OpenDreamKit will deliver a flexible toolkit enabling research groups to set up Virtual Research Environments, customised to meet the varied needs of research projects in pure mathematics and applications and supporting the full research life-cycle from exploration, through proof and publication, to archival and sharing of data and code. OpenDreamKit will be built out of a sustainable ecosystem of community-developed open software, databases, and services, including popular tools such as LinBox, MPIR, Sage(sagemath.org), GAP, PariGP, LMFDB, and Singular. We will extend the Jupyter Notebook environment to provide a flexible UI. By improving and unifying existing building blocks, OpenDreamKit will maximise both sustainability and impact, with beneficiaries extending to scientific computing, physics, chemistry, biology and more and including researchers, teachers, and industrial practitioners. We will define a novel component-based VRE architecture and the adapt existing mathematical software, databases, and UI components to work well within it on varied platforms. Interfaces to standard HPC and grid services will be built in. Our architecture will be informed by recent research into the sociology of mathematical collaboration, so as to properly support actual research practice. The ease of set up, adaptability and global impact will be demonstrated in a variety of demonstrator VREs. We will ourselves study the social challenges associated with large-scale open source code development and of publications based on executable documents, to ensure sustainability. OpenDreamKit will be conducted by a Europe-wide demand-steered collaboration, including leading mathematicians, computational researchers, and software developers long track record of delivering innovative open source software solutions for their respective communities. All produced code and tools will be open source.

s-NEBULA explores and develops a revolutionary approach to TeraHertz (THz) technology, both for generation and detection of THz radiation, initiating the new field of spin-based TeraHertz (s-THz) technology, a game changer for the future of THz field. The ambition of s-NEBULA is to provide a platform of room-temperature innovative spin-based THz building blocks, arising from novel combinations of magnetism and optics. s-NEBULA will provide cutting-edge solutions to solve bottleneck scientific issues in the THz field motivated by clear needs in judiciously chosen target applications. These include variable-baseline broadband pulsed emitters and voltage-controlled compact detectors for non-destructive testing (NDT), intrinsically-modulated CW emitters for THz communication and polarization-programmable emitters for ellipsometry. We will demonstrate innovative schemes for THz emission using spin-orbit interfaces targeting optically driven s-THz pulsed emitters with bandwidth > 20 THz, with enormous potential for NDT applications. For THz communication, data traffic densities of several Tbps/km2 are predicted for 5G networks, but not a single THz data link beyond2 THz s-NEBULA will develop high-power tunable CW emitters working beyond 5 THz. Besides, we will investigate a disruptive approach combining antiferromagnetic materials with direct voltage rectification effects, targeting a tunable & compact detector, key element for on-chip THz systems of tomorrow. Furthermore, combining THz radiation with magnetism enables an extra lever to control the emitted wave; intrinsic modulation/demodulation becomes possible, as well as polarization control for innovative schemes in ellipsometry. All these approaches are not possible with existing THz technologies. The consortium gathers leading European expertise in significantly diverse areas (optics, magnetism, materials preparation, advanced theory, industrial integration, THz metrology) that will enable multi-disciplinary work.

Eukaryotic algae evolutionary history is still fairly unknown. Thanks to state-of-the-art evolutionary models, next-gen sequencing and high computational capabilities, we are going to shed some light on the matter. Corallinales (red algae) and Dasycladales (green algae) are two extant living groups of calcareous algae with a rich fossil record (~140 and ~500 myr respectively). The lack of sufficient molecular data for these groups makes impossible to use such species in eukaryotic phylogeny and dating studies. This project has been planed to cover 2 objectives or evolutionary questions: The 1st objective aims 1) to generate de novo transcriptomic data for about 10 species corresponding to different Corallinales and Dasycladales lineages in order to perform phylogenomic analyses with 2 established datasets (one of 200 nuclear-coding plastid markers, and the other with 258 non-plastid genes) and the broadest possible eukaryotic taxonomic sampling; and 2) to perform molecular clock analyses using known fossil calibrations and hence provide robust divergence times for the whole eukaryotic tree but focusing on primary and secondary plastid endosymbiotic acquisitions. For both post- phylogenomic analyses (dating and divergence steps), already established collaborations will ensure proper method implementation. Using the results from the first objective, the 2nd one aims 1) to track history of plastid evolution (plastid-based dataset) comparing it with deep eukaryotic speciation events (non-plastid marker tree); and 2) to estimate diversification rates in distinct photosynthetic lineages in order to find if rate shifts correlate among them. AlgDates will allow us to establish the order, timing and correlation of events in such deep evolutionary transitions, but the knowledge acquired during this project will also provide information regarding reef formation and evolution, which can be useful when addressing or predicting calcareous ecosystem adaptations to climate change.

Space weather can have detrimental, and in some cases catastrophic, effects upon a multitude of technologies on which we depend as part our daily lives. Adverse space weather is now known to result from solar flares and coronal mass ejections released from the turbulent and highly complex magnetic fields of active regions. Understanding how active region magnetic fields evolve and produce these events is therefore of fundamental importance to developing accurate and reliable space-weather monitoring and forecasting capabilities. We therefore propose to develop an advanced flare prediction system (Flare Likelihood And Region Eruption Forecasting; FLARECAST) that is based on automatically extracted physical properties of active regions coupled with state-of-the-art flare prediction methods and validated using the most appropriate forecast verification measures. Active region properties, such as area, magnetic flux, shear, magnetic complexity, helicity and proxies for magnetic energy, will be extracted from solar magnetogram and white-light images in near-realtime using advanced image-processing techniques. Once active region properties have been extracted, they will be correlated with solar flare activity and used to optimize prediction algorithms based on statistical, unsupervised clustering and supervised learning methods. This will enable us to validate our image processing and flare prediction algorithms before launching a near-realtime flare forecasting service, the first of its kind in the world. FLARECAST will therefore form the basis of the first quantitative, physically motivated and autonomous active region monitoring and flare forecasting system, which will be of use to space-weather researchers and forecasters in Europe and around the globe.

Thermoelectric modules enable the direct conversion of waste heat into electrical power and could therefore represent a powerful in the energy transition and the move towards a more sustainable society, if we can find efficient and non-toxic materials scalable at the industrial level. The host team has recently developed two promising families of materials, namely p-type BiCuSeO-based and n-type AgBiCh2-based materials, which are among the best lead-free materials in their temperature range. Further improvements of their performances would pave the way towards applications. In the past few years, nanostructuration has revealed itself a powerful tool for the enhancement of the thermoelectric materials performances. In that framework, the use of this technique to improve the performances of BiCuSeO-based and AgBiCh2-based materials appears appealing. Therefore, the main goal of this project is to use hydrothermal chemistry, an easily scalable synthesis process, in order to synthesize bulk pellets of BiCuSeO/graphene and AgBiCh2/graphene nanocomposites, with improved thermoelectric performances. Besides its scalable character, the use of hydrothermal synthesis has many advantages, including a very fine control of the materials size, morphology and composition. Besides synthesis, the project will include a precise characterization of the chemical composition, crystal structure and microstructure of the materials, as well as an optimization of their thermoelectric performances. Besides scientific research, several outreach activities will be implemented in order to make thermoelectricity better known by the public, including the design of demonstration kits that will be made freely available.