Social sciences of work and politics have poorly documented the relationship between health and political activity. However, research focusing on elected representatives suggests that there is a need to study this subject. On the one hand, the literature emphasises the intensity of political work, on the other hand, it reminds us that dedication is a central component of the political ethos. This tension, which is structurally inscribed in political activity, invites us to consider the health of elected representatives as an object of research. To do so, we hypothesise that tensions between, on the one hand, multiple forms of testing and wear and tear resulting of the requirements of the function, which can potentially degrade health, and, on the other hand, injunctions to dedication and norms of conduct requiring good health, affect the exercise of political mandate(s). The ELUSAN project, which focuses on professional elected officials (national and local), will contribute to enriching and renewing knowledge of the political profession, by combining contributions from the sociology of work and political science. The objective is to answer four linked questions: What are the salient features of the working conditions of elected representatives? How do tacit professional norms on health circulate in the political field? How has the institutional protection of elected officials' health been differentiated and unequal? How is health inscribed in work experiences and political careers? Finally, the ELUSAN project seeks to make a double break. A break with ordinary but also indigenous discourses that tend to deny any physical or psychological weaknesses to elected representatives and a break with academic approaches to politics that do not consider health as a significant component of political activities.

The general objective of CHOICE is to analyze the hegemonic/counter-hegemonic dialectics operating in Israel today. It offers to do so by studying the wide range of counter-hegemonic discourses and activities circulated and performed by Israeli Jews as well as the institutional and non-institutional attempts to suppress them. By studying not only visible forms of protest, such as participation to social movements, refusal to serve in the army, petitions, etc. but also more inconspicuous practices, such as leaving Israel, schooling ones’ children in a bi-national school, living in a Palestinian locality, and narratives circulated in and out of the activist field that deviate from the mainstream narratives, the project tackles the main challenge to map and study the Israeli “dissenting constellation”.

In France, spending on the financial remuneration of politicians comes in at more than a billion euros in per year. These costs associated with political work are regularly subject to sharp criticism, which accuses elected representatives of costing too much and putting their own financial interests first. The ELUAR project looks to break with common, all-embracing representations and examine in detail the role played by financial remunerations in the process of the professionalization of elected representatives. From a scientific point of view, it seeks to fill in a gap in the French literature about political work. Although many publications have appeared about this subject since the 1990s, the analysis of the material conditions of the exercise of mandates remains a blind sport for research in France. Through an interdisciplinary approach which mobilises sociology, political science, history and law, this collective research project aims to put the financial dimension back at the centre of the analysis of careers and engagements of national and local political personnel. The central hypothesis of the project is to highlight heterogeneity and inequality in the remuneration of elected representatives and in the forms of political professionalization. Practically speaking, the project is structured around two parts. The first part centres around the study of the production of reforms and judicial frameworks in order to bring up to date the political construction of economic hierarchisation between mandates. Which actors are invested in the production of reforms? What registers have been used to justify these reforms since the 1950s? How does the principle of accumulating mandates affect these games? What are the possibilities for remuneration and material gratification open to the politicians? Do the same logics of hierarchisation apply abroad? The second part analyses the uses and appropriations of the rules which frame the remuneration of elected representatives. By focusing on remuneration, and more largely on the material conditions in which mandates are exercised, this study will lead to a better understanding of the variety of contemporary forms of political professionalization, and the subjective relations that the elected representations have with money and the political uses of money. By what processes do elected representatives manage to abandon their initial profession in favour of a political mandate? What strategies of economic reassurance do they deploy? How are allowances and bonuses attributed? Does money win the loyalty of political teams? Is it constructed as a political arm to disqualify an opponent? These are just some of the questions that will be dealt with in the second part. Ultimately, the project ELUAR seeks to make a double break, firstly with ordinary discourses which homogenise elected representatives and are suspicious about remunerations they receive; and secondly with the scholarly point of view visible in research on political work, which posits that compensation makes more or less mechanically the professional.

