeal and/or soybean meal. However, these are low available ingredients in Europe and at have a high cost. For this reason, the possibility of substituting this fishmeal for other ingredients with similar characteristics, with lower cost and more availability, is being studied. There is a risk assessment on the use of insects for animal and human food by the EFSA, which takes into account biological and chemical problems, as well as environmental hazards. Although the risks do not vary according to those of other protein sources, these possible risks depend on the type of insect, the production method, the feed received and the processing methods used. However and with the risks, both the WHO and the FAO recommend the use of insects as ingredients in the development of animal feed, especially in fish. Most existing lines of research related to the substitution of traditional feed ingredients for insect meal focus on feed for aquaculture and poultry. The mostly studied insects for the development of feed in aquaculture belong to five different orders: Orthopera (grasshoppers and lobsters), Isoptera (termites), Cleoptera (mealworm, beetles and super worm), Lepidoptera (silkworm) and Diptera (fly common housefly and black soldier fly), while those studied for bird feed are mainly houseflies and grasshoppers.

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    Master thesis . 2020
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      Master thesis . 2020
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    Authors: Bulut, Önder;

    YÖK Tez No: 551419 Araştırmanın amacı özel ve kamu gemilerinde çalışan gemi adamlarının çalışma ortamlarında karşılarına çıkan sorunlara karşı psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyleri ile kişilik tipleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Bu bağlamda araştırmaya 2018-2019 yıllarında Türkiye genelindeki kamuya ait veya ticari faaliyet gösteren gemilerde çalışan 306 gemi adamı katılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında Beş Faktör Kişilik Envanteri ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeğinden yararlanılmıştır. İstatistiki analizlerde Bağımsız Örnekler T-testi, Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi ve Pearson Korelasyon Analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada gemi adamlarının psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyleri ile dışadönüklük, nevrotizm/duygusal denge, sorumluluk, gelişim ve uyumluluk/yumuşak başlılık arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir etkileşim olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kişilik tipleri arasından dışadönüklük ve sorumluluk özelliklerine sahip kişilerin diğer kişilik tiplerine sahip olanlara kıyasla daha yüksek bir psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyine sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between personality levels and psychological resistance levels of the seafarers working in maritime transportation enterprises to the problems they encounter in their working environments. In this context, 306 seaman employees both public and private marine transportation sector, across Turkey participated the survey during 2018-2019 years. Five factors were collected by Personality Inventory and Psychological Resilience Scale for Adults. Independent samples T-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Analysis were used for data analysis. In the study, it was determined that there was a positive correlation between the levels of psychological resilience of seafarers and extraversion, neuroticism / emotional balance, responsibility, development and adaptability / softness. Among the personality types, the level of psychological resilience of individuals with extraversion and responsibility characteristics was higher than those of other personality types.

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    Authors: Elidolu, Gizem;

