What is MASI? We believe that there is a strong link between the looming environmental crisis and the way we use chemical elements. In MASI, a multidisciplinary team of scientists from four UK universities (Nottingham, Cardiff, Cambridge, Birmingham), with 12 industrial and academic partners, is set to revolutionise the ways we use metals in a broad range of technologies, and to break our dependence on critically endangered elements. Simultaneously, MASI will make advances in: the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and its valorisation into useful chemicals; the production of 'green' ammonia (NH3) as an alternative zero-emission fuel and a new vector for hydrogen storage; and the provision of more sustainable fuel cells and electrolyser technologies. At the core of MASI is the fundamental science of metal nanoclusters (MNC), which goes beyond the traditional realm of nanoparticles towards the nanometre and sub-nanometre domain including single metal atoms (SMA). The overall goal of the MASI project is two-fold: (i) to provide a solution for a sustainable use of scarce metals of technological importance (e.g. Pt, Au, Pd), by maximising utilisation of every atom; and (ii) to unlock new properties that emerge in metals only at the atomic scale, allowing for the substitution of critical metals with abundant ones (e.g. Pt with Ni), and provide a platform for the next generation of materials for energy, catalysis and electronics applications. How does it work? We have recently developed the theoretical framework and instrumentation necessary to break bulk metals directly to metal atoms or nanoclusters, with their size, shape and composition precisely controlled. The atomic-scale control of nanocluster fabrication will open the door for programming their chemistry. For example, the electronic, catalytic or electrochemical properties of abundant metals, such as Ni and Co, may imitate endangered metals (Pt or Ru) at the nm and sub-nm scale, or by carefully controlled dispersion of the endangered elements with abundant ones in an alloy nanocluster. Our method allows direct deposition of metal atoms or nanoclusters onto solids (e.g. glass, polymer film, paper etc.), powders (e.g. silica, alumina, carbon etc.) and non-volatile liquids (e.g. oils, ionic liquids) in vacuum with no chemicals, solvents or surfactants and an accurately controlled metal loading. The directness of the MASI approach avoids generating chemical waste and enables a high 'atom economy', surpassing any wet chemistry methods. Moreover, surfaces of our metal nanoclusters are clean and highly active; additionally, being stabilised by interactions with the support material, they can be readily applied wherever electronic, optical or catalytic properties of metals are required. What is unique about these materials and our technology? MASI will offer greener, more sustainable methods of fabrication of metal nanoclusters, without solvents or chemicals, with the maximised active surface area ensuring efficient use of each metal atom. 'Naked', highly active metal surfaces are ready for reactions with molecules, activated by heat, light or electric potential, while tuneable interactions with support materials provide durability and reusability of metals in reactions. In particular, MASI materials will be suitable for the activation of hard-to-crack molecules (e.g. N2, H2 and CO2) in reactions that constitute the backbone of the chemical industry, such as the Haber-Bosch process. Similarly, highly dispersed metals and their intimate contact with the support material, will lead to high capacity for energy storage/conversion required in energy materials and fuel cells technologies. Importantly, MASI nanocluster fabrication technology is fully scalable to kilograms and tons of material, making it ideal for uptake in industrial schemes, potentially leading to a green industrial revolution.

The proposed CDT will address the UK's need for a pipeline of highly skilled scientists and engineers who will be able to secure the country's position as the global leader in the science and technology of two-dimensional materials (2DMs). Having started with the discovery of graphene at the University of Manchester, this research field now encompasses a vast number of 2DMs, 2DM-based devices, composites, inks, and complex heterostructures with designer properties. Numerous proposals for applications have emerged from research groups worldwide, some of them already picked up and being developed by big established companies and a large number of start-ups (30+ spin-outs just from the two partner universities, Manchester and Cambridge). Many of the ideas put forward require further research and validation and many more are expected to emerge, thanks to the unique properties of this new class of advanced materials and the ability to use modelling to predict new useful combinations of 2DMs or design conditions that bring about new properties. The CDT will support and enable new avenues of research and the development of 2DM-based technologies and work with industry partners to accelerate lab-to-market development of products and processes that leverage the exceptional properties of 2DMs. 2DMoT CDT will be an important part of graphene and 2D Materials eco-system centred on the Manchester and Cambridge innovation networks. It will contribute to the plans by the local authorities, in particular, of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority, to pilot Manufacturing Innovation Networks focused on graphene & nanomaterials, coatings and technical textiles. Industrial co-supervision of research projects will accelerate realisation of new products and technologies enabled by 2DMs, which is key to competitiveness. The CDT will implement a new approach to PhD research training by incorporating individual research projects into several overarching, multidisciplinary research missions with 2-3 CDT students a year joining each research mission, either at Manchester or Cambridge, and gradually forming 8-10 researcher teams incorporating CDT students at different stages of their PhD and involving several research groups with complementary expertise, working collaboratively and sharing ideas and knowledge. All students will have opportunities to shape their own projects and overall research missions, creating an inclusive environment, ideal for peer-to-peer learning and innovation. A 6-months-long formal taught programme at the start of PhD will be complemented by further advanced skills training during the research phase, transferrable skills training and research schools and workshops organised jointly with leading international research centres and the CDT business partners. Environmental sustainability of the developed products and technologies will be a focal point of the CDT programme, with specialist training and considerations of sustainability embedded in all research missions. Training in innovation and commercialization of research, project management, responsible research and innovation, and dealing with the media will be mandatory for all CDT students. To ensure that the benefits of CDT training are available to a wider group of PhD researchers, a range of CDT events - residential conferences, seminars, research workshops, commercialisation training - as well as some of the courses, will be open to non-CDT students whose research interests are aligned with the CDT research missions. Outreach events will form an important part of CDT activities, in particular participation in Science festivals, British Science weeks, Bluedot, Science X, with exhibits showcasing the science of 2DMs and their developing applications.