This project aims to design and build a haptic simulator for learning a common gesture performed by physiotherapists on the lower limb: the evaluation of spasticity which corresponds to the involuntary resistance to an imposed movement. The objective is to offer a complete haptic simulator reproducing the different degrees of resistance of the lower limb and allowing the evaluation of learners. Indeed, the current initial training of young physiotherapists is done by mentoring and depends on the experience of the instructor and the evaluation of the training remains subjective. In order to define the needs more precisely, part of the study will focus on the analysis of professional practice. This will be studied not only qualitatively by an ergonomic and didactic analysis but also quantitatively by proposing an objectification of the expert gesture and its biomechanical characteristics. Finally, the prototype produced will make it possible to collect expert and learner data with the aim of proposing educational scenarios. The prototype will be designed in close partnership with clinicians. The mechatronic design of the simulator will be global and will integrate a physical structure of the simulator as well as actuators and sensors allowing the recording of gestures with a view to their evaluation. Innovative actuators will be used in order to offer different types of haptic rendering and thus cover a maximum of pathology in order to offer the most complete training possible. Validation of the simulator will be carried out throughout the development of the simulator and will allow preliminary measurement campaigns to be carried out to show the value of a learning simulator for young clinicians. This work may be used to develop simulators for other limbs. From a general point fo view, the global methodology developed in this project may be used to develop other training simulators.

The technology of RF communications systems has experienced a phenomenal progress in the last decades. Gallium nitride (GaN) has been identified as the semiconductor that will take over after silicon (Si) to meet the needs of the increasingly market requests. This is explained by the physical parameters of this new material, which highly exceed those of Si. The objective of this project is the development of an enhancement and depletion modes HEMT-GaN based technologies suitable for the manufacturing of MMIC circuits operating at high frequency. This project is divided in 3 research axes: 1) GaN based MMIC fabrication process, including epitaxy, 2) device characterization and modeling, 3) circuit design and characterization. The consortium gathers 3 research laboratories and 1 industrial company covering a very wide range of skills and applied knowledge. The different partners are complementary and expert in the field of GaN activities, which is a major key that will lead to the success of this project. In Sky-GaN project, the development of short gate length GaN-HEMT process will be used to fabricate a prototype Power Amplifier (PA) MMIC circuits to validate these new developed technologies. Indeed, the optimized micro-fabrication process that will be developed will allow the production of new custom PA circuit with higher performance in frequency band covering the E-band [71-76] GHz and [81-86] GHz for both technologies. These fabricated prototypes will also be used as demonstration samples to support the development of new business opportunities for the industrial partner, creating new job opportunities for young researchers and highly qualifier professional. On the other hand, for the academic laboratories participating to Sky-dream project, the research and development work will produce important scientific impact and economic value, which is in complete agreement with the mission of CNRS.

Turbulence, defined generically as an out-of-equilibrium state of systems with a large number of degrees of freedom, is not a concept restricted to fluid dynamics. An ensemble of dispersive waves in nonlinear interaction is indeed also said to be in a turbulent state, called Wave Turbulence, which is expected in a wide spectrum of systems from quantum mechanics to astrophysics. A theoretical framework for this “other kind” of turbulence has been developed starting with the work of Zakharov in the 1960’s focused on the weakly nonlinear limit. During the last two decades, this Weak Turbulence Theory (WTT) has been increasingly successful in describing the “turbulence of waves” in 2D mechanical systems such as surface water waves or bending waves in elastic plates. In fluid mechanics, the situation is more complex when bulk waves are present since the system is prone to entangle strong hydrodynamic turbulence and weak wave turbulence. Turbulence in stratified or rotating fluids, enabling the propagation of internal gravity and inertial waves respectively, are typical examples of this situation which is still poorly understood. Rotation and stratification are moreover central ingredients of Earth atmospheric and oceanic dynamics. In comparison with 2D systems, the assessment of WTT in these systems raises the difficulty of dealing with 3D anisotropic velocity fields. This makes this dawning research area technically more challenging. Independently, approaching wave turbulence regimes in these systems, i.e. a turbulence dominated by weakly nonlinear waves, is in itself a challenge, which has rarely been realized. The relevance of WTT for rotating and/or stratified turbulence remains consequently an open question. The primary goal of our project is to achieve wave turbulence regimes in experimental and numerical rotating and/or stratified turbulent flows. For this, we will set up original turbulence experiments and direct numerical simulations, promoting weak nonlinearity and injection of energy in waves. This strategy aims at exploring regimes significantly different from those of past studies in which energy was most often injected in eddy structures. The coordinated effort of the 4 partners, exploring different systems expected to develop similar behaviors, is a cornerstone of our project. Experiments in water using stratified fluid channels and/or precision rotating platforms will be designed at LPENSL and FAST. These setups will allow us to install sophisticated wave generators injecting energy in weakly nonlinear waves. Experiments will also be conducted in the cryostat dedicated to turbulence at Institut Néel settled on a rotating platform in 2016. Taking advantage of the low viscosity of liquid helium, this technically extremely challenging experiment, which allows image-based velocimetry, aims at reaching unprecedented regimes of weak nonlinearity with respect to rotation (keeping nonlinearity strong with respect to viscous effects). Besides, high-resolution long-term direct numerical simulations will be performed at LMFA. In order to access the high spatio-temporal resolution necessary to uncover the dynamics of the turbulent flows, we will use multiple camera velocimetry systems in experiments and high-performance computing facilities in numerics. The final objective is to implement a systematic spatio-temporal statistical analysis of the data gathered during the project, with the aim of disentangling waves from strongly nonlinear structures and, for the first time, to thoroughly test the relevance of WTT and its strongly nonlinear extensions in flows dominated by weakly nonlinear 3D waves. The DisET project aims at producing a breakthrough in the understanding of bulk wave turbulence which is a key ingredient of large-scale geophysical flows and therefore fundamental regarding weather and climate forecast.

The context of wide bandgap power semiconductor devices necessitates to reinvent current packaging technologies. An innovative solution, based on the integration of power components within heat sinks, seems to be an excellent candidate to increase the power density of static converters. It is also highly modular, which makes it possible to envisage easier design and maintenance. In the DESTINI project, research works will be proposed to set up electrostatic, electrothermal and electromagnetic modeling methods of this kind of package. Reliability aspects will be addressed through the implementation of tools and methods for the study of damage. Technological works will be carried out to make test setups.

The main aim of this proposal is to implement a synergistic approach leveraging innovative High-Performance Computing techniques and observations to advance fundamental knowledge on the dynamics underlying the emergence of large scale extreme events and local instabilities in stratified and rotating turbulent fluids and their feedback on mixing and transport properties of such flows. This project has the ambition to achieve an unprecedented statistical and phenomenological characterization of large scale extreme events and their feedback on the small scales in a novel paradigm in fluid turbulence: that of three dimensional rotating and stratified flows where the energy goes to both large and small scales with a dual constant flux cascade. The fundamental study proposed is therefore a synthesis of major research themes of the Axe 7.1 The capability to design state of the art high-resolution DNS of rotating and stratified turbulence able to capture all these phenomena in a parameter space compatible with the real flows, together with the expertise and means present within the scientific team of the EVENTFUL project to design experiments and field campaigns in the stratosphere and Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere (MLT), will lead to a comprehensive assessment of the emergence and dynamics of large-scale powerful events in the active flow fields, by means of an – innovative and synergistic – combined use of observations, DNS and machine learning techniques, as detailed in the following. Objectives will be accomplished taking advantage of the extensive experience gained by the scientific team in implementing the proposed methodologies and in the investigation of anisotropic turbulent flows.