The goal of the LACIS's project is to demonstrate the validity of a new approach for color and spectral imaging sensor and camera systems. The demonstration will be given by building one or two prototypes showing the functionality of the novel approach and measuring the improvement compared to the state of the art. The novel approach is based on two principles inspired from the human visual system. First, human retina consist of a mosaic of cone photoreceptors (LMS) but the mosaic arrangement of cones is changing from individual to individual without impinging on color vision capability of the individual. A generalization of this principle would say that we can build a color sensor with any arrangement of color samples in the color filter array that cover the camera. This flexibility of sensor colorization allows optimizing the sensor for many type of application, particularly those that need multispectral encoding. Our prototypes would be therefore equipped with different color filter array and the performance of these different sensors will be tested. Second, instead of being perfectly linear with light intensity, the human retina response is non-linear and adaptive. Adaptation to light allows the human visual system to be sensitive to a large range of light value despite the noisy nature of the retina cells. We will implement this property on the prototypes in analog, before the analog to digital converter to prevent from noise amplification due to digitalization. A previous prototype have already been build and tested favorably by two members of the project. A new implementation has been proposed for a patent and will be implemented in the project. The general goal of the project is to build a demonstrator composed by (1) new filters, either pseudo-random 6x6 RGB, or multispectral based on COLOR SHADE technology, (2) a locally adaptive color CMOS sensor and (3) a motherboard including embedded processing for color or spectral image reconstruction optimized for spatio-spectral information. The demonstrator will be given by a functioning prototype that will deliver images of size 256x256 and showing the properties of the new approach for color or spectral sensor. The consortium is composed on three entities, two laboratories (LPNC, TIMA) and a company (SILIOS Technologies). The two laboratories have already worked together on a first prototype of light adaptive sensor. TIMA is well recognized in microelectronic and have a long achievement in sensor building. LPNC has developed several models for spatio-spectral representation and demosaicing method as well as high dynamic range and tone mapping inspired from human vision. SILIOS is a SME that develops technology and know-how on micro-optics and more specifically on multispectral filters for spectrometry and multispectral imaging. The project will open new products and skill for the company and new intellectual property for the consortium.

The PRIMOFOOD project aims to innovate in modelling the effect of food prices on household purchasing behaviour. It is in line with axis 1.5 of the AAPG2019 "Food and Food Systems". The proposed innovations will allow for a better assessment of the effectiveness and distributive effects of nutritional taxation policies. The identification of price effects can be based either on the econometric analysis of existing market data or on the analysis of experimental data generated in lab. Econometric methods may have limited internal validity, while experimental methods have questionable external validity. Our project therefore proposes to address the respective weaknesses of these two methods and, beyond that, to exploit their complementarities. WP1 will develop innovative experimental analyses of price effects. First, using innovative protocols, we will analyze the effect of large price changes, similar to the levels used in micro-simulations of pricing policies, but much larger than the changes observed in market data. The objective is to identify possible salience and reference price effects, which can induce non-linearities and discontinuities in consumer reactions to prices. We will also test the potential complementarities between pricing policies and nutritional labelling of the NutriScore type. We will also study the effects of social norm, cognitive load, and the existence of opportunity costs. WP2 will develop a structural econometric model of quality and quantity demand under multiple constraints. Beyond the usual budget constraint, the model will include a nutritional intake constraint, with possible extension to multiple linear constraints. The objective is to reflect that the choices of some households are constrained by the need to ensure a minimum of energy intake, or for some potentially addictive goods (alcohol and sugar). This econometric modelling work poses various theoretical and practical challenges. The empirical work will use Kantar WorldPanel scanner data on the consumption of non-alcoholic drinks by French households, and will aim in particular to identify the existence of effects of sugar habituation. WP3 will aim to show the possibility of evaluating the ex-ante evaluation of pricing policies by a micro-simulation of taxation policies based on a model that integrates the outcomes of the two work packages. We will first cross-validate the experimental and econometric methods, comparing the econometric approach with the data generated in the experiments. This will allow us to identify opportunities to improve the specifications of the econometric model, an improvement that will be implemented by a Bayesian method. Finally, we will carry out micro-simulations based on the case of the taxation of sweetened drinks, which has been in place in France since 2012. This will allow us to better characterize the effectiveness of this tax, as well as its distributive and welfare impacts on the various socio-economic segments of the population. PRIMOFOOD provides methodological contributions to the scientific communities and to important public policy issues. The team includes researchers covering the spectrum of issues addressed, from fundamental methodological issues to public policy expertise. The project proposes an international approach, with the ambition of replicating part of the work on American data, with a view to comparing food systems. Finally, the project will produce tools to better understand the links between the long-term dynamics of price changes and the sustainability of food systems.

Reliability and durability are key considerations to successfully deploy Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs). Since the link between materials defects and performances at the scales of the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) and the stack is now well documented, LOCALI shall provide information about the propagation of these defects to other materials or to other locations in the stack. LOCALI aims to improve the existing systems and will ultimately provide effective tools to control their mass-production, the quality of the stacks and their diagnosis for on-site maintenance (stationary) or for on-board (transportation) applications. To these goals, the study focuses on three main axes, developed for PEMFCs (but which can easily be implemented for E-PEM). Firstly, LOCALI will develop instrumentation dedicated to local current density measurement and local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: well-instrumented segmented cells and magnetic fields measurement are the core competences to these goals. The second challenge of LOCALI is, by using tailored defective MEAs or thanks to specific operating conditions (flooding, reagent exhaustion, ...) to characterize how local and overall performances of the MEA are affected, and to identify the signatures of the various anomalies. Our target is to identify the source of the heterogeneities as well as to locate degraded areas inside a stack. Finally, LOCALI will enable to track, during ageing, how the initial and controlled defects do propagate upon operation. A particular attention will be paid on two points: (i) does a defect in the one material of the MEA (e.g. a hole in the PEM) influence the local degradation of its neighboring materials (e.g. the catalyst layer); (ii) does the defect propagate spatially, and if so, does it happen only at the MEA scale (e.g. from the inlet to the outlet regions) or at the stack scale (i.e. from the defective cell to its neighboring ones).