The mineral and isotopic composition, and the 3D spatial distribution of asteroid constituents are key parameters to understand the physico-chemical processes operating in the protoplanetary disk and/or in the asteroidal parent bodies all along Solar System history. The sample return missions Hayabusa2/JAXA and OSIRIS-REx/NASA targeted two small and dark near-Earth objects: C-type Ryugu and B-type Bennu (R&B). The main goal of this project is to significantly advance the knowledge and understanding of the origin and evolution of R&B and their primary parent bodies, by studying their returned samples in the laboratory. This will be achieved by combining: i/ some of the most advanced in-situ analytical techniques on selected R&B materials, to reveal their structure and their mineral and isotopic composition; ii/ a multi-scale approach that links the nm-µm lab measurements to remote asteroid observations; iii/ analyses/experiments on meteorites, IDPs and analogs to support the interpretation of R&B data. A multi-analytical sequence will be used, from less destructive (e.g., spectroscopy) to more destructive (e.g., NanoSIMS or TEM) techniques, with the main goal of maximizing the scientific outcomes and minimizing sample loss. The consortium brings together scientists from four French laboratories (IAS, UMET, IMPMC, IPAG) with different backgrounds (astro- and cosmo-chemists, astrophysicists, astronomers, geologists, physicists). They have already participated in the study of samples from Stardust (NASA) and Hayabusa (JAXA), are now part of four Hayabusa2 preliminary examination teams, and have past experience of fruitful collaboration. Our analyzes will elucidate the formation of R&B, their protoplanetary heritage, and post-accretion evolution, in particular aqueous and surface alteration. They will contribute to the more general effort to understand the origin and evolution of matter in planetary systems.

In the Standard Model of particle physics, the neutrino sector is still not fully understood; in particular, the mechanism by which neutrinos acquire their mass is currently unknown. The model proposes three neutrino flavours with three different eigenstates of mass introducing mixing between them. While the difference of the eigenstates’ masses is well constrained via neutrino oscillation experiments (solar, atmospheric, reactor, and accelerator), cosmology offers a unique unrivalled way to test the Standard Model of particle physics by measuring the absolute neutrino mass scale. At the time of precision cosmology, while the current constraints are starting to reach the theoretical limits for the hierarchy of neutrinos, the goal of this proposal is to provide a robust estimate of the neutrino masses taking into account all relevant physical and statistical effects that can impact cosmological constraints. To achieve robust constraints on neutrino properties from CMB observations, BATMAN will address three ambitious goals with a working plan based on three pillars: a coherent secondary anisotropy model, a robust description of the reionisation history, a complete CMB likelihood for massive neutrinos. The coherent use of CMB data, physical models of secondary contributions and extragalactic probes, as well as the propagation of theoretical and astrophysical systematic uncertainties, will allow a robust estimate of the neutrino mass and a potential determination of the neutrino hierarchy.

Our Solar System is the only planetary system that can be thoroughly explored by spacecrafts and by the analysis of planetary samples in the laboratory. It provides a unique glance at the mechanisms leading to stars and planets formation, a vision that is complementary to that derived from remote observations of nascent planetary systems. Chemical, dynamical and chronological information is trapped in the more primitive bodies that escaped extensive planetary evolution, as asteroids, comets and Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). The composition of these so-called small bodies then constitutes a major and outstanding issue. VNIR spectro-photometry allows for systematic surveys and therefore provides a global appraisal of the compositional diversity of the small body population as a whole. However, the composition of dark small bodies remains poorly known and presently, a number of fundamental issues are still pending : • What composition is associated with each taxonomic spectral class ? • Does space weathering play a role in the definition of taxonomic spectral classes ? • How are they linked with available cosmomaterials ? The interpretation of VNIR spectra is the angular stone of all these issues and the central objective of CLASSY. Our proposal arises in the general context of a wealth of data collected by the space missions ROSETTA, DAWN and NEW HORIZONS. We benefit from high quality and high spatial resolution multi-angular VNIR observations with unprecedented photometric accuracy. The interpretation of these data will lead to major results on the composition of a comet (67P/CG), the type C asteroid Ceres and KBO 2017 MU 69, and this will will shade new light on the interpretation of the taxonomic spectral classes in term of composition, and on the asteroid-comet continuum. However, this interpretation requires experimental data that have not been measured so far. CLASSY aims at conducting these experiments and meanwhile using them for interpreting the spectral data from the space missions mentioned above. We will study experimentally the effects of the first stages of space weathering (ions irradiation) on the VNIR spectra of dark analogs. We will also conduct experiments that will investigate the composition and textural parameters that control VNIR spectra, through multi-angular radio-spectro-goniometric measurements on sub-micrometric organics-minerals assemblages. The CLASSY consortium is multidisciplinary and includes 5 laboratories : Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG, Grenoble), IAS (Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay), Unite Materiaux et Transformations (UMET, Lille), Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et Instrumentations en Astrophysique (LESIA, Meudon) and Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), and gathers a broad range of fields as Planetary and Space sciences, Surface sciences, Material Sciences, Meteoritics, Mineralogy, Irradiation physics and Data science. Most of researchers belonging to this consortium have been used to collaborate together, and they share many common publications. Classy offers the opportunity to strengthen these collaborations, and to provide innovative interpretations and breakthrough of data collected by space missions of primary interest. It will also form a internationally competitive team that will apply for grains that will be returned back to Earth by the Hayabusa 2 and Osiris-Rex missions.