    Maritime transportation is one of the fundamental industries that contribute to continuity and development of world trade. Having larger cargo capacity and being more economical than other transportation modes, has led to an increase in the demand for this sector. It is of utmost importance that the crew have the knowledge and adequate equipment in order to carry out the ship operations in a safe manner. Failure in practising the safety rules, crew's simple negligence or wrong decisions may result in a variety of ship-related accidents. These negativities may also lead to unfortunate consequences such as injury, death, damage to the ship's structure, damage to terminals and port areas, and large scale marine pollution, which will have long-lasting effects in physical and biological terms. Preventing the number of accidents on board or reducing the level of harm in case of an accident as much as possible, is highly dependent on the ability of the crew to work safely.When the causes of the accidents are inspected, it is seen that the human factor has a very important role. In literature, various studies stated that the human errors may be up top 80% of causes of maritime accidents. Therefore, seafarers are the key element in the cause analysis of ship accidents. Seafarers have duties on navigation, maneuvering, cargo-bunker operations, engine maintenance, and they are required to perform these tasks with great care to sustain safe operations of ship. Owing to many reasons such as fatigue, stress, work pressure, wrong behavior of supervisors and colleagues on safety issues, lack of training, insufficient nutrition support and social activities on board, seafarers may violate safe work. Consequently, occupational accidents, collision, grounding, fire, explosion, and cargo leakage may occur on ships that are not operated under safe conditions. In cases where these accidents occur, besides the loss of lives, the world heritage marine ecosystem, countries' economies and reputation may suffer from enormous losses.The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has made important decisions to ensure safety on board and increase safe operation. The most important of these is the Convention on the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) as one of the basic laws of maritime, the first version of which was created in 1914 immediately after the Titanic disaster. The main purpose of the Convention is to determine minimum standarts and requirements on structural, equipment and operational issues that all merchant ships must carry in order to have safe working environments.As one of the chapters of SOLAS, the International Safety Management Code (ISM) intends to improve safe management of ships. The reasons for the creation of International Safety Management Code go back to the late 1980s, when ship accidents involving poor management standards prevailed. In various investigations, it is understood that there are serious errors arising from ship management. In 1998, The Code was entered into force at IMO with this increasing need for correct and safe management of ships. A working environment created by observing this code on ships has become an indispensable requirement for the safety of ships, seafarers and the protection of the environment.In most of the academic studies on safe working environments and perceptions, the concept of safety climate has been emphasized. As a general summary of the definitions in the literature; it can be explained as the environment that shapes the thoughts and behaviors of the employees working in a workplace by being influenced from each other, rules and procedures on safety issues. It has been shown that the quality of safety climate has a direct effect on workplace accidents. According to studies on other industries such as construction, mining, production etc. safety climate has a significant effect on safe working performance in addition to lack of knowledge, lack of motivation and other factors. As learnt from many accidents analyses, the reason for the accidents is due to perform ship operations unsafely. Therefore, it is critical to understand the knowledge and perception of seafarers about safe working to eliminate or reduce accidents.In this thesis, the concept of safety climate is given and the connections of ship personnel with safe working trends are examined. Following that, a questionnaire that can measure people's perceptions is prepared. Some of the questionnaire questions have been formed by taking as example the hypothesis questions used in the studies analyzing the safety climate and safe working orientations in the literature. It includes 9 decisive parts that covers 51 questions, whose contexts' are mostly used in the literature, and 7 comment questions. For the options of the questions, a 5-point Likert-type scale was used frequently in the survey studies to measure the average attitudes of the participants on a particular subject. Masters, chief engineers, chief officers, second engineers, junior officers and engineers, cadets, ratings from many ships, and others who have sea experience are participated in the survey. A total of 115 people are interviewed face to face and online.The aim of this thesis is to understand the perceptions of seafarers about safety issues and to predict these perceptions. Besides safe working behavior, seafarers' job satisfaction levels were predicted due to the existence of questions that can help to understand the their occupational satisfaction. In order to achieve prediction, machine learning method which is applied in many fields is used. Since this method has a functioning structure that imitates the