As per an EU estimate, the industrial sector accounts for 27% of the overall energy consumption and for the generation of 30% heat-related CO2 emissions. Industrial thermal processes account for 70 % of the energy demand, which translates to 20.8% of the entire EU energy demand. Waste heat recovery (WHR) is, thus, one of the next frontiers for energy-intensive industries. Thermal energy storage (TES) is a promising alternative to currently available WHR technologies, particularly for medium-high temperature settings. Latent heat storage, centred on the ability of a material, commonly referred to as the phase change material (PCM), to absorb/release heat isothermally during its transition from one state to another, faces several performance issues inherent to the material’s properties. Encapsulating PCMs in solid matrices, consisting of refractory materials, has been found to resolve most of these issues. These new materials can be used to store both sensible and latent heat (hybrid TES) potentially outperforming current TES systems. The properties of red mud (RM), a currently disregarded and potentially hazardous waste of the aluminium industry, make it an ideal candidate for PCM encapsulation. REDTHERM aims to scale up the recently discovered, by the researcher, red mud-molten salt material and demonstrate, for the first time, its performance in a novel medium-high temperature WHR layout using real industrial settings. In this way it can promote a novel and tangible business case of industrial symbiosis (circular economy) in which the waste product of the aluminium industry (RM) is valorised as a key component for medium-high temperature WHR systems to increase energy efficiency and decrease the carbon footprint of foundation industries with relevant interest (steel, cement, casting etc. This timely project can substantially contribute towards the EU’s 2050 sustainability agenda, while in parallel expanding the science of the promising field of hybrid-TES.

It is a great challenge to upgrade decentralized CO2 point-sources to production sites for renewable fuels. These CO2 sources can be related for example to production of biogas in anaerobic digestion plants. UP-TO-ME targets a ground-breaking change in decentralized Power-to-Methanol production for hard to electrify applications, like marine vessels. The potential of producing renewable methanol, only by utilizing the CO2 content of biogas in Europe is 128 Mt/a. UP-TO-ME concept is based on a hybrid process which combines the capture of CO2 with the synthesis to methanol in a fully autonomous, unmanned plant. The process comprises 3D-printed reactors and column packings designed using highly advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics. The fully automated, self-learning and self-optimizing control system allows production at fluctuating conditions by combining dynamical plant models and Artificial Intelligence. The aim of UP-TO-ME to provide self-optimizing control even for off-grid-operation is very challenging and, to our knowledge, has not yet been achieved anywhere for comparable plants. The ability of a remote plant to adapt itself to varying boundary conditions such as availability of renewable energies (e.g., from weather forecasts) or on the availability of CO2 from a fluctuating source, open unforeseen possibilities for distributed production. Currently, so-called blue methanol originating from natural gas, is used in limited cases as a marine fuel. However, the quality requirements of a renewable marine methanol fuel, especially considering water content, organic and sulfur impurities originating from P2X production, are not known. UP-TO-ME will assess experimentally the suitability of the produced fuel on a marine type of engine and provide ranges for fuel specifications and max limits for impurities for this to become a sustainable marine fuel.