The development of the industry of the future is based on innovation vectors such as eco-design, digital engineering, artificial intelligence and new materials obtained through innovative processes. The synergies created by the interaction between these different technologies are poorly understood and represent a disruptive potential which is the base for REDeSIGN 4D. As part of défi 8 «Domaines transversaux», axe 13 « Industrie et usine du futur : Homme, organisation, technologies», REDeSIGN 4D explores technological bricks to create new adaptive bio-inspired structures with a controlled environmental impact. They will be eco-designed and produced from renewable and local resources, combined with the use of innovative 4D printing, functionalization, multi-physical digital simulation and machine learning processes. Labeled by the EMC2 cluster, we have chosen as a case study hygromorphic biocomposites made from flax fibers, targeting promising benefits in several industrial sectors in demand (building, defense, energy, etc.). A second innovative axis lies in the systematic Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to assess the environmental impacts of the proposed innovations. Inspired by functional biological structures such as the pine cone, hygromorphic biocomposites break with the current paradigm which consists in fighting against the hygroscopic properties of plant fibers such as flax rather than seeking to benefit from them. These are architectural materials, both sensors and actuators that change shape (actuation or morphing) autonomously in the presence of a humidity gradient. At the same time, the advent of 4D printing, an extension of 3D printing dedicated to stimulable materials, opens up a field of possibilities in terms of the architecture of hygromorphic biocomposites. The state of the art highlights 4 obstacles that REDeSIGN 4D will remove: 1) the mastery of the relationships between the parameters of the 4D printing process, 2) the slowness of the stimulated response and 3) the controlled prescription of the movements of the hygromorphic biocomposites and finally 4) the predictability of their multi-scale and multi-physical behavior. REDeSIGN 4D is divided into four operational Work-Packages (WP1-4) corresponding to the 4 scientific and technical obstacles to be removed. The scope of skills is covered by the three partner laboratories (IRDL, INRAe BIA and PIMM) while relying on the recruitment of 3 doctoral students and one post-doctoral fellow. The environmental issues will be assessed throughout the 48 months by setting up an LCA approach, transversal to the WP. First, at the mesoscopic scale we will apply statistical learning methodologies such as neural network (machine learning) to understand the effect of the process on the morphing capacity of hygromorphic biocomposites (WP1 months 0-36). At the same time, REDeSIGN 4D will propose on a microscopic scale an original functionalization of flax fibers to make them electrically active, in order to generate functionalized biocomposites whose potential for hygromorphism will be greater while benefiting moreover from the control of morphing by Joule effect (WP2 months 0-36). Based on this knowledge, using parametric and topological optimization processes, REDeSIGN 4D will propose, at the mesoscopic scale, architectural configurations of an optimized hygromorphic biocoposite fold allowing optimal and amplified morphing (WP3 months 0-36). The last stage (WP4 months 30-48) makes the link between the work carried out in WPs 1, 2 and 3, via the realization of a structure known as "proof of concept" allowing to amplify, by structural effects, the morphing proposed by the hygromorphic biocomposite previously functionalized. We are therefore here at the largest scale, assembling the scales of the previous WPs.

Current civilian and military aircrafts and flying systems (e.g. UAVs) are designed from thin, lightweight, multi-material structures assembled by bolting, gluing or built-on fabrication. Due to their constitution, these structures are vulnerable to explosion phenomena that occur on their surface during a natural aggression such as lightning, or intentional aggression such as Directed Energy Weapons (DEA) or lasers. These aggressions are governed by multiphysical mechanisms in the environment close to the impacted surface (thermal, mechanical, electrical, EM). They generate superficial (top plies cracks, skeins of stripped fibres) or core damage (spalling, perforation). The residual performances of the structures are significantly diminished and the internal equipment (tanks, embedded systems) are exposed. It is necessary to protect these systems to limit their vulnerability. The objectives of the project SUSTAINED21 are in line with the civilian and military needs whose systems are susceptible to these different types of aggression, in order to envisage industrial solutions with high added value that will increase their survivability. The challenges arising from these applications are to have available a method for dimensioning the protection of structures that breaks with the current industrial practices, and contribute to the operational superiority of forces. The first objective of this study is to build an experimental database and a mapping of the damage induced by three different means of energy deposition: the lightning mean (which constitutes the reference test), the pulsed laser and the electron gun. The use of this damage mapping will make it possible to assess the similarities between the damage produced by the two alternative means with respect to the "lightning" reference test, the results of which are already available on CFRP composites. It will also ensure that they are representative, particularly with respect to the electromagnetic environment. By extension, this database can be used to compare damage from impacts at very high speeds. The second objective consists in numerically simulating the behaviour of the materials of interest under attack in order to evaluate the capability to predict the damage caused and to identify the limits of current models, particularly with regard to the application of a multiphysical loading. The achievement of this objective will be based on the adaptation of existing models and on the comparison with the mapping of the database. The third objective is to establish a methodology for using the technological bricks developed in objectives 1 and 2. The influence of the protective layers will be explored here in order to help, in the long term, the emergence of a tool for dimensioning protections. This predictive approach will be transposable to the military field for the dimensioning of future directed-energy weapons according to the layers of protection to be penetrated. This approach will satisfy the challenges for industry to reduce the costs of development studies, the most robust protections being the only ones subjected to certification/qualification lighting tests, the lightning generator being used as the final reference mean. The project is based on a partnership between an academic project leader who has worked on the modelling of damage caused by lightning, an academic partner specialized in the implementation of an experimental laser shock device, and an industrial partner expert in specifying protection layers. The proposed work involves a subcontractor in the SME sector with know-how in the implementation and analysis of laser shocks, and will be supported by DGA-Ta as the expert in lightning tests certification. The work is part of the continuity of collaborations and scientific partnerships with the DGA-Ta in Toulouse and Airbus Operation. Being interested in this field, DGA Missiles Testing SG will be able to offer its support.

