This project will address the problem of the compartmentalized academic study of the diverse Frankish- and Islamic-ruled societies through the first comprehensive study of Christianities in the Middle East. It aims to study the inter-Christian and Christian-Muslim interactions, on the assumption that these interactions contribute to shaping these communities. Although each Church has been partly studied for its own sake, no analysis of the cross-flows between the churches and with the sovereign powers that have ruled the Middle East from the 12th to the 16th c. has yet been carried out. It is time for a comprehensive and connected history of Christianities in the Middle East. Decompartmentalizing historiographies implies reading new archival sources along with known published texts from a connected history perspective and moving the analysis of communities from their centers to areas of contact. Jerusalem, owing to its centrality in terms of archives and practices, will be placed at the heart of the project, in tension with the regional space as a whole. ChrIs-cross has three main objectives: • To integrate the history of Christianities within the Islamicate world by identifying the actors, places and different contexts of exchange, from a bottom-up perspective; • To study the Christian communities of the Middle East at a pivotal moment, that of reconfiguration in confrontation with the progress of Islamization, through the strategies of Christian churches and communities, and the role of local authorities, both Christian and Muslim; • To provide both a global and a local vision of Jerusalem through a survey of the impact of intercommunity relations on the urban transformation, supported by a geographic information system: as a global city, Jerusalem is likely the manifestation of a plurality of interactions between the Christian and Islamic worlds, that provides a key to understanding the growing integration of the Middle Eastern region.

The FAST-LAB -- Certified And Secure Time and frequency transfer -- common laboratory project aims at promoting and shaping the interest of the FEMTO-ST institute and the company Gorgy Timing for developing secure and certified time dissemination systems. Time dissemination has become a requirement for current interactions in a society meeting increased timing pressure in its exchanges. Improving accuracy, traceability and safety has become mandatory for the time references clocking today's rail and air traffic, or in the context of distributed energy production in the context of smart grids. Similarly, we address secure timestamping financial transactions -- with Europe being the first institution to draft a law governing such activities with a time reference (MIFID2) -- as well as synchronizing distributed power generation and high bandwidth communication networks. In these 3 examples, the core information is ``time'' and, within the current deployment framework, security and tracking the timestamp information is only beginning. The broad range of time sources, including historical Very Low Frequency (VLF) sources which are currently neglected considering the ease of use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) networks, provides means of reducing jamming and spoofing risks. Safety of these critical timing services becomes a need that we address by securing the timestamp exchange (using cryptography and two way interactions between clocks exchanging messages). Making the best use of the sources of time and means of accessing these time representations are on the one hand addressed by combining multiple commercially available sources (GNSS, quartz oscillators) and on the other hand by developing dedicated systems meeting the unique requirements of redundancy (flexible software defined radio receivers able to adapt to jamming sources, composite sources dedicated to time transfer applications, time transfer over optical fibers such as White Rabbit). In this context, securing timestamp servers becomes a mandatory requirement, both against classical technical sources of technical failure and vulnerability as well as against attacks focusing on semantics of secure time data and their spoofing. Gorgy Timing is an innovative family SME, dedicated to time transfer. Providing solution for time dissemination, the company is a European leader by developing tools for secure, certified, precise and traceable UTC time diffusion on a network reaching the customer with an accuracy ranging from the millisecond to the nanosecond. In the framework of these innovations, the company Gorgy Timing wishes to enhance its research and development capabilities on secure time and frequency dissemination with the FEMTO-ST institute -- UMR6174. FEMTO-ST, through its Time and Frequency department, exhibits a long and internationally recognized expertise in characterizing and generating ultra-stable frequency signals. Digital signal processing techniques applied to radiofrequency (RF) signals, derived from software defined radio techniques, for characterizing time and spectral characteristics of oscillators provide the opportunity to bridge the fields of interests of the two partners. FEMTO-ST also provides expertise in the field of cybersecurity through the security test team of the Computer Science department (DISC), hence providing a synergy on the research topics ranging from time-frequency to software security.

The IMPACTS project aims at an ever-increasing integration of modeling, numerics and control design for complex multi-physical implicit systems described by both ordinary and partial differential equations. This integration is achieved considering the novel class of Implicit port Hamiltonian (PH) Systems, analyzing their system properties and developing new dedicated methods for numerical simulation and control design. Implicit PH Systems arise from the modeling of systems with non-local constitutive relations, implicit geometric discretization in time and space or control by interconnection. The methodological contributions of this project will concern the modeling and control of implicit PH systems using irreversible Thermodynamics, geometric numerical methods for space-time discretization and order reduction, canonical implicit discrete-time PH systems and energy-based control design, and in domain/boundary control of distributed parameter systems under implicit interconnections.

The ETHICS project aims to develop new generations of piezoelectric transducers and MEMS based on the microfabrication of lead-free piezoelectric composites. This project addresses technological developments to make an ecological transition towards robust sensors and frequency sources for applications in health, non-destructive testing or extreme temperature conditions. ETHICS is a single-team multidisciplinary project for the integration of lead-free piezoelectrics, the validation of mirofabrication processes and test phases, finally the development of robust models for the integration of piezoelectric composites in their environment. ETHICS will make it possible to constitute a technological hub and a team of excellence to carry out academic and industrial research.

Sensing and analyzing extremely low physical, chemical or biological quantities in situ, within hard-to-reach environments, are rapidly growing demands. Though among the best components in terms of compactness for addressing this challenge, “Lab-on fiber” concept suffers from limited sensitivity performances. On the other hand, all-fiber interferometric sensors have the potential to significantly enhance detection sensitivity. However, such probes suffer from an important phase noise in reaction to temperature of mechanical stress fluctuations, which strongly limit their applicability. CIFOM comes within this framework. It is aimed at realizing the first ultra-stable fibered interferometric sensors by combining the best of these two approaches. Transposition of interferometric sensor concepts to fibered devices is presently hindered by the high sensitivity of optical fibers to environmental disturbances (temperature and mechanical stress fluctuations). CIFOM will overcome all of these issues by implementing the first “common-path” interferometric probe within a multicore fiber. Thermal and mechanical issues in fibered phase-interrogation approaches will then be cancelled out. The probes will be incorporated within homodyne and heterodyne interferometers to reach record in-situ detection resolution, far exceeding state-of-the-art detection performances of fiber-integrated systems. The production of such disruptive fiber probes will be enabled by a novel key technology, namely the development of a monolithic core-to-core optical interconnect integrated at one end-face of a multicore fiber. The resulting fiber sensors will be demonstrated as ultrasensitive refractometers in the detection of hazardous volatile organic compounds diluted in air and in organic/aqueous solvents (concentration down to the ppm, or below). The integration of nano-optically driven interferometric approaches within optical fibers will lead to completely new versatility and unmatched performances in the extreme exploration of hard-to-reach physical or biological locations, thus impacting a wide panel of scientific, medical and industrial domains of high economic and societal perspectives. In that context, despite high scientific challenges, CIFOM is geared toward prototyping and the valorization of patentable outcomes. The ambition is here to bridge the gap between fundamental concepts and market-ready prototypes. Therefore, the key fundamental issues of CIFOM will be industrially addressed from the very outset of the project in order to achieve short term out-of-lab prototyping. Such an ambition required the creation of a highly multidisciplinary consortium combining an industrial company and three research teams of an academic Institute. The consortium behind this project is unique and will enable the development and validation of this new scientific and technological approach with ambitious and highly complementary objectives covering all the key disciplines and themes of the project. The related important technology challenges will be taken up thanks to the fabrication facilities of the whole consortium, involving one of the five technology platforms of the French “Renatech” network.