The institutionalization of programs that signal corporate virtue, usually placed under the heading of “Corporate social responsibility”, is a central feature of the contemporary mutations of capitalism. While most studies focus on CSR discourse and devices, this project offers an innovative take on « responsible capitalism », by placing the lens on its managers, their work activities and their professional milieus. Through its focus on CSR professionals, the ProVirCap project pursues a triple theoretical ambition: 1/ to shed light on the reconfiguration of the borders between the market, the state, and civil society; 2/ to understand the transformations of professionalism in global companies; 3/ and to examine the ways in which gender shapes the virtuous face of capitalism. Carried out by a team of nine researchers renowned for their expertise on various management fields associated with CSR, the project will benefit from the cross-fertilization of several analytical perspectives: sociology of work, professions and organizations, economic sociology, political science, management studies, as well as gender studies. The research design combines qualitative (in-depth interviews, observations) and quantitative methods (CV scraping, questionnaire survey), and relies on a double comparison: between management fields associated with CSR (sustainable development, responsible investment, diversity and work quality, human rights, corporate giving, ethics) and between national cases (France, USA, Spain). The close dialogue with an international, interdisciplinary expert committee will anchor the project in a transnational field of research on responsible capitalism. The dissemination of the results among professionals of the sector, beyond academic circles, will help promote social sciences in a field that is particularly receptive to exchanges with academia, and contribute to the reflection around the transformation of capitalism – an issue that, against the background of the Covid-19 crisis, appears ever more vital for contemporary societies.

This project aims to explain mechanisms affecting women’s access to managerial positions, their career paths as managers and the types of management positions they occupy, in four societal contexts (France, United-Kingdom, Switzerland and Sweden). The project focuses on the first part of careers, particularly strategic for women: as managers, they are expected to exhibit a high level of organizational commitment, at a time where career prospects are enhanced but, as women, they may face high family demands. The objective is to combine various macro- and micro-level factors: individual and family-related factors, organizational conditions and HR policies, and eventually, institutional contexts and public policies. Comparisons between different societal contexts provide new insights into the complex interplay of educational, family and institutional dimensions impacting on the gendered composition of management positions. Methodology uses both qualitative and quantitative data, with sociology and economics theoretical background. Econometric analysis and interviews on individual trajectories seek to clarify factors that hinder or foster women’s access to managerial positions on the one hand, and on the other hand, the types of management positions they reach. In addition to the individual trajectories, the qualitative strand of the project investigates discourses of justification used by supervisors or HR managers to explain why they support, or not, the feminization of management positions. As such, these discourses may contribute to the statu quo by reproducing stereotypical beliefs of “feminine” and “masculine” traits and skills. A first original feature of this research is that it uses mixed empirical methods to explore associations between quantitative macroeconomic or individual data and qualitative data. Second, even though the glass ceiling has been thoroughly studied, a comparative research is expected to identify which specific levers of action are needed to foster gender equality in different institutional and societal contexts. Third, qualitative research opts for an innovative strategy for data design: data are collected from a unique transnational French company, doing business in the four countries. This strategy is expected to uncover how a unique corporate culture, developed in various HR policies across the four countries, could give rise to more or less standardized career paths, potentially conflicting with individual strategies, depending on cross-national cultures of gender roles as well as institutional and societal contexts.

Industrialcitizenshiprediscovered: the workrootings of politicalagency, past and present Is‘industrial citizenship’ an outdated concept? This project proposes to give a negative answer to this question by exploring how industrial citizenship has always changed, following the transformations of economic, social and political contexts, and by crossingviewpoints of political science, economy and sociology. The main objective of the project is to reopen a research agenda on industrial citizenship, detached from normative references to "democracy" or "pluralism".Indeed, if academics are often interested in corporate power and companies’ influence on policy makers or democratic politics, there is a lack of scientific knowledge concerning how they “produce” citizens and “frame” citizenship. Yet the current blurring of the boundaries between the spheres of political and economic activity requiresto rework the definition of rights as well as the boundaries of the community of citizens, without limiting ourselves to a purelylegal concept of citizenship. Our main working hypothesis is that ‘industrial citizenship’ is a disputed concept, which confronts opposed and ever-evolving discourses. Thus, we will study these various and competing definitions and practices of industrial citizenship. Our second working hypothesis is that ‘industrial citizenship’ is a fruitful concept to study how political behaviors are embedded in the workplace. The work experience and the work environment profoundly and durably shape the identities, representations and practices of social actors, even in their relationship to citizenship outside labor relations, and this hypothesis sheds light on the second objective of the project: to de-compartmentalize the study of industrial citizenship. Thus, industrial citizenship can be grasped at the level of a firm or an institution, as many historians and sociologists specialized in industrial relations have already done, but also at the level of a territory. We will study the way in which industrial citizenship is shaped both "from above", i.e. by the policies of the management of companies and state authorities, and "from below ", i.e. by the workers themselves and their representatives, and also by the actors (political, associative, and so on) of the territories in which these processes take place. First, using an approach inspired by political and intellectual history, we will investigate the discourse of employers, the state and workers about industrial citizenship in France. A second empirical study will be devoted to the practices of industrial citizenship. The use of public statistical data will allow us to establish an overview of industrial citizenship practices in contemporary France. Then with three qualitative monographs we will move from (objectified) practices to the (subjective) experiences of industrial citizenship. Finally, we willexplore industrial citizenship through a collective and multi-sited field survey in a large French company located abroad. It will involve studying the firm from the multiple disciplinary points of view (sociology, economics, political science), specializations (corporate management, public action, workers' participation and unionism) and locations (France and Tunisia) that allows our researchconsortium.