The TRIBAL project, for "Transparent Composite for Ballistic Impact Protection", aims to lay the basis of a concept for transparent composites - which until now did not exist - intended to be integrated into ballistic protection systems (helmets, shields, portholes, windows, counters, showcases...). It thus meets two scientific challenges, making a low TRL (<3) project: 1) to develop a composite material composed of fibres and resin optically transparent, 2) this transparent composite will have to demonstrate good resistance to ballistic impacts. In order to meet this challenge, a consortium composed of GEMTEX at ENSAIT and IRDL at ENSTA Bretagne is showing strong complementarities and providing wanted competences: GEMTEX will carry out research on the study of eligible transparent fibres and resins and will then focus on processes for the production of reimpregnated yarns and plies or by RTM, either on the basis of thermoplastic matrices and reinforcements, thermoplastic matrices and inorganic reinforcements, thermosetting matrices and thermoplastic reinforcements, or thermosetting matrices and inorganic reinforcements, resistant from a mechanical and ballistic point of view. IRDL will manufacture plates for cutting samples for various types of tests: quasi-static tensile and Hopkinson pressure bars to determine a constitutive law, including load-discharge tests, and ball/plate impacts to lay the basis of a damage model - and finally ballistic shots up to plate impacts to determine the out-of-plane equation of state necessary to model the behaviour during hypervelocity impacts. The objectives of the test campaigns will also aim to evaluate ballistic protection performance for threats defined by the standards in force (STANAG 4569 levels 1 and 2 and EN 166-A to respond to both civilian and military ballistic threats, which establishes the dual interest of the project with regard to civilian and military applications. For each selected solution, the partners will ensure the optically transparent nature of the selected fibre-matrix couples. The project therefore includes a high experimental content. However, the use of numerical tools is envisaged for the predimensioning of the dynamic test campaigns as well as for the understanding of the results. In the long term, the partners are aiming at a ballistic protection solution that would reduce the mass per unit area of current protections (polycarbonate/glass lamination, armoured glass, transparent ceramics) by 20% at much lower costs. To achieve this, the consortium is proposing potential subcontractors and is requesting a budget of around EUR 300 000 over a three-year period.

Moving towards Smart Manufacturing is a key challenge for the 4.0 Industry. This involves using digitized processes and technologies to enable significant adaptability and optimize the performance of processes and products. In this context, the control of the functional properties of surfaces, and particularly of the surface appearance, constitutes an important lever of added value. Many scientific and technological challenges are associated with this issue. The objective is, by quantifying the visual properties of manufactured surfaces at a roughness scale, to objectify a subjective, unconscious and complex process of sensory perception that integrates a wide range of previous representations. The approach proposed in the RTI4.0 project consists in implementing a measurement of the angular and spectral component of the re?ectance of surfaces according to the principle of the RTI technique (Reflectance transformation Imaging). The information obtained is multidimensional, allowing to estimate both apperance descriptors associated with the distribution of measured local luminances, but also geometric descriptors (altitudes, slopes and directional curvatures) through the estimation of stereo-photometric models. The challenges associated with this approach are numerous and multifactorial. The research actions envisaged mainly concern, on the instrumental level, the development of new RTI acquisition approaches (multimodal, adaptive, multiscale), and on the methodological level, the development of methods for the analysis of the properties of surface states allowing the implementation of a functional control of the appearance of manufactured surfaces.

The severe increase in environmental plastic pollution is at the very heart of the society current concerns. If so far its impact on environment and human health remains not well known, the vast majority of scientics agrees on the fact that it may represent a major environmental issue with dramatic consequences on the whole ecosystem. Participatory research is at the core of various plastic waste monitoring programs. As plastic pollution is directly related to nowaday lifestyles and consumption modes, involving civil society apears crucial in order to raise awareness and involve citizens in the decision-making process to contain plastic pollution. Microplastics (plastic particles from 1 nm to 5 mm) are responsible for an hardly discernible pollution that have penetrated almost all marine and terrestrial ecosystems. An increasing number of studies is working on the understanding of their origine and impacts. For 3 years, Expedition MED NGO have been conducting a participatory research program by receiving and training citizens on its vessel for the sampling of surface water microplastics in Mediterranean sea. Samples are partially analyzed onboard, and then sent to public research institutions for deeper analysis. Microplastics analysis aims to identify their concentration, their morphological characteristics (size, shape, color), their concentration in contaminants such as heavy metals or endrocrine disrupters and to study the microorganisms that colonize plastics (bacteria, virus, fungi, etc.). Historically, participatory research protocols are designed by scientists for study scale-up and diversification of the sampling localizations. Citizens are mainly involved in the samping step, and their participation to the analysis step remains quite limited. Considering microplastics contamination studies, this is explained by a number of reasons. Due to their high concentraitons and small sizes, microplastics analysis is particularly difficult and time consuming. Timelines between the sampling step and the analysis step are significantly important, even for specialized academic actors. Furthermore, analysis methods require high-tech equipments that are not accessible for civil structures actors. The ambition of this project is therefore to develop microplastics analysis protocols that can be implemented during field participatory research programs. The goal is to involve citizens not only during the sampling step but also during the analysis step, in order to train them during the whole scientific study process. It should strengthen the implication and understanding concerning microplastics pollution, its impacts and origins, while supporting a stronger collaboration between academic and civil societies in order to highlight suitable solutions for plastic pollution reduction.