learning and prediction capability of the human brain, it is thought that it will be reliable and will provide estimations with high accuracy for the subject of the thesis.In addition to the variables such as age, sex, marital status, position on board, sea experience, score values of participants' from the questionnaire was used as input variables. Some portion of 115 seafarers' data was taught to the system as training data for the computer's learning process. The remainder data was separated as test data that is used at the stage where the computer performs the prediction.The system links specific algorithms to the inputs and outputs in the training data and completes the learning process. Following then it shows its performance by estimating the output values in the test data.It was used different machine learning techniques on the computer for estimation process. By comparing the performance and efficiency of these techniques such as random forest, decision tree, multi linear regression, support vector regression, both safe working perceptions of seafarers' and their job satisfaction levels were estimated. All steps of data processing have been performed in Python programming language. In this thesis, it is concluded that multiple linear regression is more successful than other methods in the predictions about both safe working behaviors and job satisfaction levels. Deniz taşımacılığı dünya ticaretinin devamlılığına ve gelişmesine en çok katkısı olan sektörlerden biridir. Tek seferde fazla miktarda yüklemeler yapılabilmesi, diğer taşımacılık biçimlerine göre daha ekonomik olması ile denizcilik günümüzde yüksek talep gören ulaştırma tiplerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Devamlı ve güvenilir bir taşımanın gerçekleştirilmesi için öncelikle gemilerdeki çalışma ortamlarının iyileştirilmesi gereklidir. Gemiadamlarının bu aşamada bilgili ve tecrübeli olması, güçlü bir emniyet anlayışına sahip olması son derece önem arz eder. Aksi durumda en basit dikkatsizliklerle bile zaman zaman büyük çaplı kazalara neden olunabilmektedir.Yaşanmış bazı kazaların sebep analizlerine bakıldığında insan faktörünün önemli bir payı olduğu görülmüştür. Yorgunluk, stres, baskı, çalışma arkadaşlarının emniyetle ilgili hususlardaki hatalı tutumları, gemideki sosyal aktivitelerin azlığı gibi sebeplere bağlı olarak gemi çalışanları emniyetli çalışmak konusunda yetersiz kalabilmektedirler. Emniyetli çalışma ortamlarının sağlanamadığı gemilerde ne yazık ki gemi personelinin yaralanmasıyla ve ölümüyle sonuçlanan mesleki kazaların yanında geminin, yükün ve denizlerin tehlikeye gireceği çatışma, karaya oturma, yük sızıntısı gibi sonuçlarla da karşı karşıya kalınabilmektedir. Bu kazaların mümkün olduğunca azaltılması ve yaşanan kazaların zararlılık seviyelerinin düşürülmesi büyük oranda gemi personelinin emniyetli çalışma kabiliyetine bağlıdır.Gemilerde emniyeti sağlamak ve emniyetli çalışmayı geliştirebilmek adına Uluslararası Denizcilik Örgütü (IMO) kuruluşundan bu yana önemli kararlar almıştır. Bunların başında Titanik faciasından hemen sonra 1914'te ilk versiyonu oluşturulan, denizciliğin temel kanunlarından Denizde Can Emniyeti Sözleşmesi (SOLAS) gelmektedir. SOLAS'ın bölümlerden biri olarak bugün uygulanmakta olan ve özellikle gemilerin emniyetli yönetimi konusunda düzenlemeler getiren Uluslararası Emniyetli Yönetim Kodu (ISM), şirketlere ve gemilere kritik sorumluluklar yüklemektedir. Gemilerde bu koda riayet edilerek yaratılan bir çalışma ortamı, başta gemi çalışanlarının sağlığı ve can emniyeti olmak üzere gemilerin selameti, denizlerin ve çevrenin korunması açısından eksikliği kabul edilemez bir ihtiyaç haline gelmiştir.Emniyetli çalışma ortamları ve yönelimlerine dair yapılan akademik çalışmaların çoğunda özellikle emniyet iklimi kavramı üzerinde durulmuştur. Literatürdeki tanımlarının genel bir özeti olarak bu kavram; bir işyerinde çalışan kişilerin emniyet ile ilgili hususlarda birbirlerinden, kural ve prosedürlerden etkilenmesi yoluyla düşüncelerini ve davranışlarını şekillendiren ortam olarak izah edilebilir. Bu tez çalışmasında da emniyet iklimi kavramına yer verilmiş olup, gemi personelinin emniyetli çalışma yönelimleriyle olan bağlantıları incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, kişilerin yönelimlerini ölçebilecek nitelikte sorular içeren bir anket çalışması oluşturulmuştur. Anket içeriğinde 9 belirleyici kısım, bu kısımlar içerisinde toplam 51 soru ve 7 adet yorum sorusu bulunmaktadır. Gemide çalışmakta olan kaptan, başmühendis, ikinci kaptan ve ikinci mühendis, zabitler ve mühendisler, reis, yağcı, elektrikçi gibi tayfa sınıfı, stajyer ve öğrenciler anket uygulamasına katılan çalışan profilini oluşturmaktadır. Yüzyüze ve çevrimiçi olarak toplamda 115 kişiyle anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir.Çalışmanın hedefleri arasında yer alan tahminleme süreci için günümüzde birçok alanda tahminleme, sınıflandırma, tanılama, tespit etme gibi maksatlarla kullanılan makine öğrenmesi yönteminden faydalanılmıştır. Bu yöntemin temel olarak insan beyninin öğrenme ve fikir yürütebilme kabiliyetini taklit eden bir yapısı olduğu için çalışmada doğruluğu yüksek tahminler yapılabilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Literatürde insanların belli bir konu hakkındaki ortalama görüşlerini belirlemede sıkça kullanılan Likert tipi ölçekli sorularla hazırlanmış anket çalışması önce gemiadamlarına uygulanmış, elde edilen veriler makine öğrenmesi uygulanacak bilgisayara öğretilmiş ve sistemin test verilerini tahmin etmesi istenmiştir. Dört farklı yöntem ile uygulamalar yapılarak her birinin emniyetli çalışma yönelimlerini tahmin etmedeki performansı karşılaştırılmıştır. 76