This project aims to study the action of the employers in the sport structuration on a national scale between 1880 and 1980. With regard to the emergence of sport in France, historiography has mainly explored the role played by the leaders of sports organizations (clubs, federations etc.). But the action of entrepreneurs is much less known. However, as in Roubaix with the industrialists Théodore Vienne and Eugène Motte, in Sochaux with Peugeot or in Le Creusot with the Schneider family, many of the employers participated in the organization of the sport. Thus, by focusing on the role and action of these men (it seems that there are no women), this project aims to renew the analysis of the emergence and development of sport. This being said, this project plans to question the plural foundations of these employer investments, it tries to illuminates the reasons for which a particular employer invests in sport and thus whishes to better understand the expression « paternalisme sportif » (sport paternalism), and the supervision of the working classes which is its corollary. Similarly, some employers taking advantage by a high visibility, this project leads to question the forms of recognition brought by the use of sport. So many questions, at the crossroads of the history of sport and social, economic and political history, asked in the context of the historiography of the employers. Indeed, the latter has clearly emphasized the full extent of the category "employers", a category that cannot be summed up in the best known entrepreneurs, Forcing us to study the trajectories of less visible individuals and to complicate the analysis of their various investments. Therefore, by questioning the action of the various French employers with regard to sport, this project intends to propose a new reading of the rise and structuring of this cultural phenomenon that is sport while bringing a fresh look on the employers' world.

The PROFAM collaborative research project analyzes the transformations of the care work for elderly losing their autonomy, in a context of demographic ageing, but also a context of restricting the budgets allocated to social policies. This care and domestic work takes varied forms and is carried by a set of actors with contrasting social visibility: the most visible, salaried or self-employed, perform paid work; the most invisible, close relatives, neighbors, friends, voluntary associations or informal, provide mostly unpaid care and domestic work. Whatever its form, paid or not, this work is mainly carried out by women. Public policies are a major determinant of these forms of elderly care. Indeed, for 30 years in France and elsewhere in Europe, this work has been considered as a "source of employment" and measures to increase the demand for paid care work have profoundly changed the conditions of employment of caregivers and domestic workers. But the unpaid care of loved people persists and remains an inescapable condition of the maintenance of the elderly at home. Thus many intermediate situations, in which care work goes beyond the wage-earning frameworks, are now observable. The objective of PROFAM is to analyze all these forms of care and domestic work together, considering that, transgressing the borders of public and private spheres, carried out mainly by women, it is one of the places where, new hybrid forms of employment are invented, borrowing from both the normative frameworks of wage labor and those of the private sphere. While informal care for elderly losing their autonomy is often analyzed in terms of family relations and mutual assistance, PROFAM's bias, using the theoretical frameworks of gender sociology, is to consider it as a work. This involves understanding both the development of new normative frameworks for this work and how these transformations affect the quality of the jobs of those who support them. PROFAM seeks to trace the modalities of the social division of this work between private and public spheres, in order to measure the effects of the different forms of care work, especially in terms of employment, on gender equality. To this end, the PROFAM project seeks to identify the characteristics of these ambiguous intermediate situations: their protagonists, their motivations, the types of work regulation, the resulting employment modalities and their consequences for the persons concerned, in terms of equality and social integration. PROFAM uses available quantitative surveys, both national and European, both as framing elements and as a secondary analysis object. However, its objective is to explore the frontier areas between paid and unpaid work, difficult to grasp by statistics, and its methodology makes a large part of field surveys, qualitative surveys, case studies and Documentary analysis. The project is structured in two axes articulating several parts of investigations. From a macro-social perspective, the first axis focuses on the development of frameworks for care work at European, national and local levels and describes their use and determinants quantitatively. The second, at a micro-local level, outlines the distribution of care and domestic work for elderly people. PROFAM will try to measure how gender norms, actors' sets, the use of different rights, and territorial resources, by determining the frameworks of care and domestic work, affect their practices and the quality of their employment.