Beyond the many victims of the pandemic, all citizens may have been affected in their daily lives, and are likely to be affected in the long term, by the economic and social consequences of the Covid-19 health crisis. Everyone has been confined (except for some particular professions), but certainly not in the same way: containment has revealed not only inequalities in relation to illness and social ties, but also in relation to housing and work. Similarly, the denial of liberty (and in particular freedom of movement and assembly) during confinement did not apply to everyone in the same way. Did it only update the social inequalities that already existed under normal circumstances? Did it exacerbate them? Did it introduce new ones? In terms of social relations, which ones have become stronger, weaker or worse? How did French people stand loneliness or, on the contrary, cohabitation in confinement? Research on social networks has shown that personal relationships are crucial resources, just as material resources, and that they function as a “social capital” that can be mobilized throughout the life course. What impact in the short, medium and longer term will the Covid-19 crisis have on our personal networks, on our relationships with our relatives, friends, neighbors and colleagues? To answer these questions, there is a major challenge in developing large-scale research that will make it possible to precisely measure the effects, over time, of this crisis on the living and working conditions of the French, on the ways in which they live and move around, and on the forms of sociability and solidarity that are at the basis of social cohesion. With this in mind, the VICO project aims to conduct a broad longitudinal survey. The distinctive feature of this survey: it is based on a large sample of the ordinary population having experienced confinement in France in the spring of 2020; it will consist in several successive waves during which the members of the panel will be interviewed three times over a period of 15 months in total; and it will combine quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the urgency to collect solid scientific data during the event, but also with the opportunity to understand what is changing in our social life in times of crisis, a first group of researchers in sociology and social sciences has already teamed up to design, carry out and disseminate the first wave of this original longitudinal survey. The survey, based on an online questionnaire distributed during containment, received more than 16,000 responses. The objective of the VICO project is thus to add: 1. an additional wave of interview surveys, which are essential to seize the subjective experiences, representations and transformations of the respondents' values; and 2. a second wave of questionnaire survey 12 months after the first, i.e. one year after the confinement, to measure the sustainability of the social dynamics observed during this exceptional crisis. The overall goal of the project is to analyse the social consequences of the health crisis over time, in order to determine whether the changes were just transitory, or eventually prove more persistent. The financial, material and human resources requested in this ANR project will sustain the analyses of the data from the first wave of the survey, and the implementation of the quantitative and qualitative surveys of the two following waves.

Observing a decline of interest in academic careers in medicine, both in France and internationally, this research focuses on the factors underlying career choices made by young physicians. We suspect that the decline in medical academia may be in part due to an insufficient recruitment of women that starts at the beginning of the training curriculum, and we hypothesize that the ideal mentoring/guidance/selection process of young female physicians may not be identical to the one ideal for young male physicians and that it is part of a complex and multifactorial set of individual and organizational factors. The aims of this project are to assess, with a mixed methodology (quantitative survey, interviews, archival analysis and observation), the respective contribution of different factors involved in career choices. Among these variables, some of which are already identified in the literature as predictive (mentoring and role models, perceived discrimination), others are identified but controversial (attitude toward research, work-life balance), and others are present in the area of counselling psychology, but have not yet been invoked to report on choosing a career in academic medicine (congruence of values between an organization-the academic community- and the individual, learning experiences, and several variables of personality: anxiety, stress, intrapreunarial self-capital). To provide a better understanding of the levers and barriers to engagement in academic careers in medicine, a first quantitative study is planned. This survey will be administered to the population of interns and fellows in France (N= 44,000) and will measure the variables invoked in the decision of a career choice in academic medicine and to articulate these variables within a global integrative model accounting for gender specific effect based on knowledge on the field of guidance psychology and educational sociology and inspired by Lent's theory. These quantitative analyses will be followed by a qualitative study from a retrospective point of view. Forty in-depth semi-structured interviews will be conducted with several women and men who have successfully completed an academic career in the field of medicine. These interviews will attempt to retrace their perceived career (trajectories) to identify critical periods during which they encounter difficulties or supports. Analysing the development of professional identity in regard with positive and negative experiences during the training course and after can provide a better understanding of individual dynamic over time and confirm our conclusions from study 1. The first two studies will provide elements on the influence of the proximal environment in individual decisions. However, beyond individual choices, we can also consider that the institution plays an active role in "designating" potential candidates for an academic career. The objective of the third study will be to analyse in a more specific way and by a mixed methodology (observation, archival analysis, interviews) the role of the institution in periods which could prove to be decisive during the curriculum: the choice to do or not a Master's degree and the process of becoming a fellow. Given serious consideration to the suggestion that individuals choose what they are chosen by, the aim is to highlight the institution’s role in framing personal and professional aspirations and producing a the range of possibilities. Beyond the contribution of new scientific knowledge on this issue, our consortium makes changing this situation, so that women have easier access to academic positions, central to its work. This is facilitated by the structure of our consortium, which brings together experts in the humanities and social sciences (psychology and sociology) and physicians who will be able to play the role of brokers of this knowledge to institutions (medical schools and national organizations) and residents in medicine.