Measuring the geomagnetic field is an important tool in prospection for economic resources. Aeromagnetic or marine magnetic surveys are comparatively cheap and easy to conduct, but interpreting the data collected is not straight forward. The field is made up of contributions from the dynamo in the Earth's core, currents flowing in regions external to Earth (the ionosphere and magnetosphere), and magnetised material in the Earth's crust and mantle. It is this last that is of potential economic interest, but in order to use magnetic measurements, the other sources must be corrected for. It is particularly important to correct for the rapidly varying external field. Most commonly, this is achieved by a process called 'Remote referencing'. A fixed magnetometer is installed near or within the area to be surveyed, and the readings from that fixed instrument are subtracted from the survey measurements. For this to work, it is assumed that the external field must be the same (or close) at the base station and the survey location. This assumption is not bad, and has served the industry well for many years, but it less good in some geographical areas of great current economic interest (near the equator, and also at high latitudes above about 60 degrees latitude). However, a further complication is provided by electromagnetic induction: the external fields penetrate electrically conducting regions of the Earth's crust, inducing electric currents that in turn generate more magnetic fields. Because electrical conductivity can vary on short length scales, the assumption that the field in the two locations is the same breaks down. Incorrect remote referencing risks changes in the external or induced field being misinterpreted as static magnetic anomalies, so providing a false picture of the potential economic resources. In this project, we will apply the increased understanding of all components of the geomagnetic field that has arisen from recent dedicated satellite missions. Both the Danish Oersted spacecraft (launched in 1999) and the German CHAMP spacecraft (launched in 2000) are still collecting magnetic data from low Earth orbit. These data have revolutionised our detailed understanding of the various components of the geomagnetic field; the aim of this proposal is to bring this new understanding to bear in improving methods of processing of exploration magnetic survey data, in particular to improve the process of remote referencing with both predictions from field models and simultaneous measurements from ground and spacecraft platforms. Data from the upcoming ESA multi-satellite mission Swarm will be of particular use; this mission is due to be launched in 2010, and so will overlap will with the period of the studentship.

Over the last few decades our ability to exploit subtle quantum effects has advanced remarkably, and this in turn has fuelled the UK's new initiatives to pursue revolutionising quantum based technologies. Responding to this demand, Imperial College proposes to establish an inter-faculty Centre for Quantum Engineering and Science to lead interdisciplinary education and research activities for applications of quantum technology. Repeating the successes of the laser and transistor will rely on the cooperation of a diverse range of expertise, spanning quantum scientists, engineers, industry, designers and business leaders, who can not only work together to realise viable new technologies, but train the next generation of leaders. These new quantum engineers will overcome the hurdles of bringing laboratory proofs of principle to the market. Imperial's vision is to play a leading role in realising this endeavour. We have been successfully running the Centre for Doctoral Training in Controlled Quantum Dynamics for the last seven years, as well as the recent Innovative Doctoral Programme in Frontiers in Quantum Technology. The current proposal will take the College's vision a step further, aligning with these initiatives and bridging the gap between academic research, industry and the marketplace. Our Hub will train quantum engineers with a skillset to understand cutting-edge quantum research, a mindset toward developing this innovation, and the entrepreneurial skills to lead the market. Under this training and skills hub call, a coherent training and research programme will be provided to engineering and physical science graduates, with the express aim of bringing them to the forefront of quantum technology innovation and entrepreneurship. As such, it will be the engineering and physical science faculties at Imperial that will be providing the training. The programme is to be composed of a one-year master's course followed by three years of PhD research. The students will follow intensive coursework on quantum technology, systems engineering, photonics technology, and innovations & entrepreneurship in the first six months of the master's year, after which a six-month project will normally lead into a longer PhD project. Considering varied backgrounds of the students, extensive remedial courses on fundamental concepts will be provided at the start, followed by continued tutorial assistance. We will work closely with other national centres of excellence in order to expand the national capability. The research topics at the Hub includes: 1) Development of quantum technologies including inertial navigation systems, quantum simulators, quantum sensors and components for quantum networks, 2) Development of rugged and compact devices to enable quantum technology, 3) Fabrication and packaging, 4) Bridging conventional and quantum technologies and 5) new applications of quantum engineering. A high percentage of our researchers will be involved in collaboration with UK institutes, including industry partners and quantum technology hubs. At the same time, we will expand upon our established practices to serve as a national resource, encouraging collaboration and mobility between quantum researchers and engineers in the UK. We will provide national training and industry networking programmes, support training for visiting researchers and establish a career development fund to promote research innovation and entrepreneurialism. They will also be exposed to taylor-made entrepreneurship and innovation courses, through an intensive programme provided by the Imperial College Business School. Students in our Hub will benefit from compulsory placement opportunities across our industry partners and the UK quantum technology network. Finally, cohort building will be taken very seriously. This is an area where we have developed significant expertise.

The Hub will create a seamless link between science and applications by building on our established knowledge exchange activities in quantum technologies. We will transform science into technology by developing new products, demonstrating their applications and advantages, and establishing a strong user base in diverse sectors. Our overarching ambition is to deliver a wide range of quantum sensors to underpin many new commercial applications. Our key objective is to ensure that the Hub's outputs will have been picked up by companies, or industry-led TSB projects, by the end of the funding period. The Hub will comprise: a strong fabrication component; quantum scientists with a demonstrated ability to combine scientific excellence with technological delivery; leading engineers with the broad collective expertise and connections required to develop and use new quantum sensors. We have identified, and actively involved, industry enablers to build a supply chain for quantum sensor technology. As well as direct physics connections to industry, the engineers provide strong links to relevant industrial users, thus providing information on industrial needs and enabling rapid prototype deployment in the field. To establish a coherent national collaborative effort, the Hub will include a UK network on quantum sensors and metrology, which will also exploit the connections that Prof Bongs and all Hub members have forged in Europe, the US and Asia. This inter-linkage ensures capture of the most advanced developments in quantum technology around the world for exploitation by the UK. Quantum sensors and metrology, plus some devices in quantum communication, are the only areas where laboratory prototypes have already proven superior to their best classical counterparts. This sets the stage, credibly, for rapid and disruptive applications emerging from the Hub. The selection of prototypes will be driven by commercial pull, i.e. each prototype project within the Hub must demonstrate, from the outset, industry or practitioner engagement from our engineering and/or industrial collaborators. We have strong industry support across several disciplines with the structures in place actively to manage technology and knowledge transfer to the industry sector. Particular roles are played by NPL and e2V. We will closely collaborate with NPL as metrology end-user on clock, magnetometer and potentially Watt balance developments with a lecturer-level Birmingham-NPL fellow contributed by Birmingham University and our PRDAs spending ~17 man-years in addition to 3-5 PhD students on these joint projects in the Advanced Metrology Laboratory/incubator space. E2v have a unique industrial manufacturing/R&D facility co-located within the School of Physics and Astronomy at Nottingham that has already catalysed the expansion of their activities into the Quantum Technology domain. Public Engagement conveying the Hub's breakthroughs will be a high priority - for example annually at the Royal Society Summer Exhibitions. In addition to cohort-training of 80 PhD students working within the Hub, the Hub will contribute to the training of ~500 PhD students via electronically-shared lectures (many already running within the e-learning graduate schools MPAGS, MEGS, SEPNET and SUPA) across the institutions within the Hub. The Hub will create an internationally-leading centre of excellence with major impact in the area of quantum sensors and metrology. To widen the impact of the Hub and ensure long-term sustainability, we will actively pursue European and other international collaborative funding for both underlying fundamental research and the technology development.