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    Authors: Öztürk, Arif Onur;

    Turizmin önemli ve gelişen bir türü olan kruvaziyer turizmi ülke ekonomilerine önemli girdiler sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada kruvaziyer turizmin önemini belirtmek için dünyadaki durumu anlatılmış ve ekonomik etkileri belirtilmiştir. 2015 yılına kadar istikrarlı bir şekilde gelişen kruvaziyer turizmimiz, ülkemizde meydana gelen terör olayları sonucunda Avrupalı turistlerin güvenlik endişesi, Suriye'deki savaşın Akdeniz'deki olumsuz etkisi gibi nedenlerle 2015 yılından itibaren ciddi şekilde gerileme meydana gelmiştir. Bu nedenle İstanbul'a 2010 ile 2015 yılları arasında gelen kruvaziyer turist sayısı verileri ile 2016'ya yönelik gelmesi beklenen turist sayısı tahmin edilmiş ve tahmin ile gerçekleşen durum karşılaştırılarak 2016 yılında ülkemizin tahmini maddi kaybı hesaplanmıştır. Önemli bir turizm şehri olan İstanbul'un bu pazardan daha fazla pay alabilmesi için önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Cruise tourism, an important and developing type of tourism, provides important input to the country's economy. In this paper, the situation of the global cruise tourism is explained and its economic effects are stated in order to indicate the importance of cruise tourism. After 2015, there has been a serious decline due to European tourists' safety concerns as a result of terrorist incidents occured in our country and the negative impacts of the war in Syria on the Mediterranean. For this reason, the number of cruise tourists expected to arrive İstanbul in 2016 has been estimated by means of the datas of tourist numbers visited İstanbul between 2010 and 2015 and our country's estimated financial loss has been calculated by comparing the actual situation with the estimates. Some suggestions have been made about İstanbul, the important tourism city, to get more share from this market. 109

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    Authors: Yunus, Doruk Erdem;

    Gangway, used in shipping, is a temporary bridge that allows passing between the boat and land. The weight of a gangway is an important criterion that should be considered, especially in terms of ease of use. A gangway made of traditional materials has several disadvantages. While the ones with a good carrying capacity have a disadvantage of weight, on the other hand the carrying capacity of a light gangway is weak. The carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite gangway brings solution to both of these problems. It is light and has the capacity to carry more.In this context, a gangway, which can withstand to the intended load with minimum weight, is the basic condition for a successful production. In this study, the design and production of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite gangway are targeted within the framework of this basic condition. Gangway?s shape and structure were designed using computer aided design and engineering software. After the producing of this design, the displacement test was performed. In addition different sequences were analyzed using the finite element program. By comparing analysis with the test results, the accuracy of the finite element analysis was examined. Denizcilikte kullanılan Pasarella, tekne ve kara arasında geçiş sağlayan geçici bir köprüdür. Bir pasarellanın ağırlığı, özellikle kullanım kolaylığı açısından değerlendirilmesi gereken önemli bir kriterdir. Geleneksel malzemelerden üretilmiş yüksek bir taşıma kapasitesine sahip pasarellanın ağırlık gibi bir dezavantajı varken, hafif bir pasarellanın taşıma kapasitesi düşüktür. Karbon fiber destekli polimer kompozit pasarella bu iki probleme de çözüm getirir. Hafiftir ve daha fazla taşıma kapasitesine sahiptir.Bu bağlamda, hedeflenen yüke dayanabilen ve ağırlığı minimize edilmiş bir pasarella başarılı bir üretimin temel koşuludur. Bu çalışmada, karbon fiber destekli polimer kompozit pasarellanın bu temel koşul çerçevesinde tasarımı ve üretimi hedeflenmiştir. Pasarella geometrisi ve yapısı, bilgisayar destekli tasarım ve mühendislik yazılımları kullanılarak tasarlanmıştır. Belirlenen bu tasarımın prototip üretimi yapılıp, ardından deplasman testi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca değişik dizilimler, sonlu elemanlar programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Oluşan gerilmeler ve deplasmanlar prototip test sonuçlarıyla kıyaslanarak analizin doğruluğu araştırılmıştır. 95

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